簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 高鈺琪
Gau, Yuh-Chyi
論文名稱: 以修正科技接受模式探討丹麥接受無現金社會的因素
Applied Extension of the Technology Acceptance Model to Probe on Factors of Denmark Towards a Cashless Society
指導教授: 劉立行
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 圖文傳播學系
Department of Graphic Arts and Communications
論文出版年: 2017
畢業學年度: 105
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 129
中文關鍵詞: 科技接受模式理論無現金社會
英文關鍵詞: Revised Technology Acceptance Model, cashless society
DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202202931
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:170下載:50
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 2015年5月,丹麥政府擬訂於2016年1月起停止使用鈔票與零錢,以數位化方式進行付款,邁入無現金社會。歐美國家的數位金融發展多趨成熟,現金使用占交易總額的比例愈來愈低。再加上便利、印鈔鑄幣成本降低、減少逃稅、經濟犯罪、穩定金融市場等優點,許多國家都積極朝此方向發展,無現金社會儼然已成為全球趨勢。台灣也積極地朝此方向邁進。但儘管政府積極作為,卻仍成效不彰,無現金社會的生活型態在台灣目前仍處於推廣階段。有鑑於此,本研究以修正科技接受模式為基礎,透過深度文獻探討與資料分析,針對總體經濟、基礎建設、金流、零售通路、文化偏好五個面向進行探究,探討丹麥接受無現金社會的因素。
    資料整理結果顯示,總體經濟發展為丹麥政府近幾年積極發展無現金社會的主因,再加上基礎建設、金流、零售通路的產業結合發展FinTech、實現無現金社會。依修正科技接受模式分析,丹麥政府的法規約束會直接影響有用性認知、提高使用意圖。但隨著長期培養民眾科技素養,民眾對科技社會的生活方式已逐漸內化、對科技接受度高,此時法規限制對他們影響有限。再加上FinTech快速發展,直接且正向影響使用者採用數位支付的意願。更重要的是提高易用性認知,此直覺性認知會直接影響使使用者使用數位支付的意願、影響去現金化的成效。
    研究分析結果發現,完善基礎建設及相關政策推行是丹麥接受無現金社會的關鍵。若欲達到完全去現金化,強制性的廢除現金將是唯一途徑。但考量到特殊群體對現金的需求,在現實層面考量下目前只能達到高度去現金化。未來可進一步探討台灣是否需要發展成無現金社會以及如何發展。

    In May 2015, Danish government was planning to stop using banknotes and coins from January 2016. This policy will lead Denmark to the first world cashless society. Digital finance has already developed and tends to become mature in European countries. The activity of cash in those countries is getting less and less. Moreover, with the convenience, lower cost of printing banknotes and environmental protection, etc., cashless society seems to become a global tendency. However, this kind of lifestyle in Taiwan is still in the promotion. In view of this, this study will be applied TAM, depth literature reviews and focus on the data analysis, which is included in five orientations- technology and infrastructure, payment process, channel services, macro-economic and cultural factors, to probe on cashless society of Denmark.
    Data collection results show that economic development is one of the most important reson for the Danish government to develop cashless society rapidly these years. With cooperation between infrastructure, cash flow and retail service, came up with Fintech to achieve cashless society. According to the resule of analysis by TAM, legal retriction affects perceived usefulness and enhanced users' Intentions. But with the long-term traing of information technology literacy, people will get used to live in science-and-technology-society lifestytle and make this kind of style internalization. Moreover, with the development of FinTech, people are more willing to use digital payment systems. More important is to improve the perceived ease of use will definitely affect the willing of using digital payment systems and the resule of eliminating cash.
    The results of the study found that the completed infrastructures and related policies are the key to towarding a cashless society in Denmark. IF Denmark would like to go cashless completely, it is the only way to abolish cash legally. However, with all things considered, a complete cashless society is now impossible to reach in realistic level. In the future can get further explore whether Taiwan needs to develop into a cashless society and how to develop it.

