研究生: |
張育綾 Yu-Lin Chang |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
西北大西洋與太平洋環流研究 Understanding Circulation Processes in Western Atlantic and Pacific Marginal Seas |
指導教授: |
吳朝榮
Wu, Chau-Ron |
學位類別: |
博士 Doctor |
系所名稱: |
地球科學系 Department of Earth Sciences |
論文出版年: | 2011 |
畢業學年度: | 99 |
語文別: | 英文 |
論文頁數: | 73 |
中文關鍵詞: | 黑潮 、墨西哥灣 、套流 、渦旋 |
英文關鍵詞: | Kuroshio, Gulf of Mexico, Loop Current, eddy |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:211 下載:14 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
西北太平洋與大西洋邊緣海有著世界上最具能量的海流。 本研究旨在於利用模式與觀測的數值分析來了解西北大西洋與太平洋的動力過程。西北太平洋鄉會著重於墨西哥灣,藉由風驅動下的物質與熱量平衡,我們發展了一套理論來解是墨西哥套流產生不同週期渦旋的原因,上下層海洋之間的耦和與交互作用。在應用上,本研究模擬墨西哥灣在2010年發生了嚴重的漏油事件。
在西北太平洋的研究上,首先研究在風作用在強流的渦度場下產生的小尺度垂直運動,並將此應用在東海陸棚邊緣的黑潮。 利用29年的潮位站與衛星風場與高度場資料來分析黑潮過去的季節與年際變化,結果發現黑潮的流量變化與副熱帶反流所產生的渦旋有密切的關係。西北太平洋的風的震盪影響了黑潮流量變化、渦旋產生的年紀變化。此震盪在此定義為"菲律賓-台灣震盪",我們認為此振盪可以為西北太平洋年際變化的動力連結。
The western margins of the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans have some of the most energetic currents of the world’s ocean. The goal of my study is to use model and observational data analyses to understand dynamical processes in the western North Atlantic and North Pacific marginal seas. In the western North Atlantic Ocean, I will focus on Loop Current and rings in the Gulf of Mexico. By examining mass and heat balances forced by wind, we have developed an underlying theoretical basis for explaining why the Loop Current sheds rings at irregular intervals, how these powerful upper-layer features interact with and are coupled to the deep-layer flows (deeper than 1000 m below the surface), and how, as a corollary, they may produce seasonal and inter-annual variations in the frequency of eddy-shedding. On the more practical side, during the course of my Gulf of Mexico study, the 2010 Oil Spill occurred; I will therefore present also an ensemble, long-term (weeks~months) projection of the simulated spill using Lagrangian particles. In the western North Pacific Ocean, I will study in some details how small-scale (~1
km and less) vertical motions in the ocean can be produced by wind acting on a strong current’s vorticity field, and apply that idea to upwelling at the inshore edge of the Kuroshio in East China Sea. I will then use tide-gauge, wind and satellite data to examine effects on the Kuroshio transport of the Subtropical Counter Current eddies. I then expand upon that idea to put forth the so called “Philippines-Taiwan Oscillation” which we think serves as the dynamical link for explaining a wide range of interannual variability of the western North Pacific from the tropics to subtropics.
Allen, J.S. and P.A. Newberger, 1996: Downwelling circulation on the Oregon continental shelf, part I:
response to idealized forcing, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 2011 – 2035.
Anderson, D. L. T., and A. E. Gill, 1979: Beta dispersion of inertial waves. J. Geophys. Res., 84,
1836–1842.
Berntsen, J. and L.-Y. Oey, 2010: Estimation of the internal pressure gradient in σ-coordinate ocean
models: comparison of second-, fourth-, and sixth-order schemes. Ocean Dyn. 60, 317-330. DOI
10.1007/s10236-009-0245-y.
Bunge, L., J. Ochoa, A. Badan, J. Candela, and J. Sheinbaum, 2002: Deep flows in the Yucatan Channel
and their relation to changes in the Loop Current extension. J. Geophys. Res., 107, C12, 3233,
doi:10.1029/2001JC001256.
Candela J., J. Sheinbaum, J. Ochoa, A. Badan and R. Leben, 2002. The potential vorticity flux through the
Yucatan Channel and the Loop Current in the Gulf of México, Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 2059,
doi:10.1029/2002GL015587.
Cetina-Heredia P., J. Candela, J. Sheinbaum, J. Ochoa and A. Badan, 2006: Circulation along the
Caribbean Coast of Mexico. J. Geophys. Res., 111, C8, C08021, doi:10.1029/2005JC003056, 2006.
