簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 張德正
論文名稱: 學習進展式激勵對企業內學習與創新表現之影響研究
The Influence of Learning Progress Motivation on Learning and Innovation Performance in Corporations
指導教授: 莊謙本
Chuang, Chien-Pen
張文雄
Chang, Wen-Shion
學位類別: 博士
Doctor
系所名稱: 工業教育學系
Department of Industrial Education
論文出版年: 2011
畢業學年度: 99
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 281
中文關鍵詞: 探索型學習開發型學習極大化學習進展酬賞學習進展式激勵創新表現
英文關鍵詞: exploratory learning, exploitative learning, maximal learning progress reward, learning progress motivation, innovation performance
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:172下載:4
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 本研究旨在歷程性探討學習進展式激勵對企業組織成員學習與創新表現的影響,並發展學習進展式激勵成為動態、即時化學習診斷工具。依據文獻探討得知,組織成員因應探索型創新與開發型創新情境,需要調適探索型學習與開發型學習運用,而提升創新表現。因此,學習進展式激勵係以極大化學習進展酬賞為基礎概念,激勵組織成員持續追求極大化的探索型與開發型學習進展。本研究設計模擬創新情境的數字預測實驗,實施學習進展式激勵於40家台灣企業之154位工程人員,探討社會關係、學習類型、產業類別三個因子對於成員學習與創新表現的影響,發現學習進展式激勵能夠促進組織成員持續追求極大化學習進展,並依照創新情境而動態調適探索型學習與開發型學習運用,導致持續提升創新效率的創新表現。
    對於創新情境之變動目標,普遍為企業組織使用的條件式酬賞缺乏有效激勵,本研究針對此缺失,發展進展趨動性學習進展式激勵,以極大化學習誤差距﹙學習進展﹚取代條件式酬賞的極小化固定目標誤差。為求實現學習進展式激勵成為動態、即時化學習診斷工具,本研究發展學習進展式激勵之量化機制與學習進展比率曲線之視覺化圖示機制,於實驗歷程中將組織成員的學習記錄轉化為量化的學習進展數據,再以學習進展比率曲線展示探索型學習進展與開發型學習進展的歷程性演變發展。透過多元線性迴歸處理特定群組之學習進展比率曲線,成為代表特定群組學習進展演變的學習進展比率特徵曲線,搭配質性的小組訪談記錄,成為本研究的分析資料。本研究結論如下:
    ﹙一﹚ 學習進展式激勵能夠有效提升組織成員學習與創新表現。
    ﹙二﹚ 學習進展式激勵促進形成學習進展式創新循環。
    ﹙三﹚ 學習類型、產業類別、社會關係三個因子對於組織成員學習與創新表現具有個別獨立與交互作用影響。
    ﹙四﹚ 學習進展式創新循環產生創新四階段循環、學習均衡、學習導航、學習氛圍建構的學習特性。
    ﹙五﹚ 依據學習特性對於學習與創新表現的影響,對企業組織提出提升學習與創新表現的指南。
    ﹙六﹚ 學習進展比率特徵曲線,成為人性化之動態、即時化學習診斷工具。

    This study is a process-phase research to explore the influence of Learning Progress Motivation (LPM) on corporate organizational members’ learning and innovation performance. Furthermore, LPM is developed to be a user-friendly tool in dynamic real-time learning diagnosis. In order to enhance innovation performance, organizational members need to adapt the utilization of exploratory and exploitative learning with exploratory and exploitative innovation according to literature review. Hence, LPM is designed to motivate organizational members pursuing both maximal exploratory and exploitative learning progress based on the concept of Maximal Learning Progress (MLP) reward. The experiment of number anticipation was designed to simulate innovation contexts, which was applied on 154 engineers from 40 firms in Taiwan. The influence on subjects’ learning and innovation performance through three factors in terms of social relationship, learning style and industrial attribution was studied. The findings indicated that LPM motivated organizational members pursuing MLP continuously and adapting the utilization of exploratory and exploitative learning according to innovation contexts, which resulted in enhancing innovation performance by continuously improving innovation efficiency.
    The contingent reward, which is widely applied by corporations, is weak in motivating people under changing target condition. The progress-driven LPM was developed to improve such weakness by using maximal learning error rate (learning progress) to replace minimal learning error used by contingent reward. In order to realize LPM as a dynamic real-time learning diagnosis tool, the LPM quantitative mechanism and visualized graphic technique were developed to convert subjects’ learning records into quantitative data and transform it into LPM curve format. The LPM characteristic curve was generated through processing LPM curves by multi-factor linear regression, which represented the development between exploratory and exploitative learning progress of a specific cluster.
    Through the analysis of LPM characteristic curves and group interview reports, the findings are:
    1.LPM enhances organizational members’ learning and innovation performance.
    2.LPM facilitates learning progressive innovation cycle.
    3.Social relationship, learning style and industrial attribution influence organizational members’ learning and innovation performance independently and crossly.
    4.Learning progressive innovation cycle possesses learning characteristics in terms of four-step innovation cycle, steady-state learning condition, learning navigation effect, and learning environment construction.
    5.The learning and innovation performance guidelines for corporations are developed according to the influence of learning characteristics.
    6.LPM characteristic curve is developed to be a user-friendly tool in learning diagnosis.