    目錄 摘要 I ABSTRACT II 目錄 IV 表目錄 VII 圖目錄 IX 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究背景與動機 1 第二節 研究目的與問題 5 第三節 名詞解釋 6 第四節 研究範圍與限制 7 第五節 研究流程 8 第二章 文獻探討 9 第一節 無現金社會 9 第二節 丹麥無現金社會相關研究 23 第三節 修正科技接受模式 25 第四節 文獻探討小結 34 第三章 研究方法 36 第一節 研究架構 36 第二節 研究對象 38 第三節 研究方法 38 第四節 研究實施 42 第四章 研究結果與討論 47 第一節 總體經濟 47 第二節 基礎建設 54 第三節 金流 70 第四節 零售通路 79 第五節 文化偏好 86 第五章 綜合分析與討論 90 第一節 丹麥無現金社會的發展歷程 90 第二節 綜合各面向對無現金社會發展之探討 91 第三節 以科技接受模式綜合分析各面向之影響 103 第六章 結論與建議 109 第一節 結論 109 第二節 建議 113 參考文獻 116 一、中文參考文獻 116 二、英文參考文獻 121

    Bai, D. L.(2016)‧運用計畫行為理論與科技接受模式探討獨居老人使用緊急救援系統之行為 意向研究‧福祉科技與服務管理學刊,4(2)

    Patton, M. Q. (1990/1999). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (2nd Edition). 吳芝儀、李奉儒(譯)‧質的評鑑與研究‧台北:桂冠。

    丁子柏(2017)‧電子商務金流:網路收款金流工具太多?!民間第三方支付與銀行服務有別(EC時報論壇)‧取自http://www.web-time.com.tw/details/ec. aspx?id=26

    中華民國中央銀行全球資訊網(2016)‧每日通貨發行數歷史資料‧取自http: //www.cbc.gov.tw/lp.asp?ctNode=1082&CtUnit=455&Base DSD=7&mp=1

    三片葉(2017)‧無現金社會,紙幣會消失嗎?‧取自https://kknews.cc/society /oy3v365.html

    王懿君(2014)‧為什麼德國人都付現金?‧取自華爾街見聞http://wallstreetcn.com/node/208575

    台灣尼爾森(2014)‧不到四成台灣消費者每天消費偏好塑膠貨幣付款(新聞中心)‧取自http://www.nielsen.com/tw/zh/press-room/2014/newsTaiwan Payment0225.html

    田佳芳(2009)‧圖示表徵策略對國小智能障礙學生單一步驟加減文字題學習成效之研究(碩士論文,國立台北教育大學,2009)‧全國碩博士論文資訊網

    石渼華(2016)‧流通轉型加速走向全通路零售‧取自http://tw.digiwin.biz/ infocontent.aspx?id=6849

    兆豐國際商業銀行企劃處(2015)‧2014年全球經濟回顧與2015年展望‧取自https://wwwfile.megabank.com.tw/upload/F290/2014%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%9B%9E%E9%A1%A7%E8%88%872015%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%B1%95%E6%9C%9B.pdf

    安永(2016)‧FinTech接受度指數調查(新聞中心)‧取自http://www.ey. com/tw/zh_tw/newsroom/news-releases/news-2016-ey-fintech-adoption-index

    朱斌妤、黃仟文 & 翁少白(2008)‧以科技接受模式探討即時交通資訊系統之使用意願‧電子商務學報,10(1),173-200

    朱斌妤、黃仟文 & 翁少白(2008)‧以科技接受模式探討即時交通資訊系統之使用意願‧電子商務學報,10(1),173-200

    行政院(2017)‧前瞻基礎建設‧取自http://achievement.ey.gov.tw/cp.aspx? n=1E42BEB0F68720CB

    吳嘉苓(2016)‧公民如何參與科技評估?‧取自http://sa.ylib.com/MagArticle. aspx?Unit=columns&id=301

    吳碧娥(2016)‧迎向無現金社會行動支付專利申請日趨熱門‧取自北美智權官網http://www.naipo.com/Portals/1/web_tw/Knowledge_Center/Industry Economy/IPNC_160921_0702.htm