Chang, Y.-L., C.-R. Wu, and L.-Y. Oey (2009): Bimodal behavior of the seasonal upwelling off the
northeastern coast of Taiwan, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C03027, doi:10.1029/2008JC005131
Chang, Y.-L., L.-Y. Oey, C.-R. Wu and H.-F. Lu, 2010: Upwelling in downwelling-favorable wind, J.
Phys. Oceanogr. 40, 1405-1417.
Chang,Y.-L. and L.-Y. Oey, 2010: Why can wind delay the shedding of Loop Current eddies? J. Phys.
Oceanogr, 40, 2481-2495.
Chen, C. T. A. and S. L. Wang (2006): A salinity front in the southern East China Sea separating the
Chinese coastal and Taiwan Strait waters from Kuroshio waters, Continental Shelf Research, 26,
1636-1653.
Cochrane, J.D. and F.J. Kelley . 1986 . Low-frequency circulation on the Texas-Louisiana continental
shelf. Journal of Geophysical Research. 91(C9) :10,645-10,659.
68
Craig, P.D. and M.L. Banner. 1994. Modeling wave-enhanced turbulence in the ocean surface layer.
J. Phys. Oceanogr. 24:2546-2559.
Csanady, G.T., 1983: Dispersal by randomly varying currents. J. Fluid Mech., 132, 375-394.
DeHaan, C., and W. Sturges, 2005. Deep Cyclonic Circulation in the Gulf of Mexico. Journal Physical
Oceanography, 35(10), 1801-1812.
Emanuel, K.A., 1983: The Lagrangian parcel dynamics of moist symmetric instability. J. Atmos. Sci. 40,
2368-2376.
Etter, P.C., 1983: Heat and freshwater budgets of the Gulf of Mexico, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 2058-2069.
Ezer, T. and Mellor, G.L., 1994: Continuous assimilation of Geosat altimeter data into a
three-dimensional primitive equation Gulf Stream model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24(4): 832-847.
Ezer, T., L-Y. Oey, H-C. Lee, and W. Sturges, 2003: The variability of currents in the Yucatan Channel:
Analysis of results from a numerical ocean model. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108(C1), 3012,
10.1029/2002JC001509.
Govoni, J.J., and H.L. Spach. 1999. Exchange and flux of larval fishes across the western Gulf Stream
front south of Cape Hatteras, USA, in winter. Fisheries Oceanogr. 8, 77-92.
Gutierrez de Velasco, G. and C. D. Winant, 1996. Seasonal patterns of a wind stress curl over the Gulf of
Mexico. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 18127 - 18140.
Gutierrez de Velasco, G. and C. D. Winant, 1996. Seasonal patterns of a wind stress curl over the Gulf of
Mexico. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 18127 - 18140.
Hamilton, P., 2009: Topographic Rossby waves in the Gulf of Mexico. Progress Oceanogr., 82,1-31.
Hendry, R.M., 1982: On the structure of the deep Gulf Stream. Journal of Marine Research, 40, 119-142.
Hogg, N.G., 1992: On the transport of the Gulf Stream between Cape Hatteras and the Grand Banks.
Deep-Sea Research, 39, 1231-1246.
Hogg, N.G. and W.E. Johns, 1995: Western boundary currents. U.S. National Report to Internatonal
Union of Geodesy and Geophysics 1991-1994, Supplement to Reviews of Geophysics, 33, 1311-1334.
Hsin, Y.-C., C.-R. Wu, and P.-T. Shaw (2008), Spatial and temporal variations of the Kuroshio east of
Taiwan, 1982–2005:A numerical study, Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, C04002,
69
doi:10.1029/2007JC004485.
Hurlburt, H. E., and J. D. Thompson, 1980: A numerical study of Loop Current intrusions and eddy
shedding, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 1611– 1651.
Hwang, C., C.-R. Wu, and R. Kao, 2004: TOPEX/Poseidon observations of mesoscale eddies over the
STCC. J.Geophys.Res., 109, C08013
Johns, W.E., T.N. Lee, D. Zhang and R. Zantopp, 2001: The Kuroshio east of Taiwan: moored transport
observations from the WOCE PCM-1 array. J.Phys.Oceanogr., 31, 1031–1053.
Kagimoto, T., and T. Yamagata, 1997: Seasonal transport variations of the Kuroshio: An OGCM
simulation. J.Phys.Oceanogr., 27, 403–418.
Kourafalou, V.H., L.-Y. Oey, J.D. Wang and T.N. Lee, 1996. The fate of river discharge on the
continental shelf. Part I: modeling the river plume and the inner-shelf coastal current. J. Geophys.
Res, 101(C2), 3415-3434.
Large, W. G., and S. Pond (1981): Open ocean momentum flux measurements in moderate to strong
winds, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 11, 324-336
Lee, H.-C., and G. L. Mellor, 2003: Numerical simulation of the Gulf Stream System: The Loop Current
and the deep circulation, J. Geophys. Res., 108(C2), 3043, doi:10.1029/2001JC001074.