    李文雙(2015)‧我們有理由懷疑華為‧取自http://www.epochtimes.com/ b5/15/6/22/n4462817.htm

    李宏仁、袁劍雲、江佳霖 & 林韋儒(2015)‧消費者線上購物行為關鍵決定因素:一個整合性理論觀點‧顧客滿意學刊,11(2),271-303

    沈中華(2016)‧負利率的時代‧兩岸金融季刊,4(3),91-108

    林宗宏(2012)‧關鍵在人還是App - 從科技接受度觀點探討影響不同類型App 使用意圖的差異關鍵‧「2012第八屆知識社群國際研討會」

    林芳珍、趙正敏(2015)‧消費者採用行動商務之科技特徵:TPB與TAM之延伸研究‧運動休閒管理學報,12(4),1-17

    林建甫(2016)‧勇敢面對「無現金社會」‧取自中國電子報http://www. chinatimes.com/newspapers/20160405000270-260109

    林殿唯(2013)‧華為獲丹麥電信巨頭7億美元肥單‧取自http://www. chinatimes.com/newspapers/20131025000102-260203

    洪新原、梁定澎 & 張嘉銘(2005)‧科技接受模式之彙總研究.資訊管理學報,12(4),211-214
    孫建軍、成穎 & 柯青(2007)‧Tam模型研究進展-模型演化‧情報科學,25(8),1121-1127
    紐立科技(2014)‧電子行動商務金物流規劃‧取自http://www.niuli.com.tw/ ecommerce-more.html

    財政部國庫署(2016)‧全面推動國庫電子支付作業‧取自http://www.nta.gov. tw/web/Announce/uptAnnounce.aspx?c0=238&p0=8282&print=1

    財政部國庫署(2016)‧國庫集中支付業務─歷年實施電子支付機關統計表‧取自https://www.nta.gov.tw/web/AnnC/uptAnnC.aspx?c0=85&p0=4496

    財新網(2016)‧應建設統一的國家金融基礎設施(金融)‧取自https://read01.com/LPdyAD.html

    高永光(2011)‧中華民國發展史政治與法制‧國家結構‧取自http://hc.nccu. edu.tw/public/att/6c1df0ccf401ce3c073f814970874c7d.pdf

    高雄軟體園區資訊服務網(2016)‧智慧手持行動商務(支付)應用交流會‧取自http://ksp.org.tw/bulletin/detail/291

    國際經濟觀察(2016)‧區塊鏈(Blockchain)是什麼?IBM、麥肯錫、高盛報告:改變金融的革命性技術‧取自http://ieobserve.com/2016/10/blockchain-%E5%8D%80%E5%A1%8A%E9%8F%88%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A/

    張金鐘(2002)‧以科技接受模式探討教師與學生採用數位化教材的態度(碩士論文,國立中山大學,2002)‧全國碩博士論文資訊網

    梁定澎‧資訊管理理論 科技接受模式‧取自http://elite.tut.edu.tw/~t20042/ repository/fetch/ch7%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%97%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F.ppt

    許祐瑄(2016)‧丹麥的現金即將消失?無現金化生活型態或可實現(經濟金融)‧取自http://vikingbar.org/2016/01/丹麥的現金即將消失!?無現金化生活型態或可實/

    郭裕元(2013)‧以科技模式探討影響消費者使用智慧電動車意圖之要素(碩士論文,國立成功大學,2013)‧全國碩博士論文資訊網

    陳正倉、林惠玲(2013)‧個體經濟學‧臺北市:雙葉書廊

    陳佳宜(2017)‧丹麥資通訊政策之探討與分析(上)‧取自https://www.find. org.tw /market_info.aspx?n_ID=6823

    陳烜之(2007)‧認知心理學‧臺北市:五南

    陳穎寬(2010)‧NFC手機小額付費使用者接受意向探討(碩士論文,中華大學,2010)‧全國碩博士論文資訊網

    壹讀(2016)‧數字化轉型時代,華為如何助丹麥電信打造最佳體驗網絡?‧取自https://read01.com/oN2EQz.html

    彭聃齡(2012)‧普通心理學‧北京:北京師範大學

    黃文仙‧第四章研究設計‧取自http://web.nchu.edu.tw/pweb/users/whh /lesson/10273.pdf

    黃俊英(1996)‧行銷研究‧臺北市:華泰文化

    黃詩芸(2010)‧以科技接受模式檢視 台灣數位無線電視之採用行為(碩士論文,國立交通大學,2010)‧全國碩博士論文資訊網

    黃慧珠(2014)‧行動支付是什麼(總經理月訊)‧取自IBM官網http://www-07.ibm.com/tw/industries/fss/overview/201403.html

    黃嬿(2016)‧Fintech 當紅投資熱燒,亞洲成創新領頭羊‧取自http:// technews.tw/2016/03/21/fintech-2/

    楊楠華、李宏安、方慧臻 & 陳慧秋(2015)‧以科技接受模式探討國中生線上學習使用意願之研究-以台中市為例‧管理資訊計算,4(1),132-141

    溫紹群、陳威棋 & 陳鴻棋(2016)‧金融科技 (FinTech) 之資訊安全議題-金融創新破浪勝出的贏家‧財金資訊季刊,86,6-9

    經濟部投資業務處(2011)‧丹麥投資環境簡介‧取自http://www. twbusiness net.com/countryfiles/dk/pdf/101_Denmark.pdf

    經濟部國際貿易局(2014)‧網路購物對丹麥零售業造成大威脅‧取自http://www.trade.gov.tw/World/Detail.aspx?nodeID=45&pid=500704

    資策會產業情報研究所(2014)‧台灣行動支付需求調查分析‧取自https:// mic.iii.org.tw/micnew/Industryobservation_MIC02views.aspx?sqno=94

    Alexander, C. E. (2007). Deliberative democracy and technoscientific innovation. Retrieved from http://www.cipast.org/download/Chloe%20Alexander%20-%20Deliberative%20Democracy.pdf

    Anders, B. (2007). Experts on public trial: on democratizing expertise through a Danish consensus conference. Public understanding of Science, 16(2), 163-182. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963662507062469

    Bagnall, J., Bounie, D., Huynh, K. P., Kosse, A., Schmidt, T. et al. (2014). Consumer cash usage: a cross-country comparison with payment diary survey data. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/Sian/Downloads/wp1404%20(2).pdf

    Bank for International Settlements (2015). Statistics on payment, clearing and settlement systems in the CPMI countries Figures for 2014. Retrieved from http://www.bis.org/cpmi/publ/d135.pdf

    Bank for International Settlements (2016). Statistics on payment, clearing and settlement systems in the CPMI countries Figures for 2015. Retrieved from http://www.bis.org/cpmi/publ/d155a.pdf

    Brown, M.B., Lentsch, J. & Weingart, P. (2004). Representation, expertise and the german parliament: a comparison of three advisory institutions. Retrieved from http://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/22446/ssoar-2007-2-blok-experts_on_public_trial_on.pdf?sequence=1

    Business Sweden (2017). Overview of the Danish FinTech sector. Retrieved from http://www.business-sweden.se/contentassets/072be6f0f015486f95ed27b9d 543446c/overview-of-the-danish-fintech-sector-170213.pdf

    Cabanillas, F. L., Fernández, J. S. & Leiva, F. M. (2014). The moderating effect of experience in the adoption of mobile payment tools in Virtual Social Networks: The m-Payment Acceptance Model in Virtual Social Networks (MPAM-VSN). International Journal of Information Management, 34(2), 151–166. ido: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2013.12.006

    CEIC (2017). Denmark exchange rate against USD. Retrieved from https://www. ceicdata.com/en/indicator/denmark/exchange-rate-against-usd

    Churchill, G. A., & Peter, J. P. (1995). Marketing: Creating value for customers. Burr Ridge, I11: Irwin.