Liu, K. K., G. C., Gong, C. Z., Shyu, S. C., Pai, C. L. Wei, and S. Y. Chao (1992a): Response of Kuroshio
upwelling to the Onset of the northeast monsoon in the sea north of Taiwan: Observations and a
numerical simulation, Journal of Geophysical Research, 97, 12511-12526
Maul, G. A., D. A. Mayer, and S. R. Baig, 1985: Comparison between a continuous three-year current
meter observation at the sill of the Yucatan Strait, satellite measurements of Gulf Loop Current area,
and regional sea level. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 9089-9096.
Mauna A.C., B.C. Franco, A. Baldoni, E.M. Acha, M.L. Lasta, and O.O.Iribarne, 2008: Cross-front
variations in adult abundance and recruitment of Patagonian scallop (Zygochlamys patagonica) at the
SW Atlantic shelf break front, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 65, 1184-1190.
Mellor, G. L., 2002: User Guide for a Three-Dimensional, Primitive Equation, Numerical Ocean Model
(Jul/2002 Version), 42 pp., Atmos. & Oceanic Sci. Prog., Princeton Univ. NJ, USA.
70
( http://www.aos.princeton.edu/WWWPUBLIC/htdocs.pom/PubOnLine/POL.html).
Mellor, G.L. and Ezer, T., 1991: A Gulf Stream model and an altimetry assimilation scheme. J. Geophys.
Res, 96: 8779-8795.
Mellor, G.L., and T. Yamada. 1982. Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid
problems. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 20:851-875.
Mellor, G. L. and A. F. Blumberg, 2004: Wave breaking and ocean surface layer thermal response, J. Phys.
Oceanogr., 34 693-698.
Miyazawa, Y., T. Kagimoto, X. Guo, and H. Sakuma, 2008: The Kuroshio large meander formation in
2004 analyzed by an eddy-resolving ocean forecast system. J.Geophys.Res., 113, C10015,
doi:10.1029/2007JC004226, 2008.
Niiler, P. P. (1969): On the Ekman divergence in an oceanic jet. Journal of Geophysical Research, 74,
7048-7052.
Nof, D., 2005: The momentum imbalance paradox revisited. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35, 1928-1939.
Nowlin, W.D., Jr., 1972. Winter circulation pattern and property distributions. Contributions on the
Physical Oceanography of the Gulf of Mexico, Vol. II, L.R.A. Capurro and J.L. Reid, Eds., Gulf
Publishing Co., 3–64.
Oey, L.-Y., 1996: Simulation of Mesoscale Variability in the Gulf of Mexico: Sensitivity Studies,
Comparison with Observations, and Trapped Wave Propagation., J. Phys. Oceanogr, 26, 145–175.
Oey, L.-Y., and P. Chen. 1992a: A model simulation of circulation in the north-east Atlantic shelves
and seas. J. Geophy. Res. 97:20,087-20,115.
Oey, L.-Y., and P. Chen. 1992b: A Nested-Grid Ocean Model: With Application to the Simulation of
Meanders and Eddies in the Norwegian Coastal Current. J. Geophy. Res. 97: 20,063–20,086.
Oey, L.-Y. and Lee, H.-C, 2002, Deep Eddy Energy and Topographic Rossby Waves in the Gulf of
Mexico. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32(12):3499-3527.
Oey, L.-Y., H.-C. Lee and W. J. Schmitz Jr., 2003. Effects of Winds and Caribbean Eddies on the
Frequency of Loop Current Eddy Shedding: A Numerical Model Study, JGR, 108 (C10), 3324,
doi:10.1029/2002JC001698, 2003.
71
Oey, L.-Y. 2004. Vorticity Flux in the Yucatan Channel and Loop Current Eddy shedding in the Gulf
of Mexico. J. Geophys. Res. 109, C10004, doi:10.1029, 2004JC002400.
Oey, L.-Y., and H.-C. Zhang. 2004. A mechanism for the generation of subsurface cyclones and jets.
Cont. Shelf Res. 24:2109-2131.
Oey L.-Y., T. Ezer and H.J. Lee, 2005: Loop Current, Rings and Related Circulation in the Gulf of
Mexico: A Review of Numerical Models and Future Challenges. In “Circulation in the Gulf of
Mexico: Observations and Models,” W. Sturges, A. Lugo-Fernandez, Eds, Geophysical Monograph
Series, Vol.161, 360pp, 2005.
Oey L.-Y., T. Ezer, D.-P. Wang, S. Fan and X.-Q. Yin, 2006: Loop Current warming by Hurricane Wilma,
Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L08613, doi:10.1029, 2006GL025873.