    Copenhagen FinTech (2016). What is Copenhagen FinTech. Retrieved from http://www.cfir.dk/en-GB/AboutCFIR/Pages/FinanceITinDenmark.aspx

    Danish Government (2013). Denmark at work plan for growth in the creative industries · design. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/Sian/Downloads/07%2002 %2013%20summary%20vaekstplan%20kreative%20erhverv%20english.PDF

    Danish Government (2015). Denmark –the most digitised country in the world. Retrieved from http://www.finansraadet.dk/en/News/Documents/2015/193-2015%20Danmark%20Digitalisering%202015%20UK.PDF

    Danish Ministry of the enviroinment (2007). Planning in Denmark. Retrieved from http://naturstyrelsen.dk/media/nst/attachments/planning_260907_ny6.pdf

    Danish payments council (2014). Report on new payment solutions. Retrieved from https://www.nationalbanken.dk/en/bankingandpayments/danish_payments_council/Documents/ReportOnNewPaymentSolutions.pdf

    Danish payments council (2016). Report on the role of cash in society. Retrieved from http://www.nationalbanken.dk/en/bankingandpayments/danish_payments_council/Documents/Report_on_the_role_of_cash_in_society.pdf

    Danmarks Nationalbank (2005). Payment systems in Denmark. Retrieved from https://www.nationalbanken.dk/en/publications/Documents/2005/09/payment_systems05.pdf

    Danmarks Nationalbank (2012). Assessment of the Sumclearing. Retrieved from https://www.nationalbanken.dk/en/publications/Documents/2013/04/Assessment_sumclearing_dec_2012.pdf

    Danmarks Nationalbank (2013). Assessment of Kronos. Retrieved from https:// www.nationalbanken.dk/en/publications/Documents/2012/07/Assessment_Kronos_ENG.pdf

    Danmarks Nationalbank (2014). Report on new payment solutions. Retrieved from http://www.nationalbanken.dk/en/bankingandpayments/danish_payments_council/Documents/ReportOnNewPaymentSolutions.pdf

    Danmarks Nationalbank (2016). Oversight of the financial infrastructure in Denmark. Retrieved from https://www.nationalbanken.dk/en/publications/Documents/ 2012/07 /Assessment_Kronos_ENG.pdf

    Danmarks Nationalbank (2016). Tender for banknotes to Danmarks Nationalbank. Retrieved from http://www.nationalbanken.dk/en/about_danmarks_nationalbank /tenders/Pages/Tender-for-banknotes-to-Danmarks-Nationalbank.aspx

    Danmarks Nationalbank (2016). The Danish financial sector. Retrieved from http://www.nationalbanken.dk/en/financialstability/danish_financial_sector/Pages/default.aspx

    Danske Bank (2017). Card conditions Visa/Dankort. Retrieved from https://danskebank.dk/PDF/PRISER-VILKAAR-FAKTAARK/Homepage-UK/Privat/Cards/Card-Conditions-VISA-DANKORT-from-30.10.2013.pdf

    Danske Bank Group (2008). The story of mobilepay - and a few facts. Fa Mobilepay. Retrieved from http://www.mobilepay.dk/da-dk/pages/The-story-in-English.aspx

    Davis, F. D., (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319-340.

    Dishaw, M. T., & Strong, D. M. (1999). Extending the technology acceptance model with task–technology fit constructs. Information & management, 36(1), 9-21.

    Dumpit, D. Z., & Fernandez. C. J. (2016). Social media usage behavior: an application of a modified technology acceptance model. BANWA, 1, 47.

    Eisenhardt, K. M., (1989). Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review, 14, 532-550.

    EuroCommerce (2014). Overview: Legislation regarding shop opening hours in Europe. Retrieved from http://www.eurocommerce.eu/media/106542/shop-opening%20hours-22092014.pdf

    Europa statistics explained (2017). ICT specialists in employment for 2015. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/ICT_specialists_ in_employment

    European Central Bank (2016). Electronic money issued in the euro area. Retrieved from http://sdw.ecb.europa.eu/reports.do?node=1000003509

    Evans, D. S. & Schmalensee, R. (2005). Paying with plastic: the digital revolution in buying and borrowing. Massachusetts: MIT press, Inc.

    Farahat, T. (2012). Applying the technology acceptance model to online learning in the Egyptian universities. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 64, 95-104.

    Finansministeriet (2015). Bedre vilkår for danske virksomheder. Retrieved from https://www.fm.dk/nyheder/pressemeddelelser/2015/05/bedre-vilkaar-for-danske-virksomheder

    Fishbein, M. & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: an introduction to theory and research. Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Funtowicz, S. and Ravetz, J.R. (1992). Three types of risk assessment and the emergence of post-normal science. New York: Praeger.

    Garcia-Swartz, D. D., Hahn, R. W., & Layne-Farrar, A. (2006). The move toward a cashless society: calculating the costs and benefits. Review of network economics, 5(2).

    Gee, S. E. (2014). Are mobile technologies leading us to a cashless society? (BSc dissertation). Retrieved from http://eprints.port.ac.uk/15248/

    Haifley, K. C. (2016). A correlation study of the technology acceptance model and higher education faculty e-textbook adoption. Dissertation Abstracts International, 78(1), 148. (UMI No. 10138879)

    Harrison, V. (2015). This could be the first country to go cashless. CNN Money. Retrieved from http://money.cnn.com/2015/06/02/technology/cashless-society-denmark/

    Hartwick, J., & Barki, H. (1994). Explaining the Role of User Participation in Information System Use. Management Science, 40(4), 440-465.

    Hobbs, B. (1996). Cashless services replacement system project-A network perspective. BRITISH TELECOMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING, 15, 21-27.

    Holden, R. J. & Karsh, B. T. (2010). The technology acceptance model: its past and its future in health care.
    Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 43(1), 159–172.
    https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=dk.danskebank.mobilepay

    Igari, N., (2014). How to successfully promote ICT usage: a comparative analysis of Denmark and Japan. Telematics and Informatics, 31(1), 115-125.

    IMD World Competitiveness Center (2016). IMD world talent report 2016. Retrieved from http://www.imd.org/uupload/IMD.WebSite/Wcc/NewTalentReport/Talent_ 2016_web.pdf

    Jacobsen, J. G. & Nielsen, S. T. (2011). Payment Habits in Denmark. Monetary Review, 3, 123-134.

    Johar, M. G. & Awalluddin, J. A. (2011). The role of technology acceptance model in explaining effect on e-commerce application system. International Journal of Managing Information Technology, 3(3). doi: 10.5121/ijmit.2011.3301

    Klinger, M. (2016). The decline of cash?. Retrieved from http://raconteur.net/ technology/the-decline-of-cash

    Knoema (2011-2017). Denmark - unemployment rate. Retrieved from https://knoema. com/atlas/Denmark/Unemployment-rate

    Kronos (2003-2017). Kronos Private Cloud (KPC) 安全. Retrieved from https:// www.kronos.cn/anquan

    MasterCard (2012). The mobile payments readiness index. Retrieved from https://mobilereadiness.mastercard.com/the-index/

    MasterCard Advisors (2013). Measuring progress toward a cashless society. Retrieved from http://www.mastercardadvisors.com/_assets/pdf/ MasterCardAdvisors-CashlessSociety.pdf

    Meola, A. (2016). The fintech report 2016: financial industry trends and investment. Retrieved from http://www.businessinsider.com/the-fintech-report-2016-financial-industry-trends-and-investment-2016-12

    Ministry of Finance (2016). Denmark’s national reform programme 2016. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/pdf/csr2016/nrp2016_denmark_en.pdf

    Ministry of higher education and science (2016). List of Danish innovation networks. Retrieved from http://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/cooperation-between-research-and-innovation/collaboration-between-research-and-industry/innovation -networks-denmark/list-of-danish-innovation-networks