Oey L.-Y., 2008: Loop Current and Deep Eddies. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 38, 1426-1449.
Ohlmann, J. C., and P. P. Niiler, 2005: Circulation over the continental shelf in the northern Gulf of
Mexico, Prog. Oceanogr., 64, 45 – 81
Pichevin, T., and D. Nof, 1997: The momentum imbalance paradox. Tellus, 49, 298–319
Qiu, B., 1999: Seasonal eddy field modulation of the north Pacific subtropical countercurrent:
TOPEX/Poseidon observations and theory, J.Phys.Oceanogr., 29, 2471–2486.
Qiu, B., and S. Chen, 2010a: Interannual variability of the North Pacific STCC and its associated
mesoscale eddy field. J.Phys.Oceanogr., 40, 213-225
Qiu, B., and S. Chen, 2010b: Interannual-to-decadal variability in the bifurcation of the North Equatorial
Current off the Philippines. J.Phys.Oceanogr., 40, 2525–2538.
Qu, T., 2000: Upper-layer circulation in the South China Sea. J.Phys.Oceanogr., 30, 1450–1460.
Qu, T., and R. Lukas, 2003: On the bifurcation of the North Equatorial Current in the Pacific.
J.Phys.Oceanogr., 33, 5–18.
Qu, T., Y. Du, and H. Sasaki, 2006: South China Sea throughflow: a heat and freshwater conveyor.
Geophys.Res.Lett., 33, L23617, doi:10.1029/2006GL028350,2006
Ruiz-Barradas, A., and S. Nigam, 2005: Warm-season Precipitation Variability over the US Great Plains
in Observations, NCEP and ERA-40 Reanalyses, and NCAR and NASA Atmospheric Simulations. J.
72
Climate, 18, 1808-1830.
Schmitz, W. J., Jr., 1996: On the world ocean circulation, vol. I, Some global features/North Atlantic
circulation, WHOI Tech. Rep. WHOI-96-03, 141 pp., Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Woods Hole,
Mass., 1996.
Sheinbaum J., J. Candela, A. Badan and J. Ochoa, 2002: Flow structure and transport in the Yucatan
Channel, Geophy. Res. Let., 29, 10.1029/2001GL013990.
Smith, D.C. and J.J. O’Brien, 1983: The interaction of a two-layer isolated mesoscale eddy with bottom
topography. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 1681-1697.
Stern, M., 1965: Interaction of a uniform wind stress with a geostrophic vortex, Deep-Sea Res., 12,
355–367.
Sturges, W., and R. Leben, 2000: Frequency of ring separations from the Loop Current in the Gulf of
Mexico: A revised estimate, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 1814– 1818.
Thomas, L.N., 2005: Destruction of Potential Vorticity by Winds, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35, 2457-2466.
Wang, W., W. D. Nowlin, R. O. Reid, 1998: Analyzed Surface Meteorological Fields over the
Northwestern Gulf of Mexico for 1992–94: Mean, Seasonal, and Monthly Patterns. Mon. Wea. Rev.,
126, 2864–2883.
Weatherly, G., N. Wienders and A. Romanou, 2005: Intermediate-depth circulation in the Gulf of Mexico
estimated from direct measurements. In “Circulation in the Gulf of Mexico: Observations and
Models,” W. Sturges, A. Lugo-Fernandez, Eds, Geophysical Monograph Series, 161, 360pp, 2005.
Wu, C. -R., H. -F. Lu, and S. -Y. Chao (2008): A numerical study on the formation of upwelling off
northeast Taiwan, Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, C08025, doi:10.1029/ 2007JC004697.
Yang J., and J. F. Price, 2000: Water-mass formation and potential vorticity balance in an abyssal ocean
circulation. J. Mar. Res., 58, 789–808
Yang, Y., C.-T. Liu, J.-H. Hu and M. Koga, 1999: Taiwan Current (Kuroshio) and impinging eddies. J.
Oceanogr. 55, 609-617.
Yaremchuk, M., and T. Qu, 2004: Seasonal variability of the large-scale currents near the coast of the
Philippines. J.Phys.Oceanogr., 34, 844-855.
73
Yin, X.-Q. and L.-Y. Oey, 2007: Bred-ensemble ocean forecast of Loop Current and rings, Ocean
Modelling, doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2007.02.005.
Zhang, D., W. E. Johns, T.N. Lee, C.-T. Liu, and R. Zantopp, 2001: The Kuroshio east of Taiwan: Modes
of variability and relationship to interior mesoscale eddies. J.Phys.Oceanogr., 31, 1054–1074
Zhang, Y., J.M. Wallace, and D.S. Battisti, 1997: ENSO-like Interdecadal Variability: 1900–1993, J. Clim.,
10, 1004–1020.