    Mobilepay (2014). Mobilepay by Danske bank. Ggoogle Play. Retrieved from

    Mobilepay developer site (2008). Get started with mobilepay appswitch. Mobilepay by Danske Bank. Retrieved from https://www.danskebank.dk/da-dk/mobilepay /Pages/Developer.aspx

    Moody’s Analytics (2016). The impact of electronic payments on economic growth. Retrieved from https://usa.visa.com/dam/VCOM/download/visa-everywhere /global-impact/impact-of-electronic-payments-on-economic-growth.pdf

    Müller, j., Bohlin, E., Karpakka, J., Riis, C., & Skouby,
    K. E. (1993). Telecommunications liberalization in the Nordic countries. Telecommunications Policy, 17(8), 623-630.

    Myers, G. D. (2015). Exploring Psychology (8th Edition). New York, NY: Worth Publishers.

    OpenSignal (2016). Global state of mobile networks (August 2016). Retrieved from https://opensignal.com/reports/2016/08/global-state-of-the-mobile-network/

    OpenSignal (2016). State of mobile networks: Nordics (May 2016). Retrieved from https://opensignal.com/reports/2016/05/nordic/state-of-the-mobile-network/

    Ozturk, A. B. (2016). Customer acceptance of cashless payment systems in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(4), 801-817. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-02-2015-0073

    Poulsen, C. A. (2014). Introducing out-of-pocket payment for general practice in Denmark: feasibility and support. Health Policy, 117(1), 64-71.

    PwC (2017). Global FinTech report. Retrieved from https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/industries/financial-services/fintech-survey/ report.html

    Reistad, D. L. (1967). The coming cashless society. Business horizons, 10(3), 23-32. doi: 10.1016 / 0007-6813 (67) 90080-8

    Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of Innovations. New York, Free Press.

    Slawsky, J. H. & Zafar, S. (2005). Developing and managing a successful payment cards business. Farnham: Gower press, Inc.

    Statistics Portal (2016). Payment methods used by retailers in Denmark in 2015. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/615755/payment-methods-used-by-retailers-in-denmark/

    Statistics Portal (2016). Top 20 telecommunication companies in Denmark as of June 2016, by turnover (in thousand DKK). Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/554473/denmark-top-20-telecommunication-companies-by-turnover/

    Statistics Portal (2016). Usage of mobile payment services in Denmark in 2016. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/659735/mobile-payment-usage-in-denmark/

    TDC Group (2016). TDC Group 2016-2018 strategy. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/Sian/Downloads/20160124%20CMD%20FINAL.PDF

    Venkatesh, V., & Davis, F. D. (2000). A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: Four longitudinal field studies. Management science, 46(2), 186-204.

    Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B., & Davis, F. D. (2003). User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view. MIS Quarterly, 27, 425-478.

    Visitcopenhagen (2017). Opening hours. Retrieved from http://www.visitcopenhagen. com/copenhagen/opening-hours

    World Bank (2017). GDP (current US$). Retrieved from http://data.worldbank. org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD

    World Bank (2017). GDP growth (annual %). Retrieved from http://data.worldbank. org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG

    World Economic Forum (2016). The Global Information Technology Report 2016 Denmark. Retrieved from http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GITR2016/WEF_ GITR_Denmark_2016.pdf

    World Economic Forum (2016). The Global Information Technology Report 2016 Taiwan. Retrieved from http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GITR2016/WEF_GITR_ TaiwanChina_2016.pdf

    Worthington, S. (1995). The cashless society. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 23(7), 31-40.

    Yin, K. R. (1994). Case Study Research: Design and Methods. London: Sage Publications.

    Yin, K. R. (1994/2001). Case Study Research: Design and Methods (2nd Edition). London: Sage Publications.

    Yin, K. R. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods (3rd Edition). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Zikmund, W. G. (1994), Business Research Methods (4th Edition). Fort Worth: Dryden Press.

    Zwass, V. (1996). Electronic commerce: structures and issues. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 1, 3–23

    下載圖示
    QR CODE