    謝 誌 I 中文摘要 III 英文摘要 V 目錄 VII 表目錄 XI 圖目錄 XIII 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究背景與動機 1 第二節 研究目的與待答問題 6 第三節 研究範圍與限制 11 第四節 名詞釋義 12 第二章 文獻探討 17 第一節 社會關係與創新 17 第二節 領導與創新 47 第三節 學習與創新 50 第四節 激勵酬賞與創新 58 第五節 極大化學習進展酬賞 65 第三章 研究設計與實施 71 第一節 研究架構 71 第二節 研究對象 73 第三節 研究工具 80 第四節 研究方法 88 第五節 研究步驟 106 第六節 資料處理與分析 110 第四章 研究結果與討論 123 第一節 小組訪談結果 123 第二節 模擬實驗結果 150 第三節 學習進展式激勵促成社群網路學習與學習型社群網路的動態互動 195 第五章 學習進展式創新循環 201 第一節 學習進展式激勵促成學習進展式創新循環 201 第二節 學習進展式創新循環的學習特性 208 第三節 人性化動態、即時學習診斷工具學習 233 第六章 學習類型、社會關係、產業類別對於學習與創新表現之影響 237 第一節 學習類型對於組織成員學習與創新表現的影響 237 第二節 社會關係對於組織成員學習與創新表現的影響 239 第三節 產業類別對於組織成員學習與創新表現的影響 241 第七章 結論與建議 243 第一節 結論 243 第二節 研究價值與貢獻 247 第三節 建議 248 參考文獻 253 一、中文文獻 253 二、英文文獻 255 附錄一 實驗活動之統一規範 271 附錄二 標準化實驗步驟與規則 273 附錄三 小組訪談問題 I 275 附錄四 小組訪談問題 II 277 附錄五 小組訪談問題 III 279 附錄六 小組訪談紀錄表 281

    一、中文文獻

    王為國﹙民96﹚。從實務社群談課程發展與教師專業發展。課程研究期刊,2 (2),41-63。
    石文典﹙民96﹚。從系統的角度評全方位激勵理論及其實現途徑。應用心理研究,36,7-11。
    林松茂﹙民97﹚。運用團隊激勵提升人力品質。品質月刊,44(8),25-28。
    林奇賢﹙民93﹚。網路學習內容的設計與學習社群的經營。資訊融入教學之環境建置與應用專書﹙國科會科學教育研究成果應用推廣計畫﹚,149-177。
    林亭汝、虞孝成、蔡昕翰﹙民95﹚。影響企業環保技術創新發展意願之激勵因子與障礙因子。科技管理月刊,11(2),33-62。
    林瑞昌﹙民95﹚。以專業社群概念內涵為核心的教師專業發展策略。熱情卓越新典範,67-76。
    吳俊賢﹙民99﹚。國小學童應用協同創作評台進行網路合作學習之個案研究。淡江大學科技學系碩士論文。
    康永泰﹙民95﹚。轉換型領導、工作動機與員工創新行為的關係。人力資源管理學報,6(4),47-66。
    陳育亮、鄭淑慧﹙民99﹚。網路教學與社群學習在成人教育的應用—以混成式網路學習探討其行為意向。資訊管理學報,17(1),177-196。
    陳嘉彌﹙民92﹚。利用網路學習社群策略增進學習成就之省思。隔空教育論叢年刊,15,93-107。
    莊筱玉﹙民94﹚。教師專業知識建構、轉化及發展之研究-一位技術學院英文教師的個案研究。國立屏東教育大學教育行政研究所博士論文。
    蔡啟通、高泉豐﹙民93﹚。動機取向組織創新氣候與員工創新行為之關係:Amabile動機綜效模型之驗證。管理學報,21(5),571-592。
    蕭國倉、紀佳琪、王素貞﹙民98﹚。校長創新領導在國民小學校務經營上的應用。學校行政雙月刊,61,161-177。

    二、英文文獻

    Allen, W., Kilvington M., & Horn, C. (2002). Using participatory and learning-based approaches for environmental management to help achieve constructive behavior change. Landcare Research Report: LC0102/057. New Zealand (May).
    Anderson, J.R., & Bower, G.H. (1973). Human associative memory. Washington, D.C.: Winston.
    Andrews, F.M. (1967). Creative ability, the laboratory environment, and scientific performance. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 14, 76−83.
    Andry, P., Gaussier, P., Moga, S., Banquet, J., & Nadel, J. (2001). Learning and communication in imitation: an autonomous robot perspective. IEEE Transaction on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans, 31, 431–444.
    Augoustinos, M., & Walker, I. (1995). Social cognition: An integrated introduction. London: Sage.
    Avolio, B.J. (2002). Examining the full range model of leadership: Looking back to transform forward. In D. Day & S. Zaccarro (Eds.). Leadership development for transforming organizations (71−97). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    Avolio, B.J. (2005). Leadership Development in balance: Made/Born. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
    Avolio, B.J., Bass, B.M., & Jung, D.I. (1999). Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, 72, 441−462.
    Balkundi, P., & Harrison, D.A. (2006). Ties, leaders, and time in teams: Strong inference about network structure's effects on team viability and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 49, 49−68.
    Balkundi, P., & Kilduff, M. (2005). The ties that lead: A social network approach to leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 16, 941-961.
    Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
    Barto, A., Singh, S., & Chentanez, N. (2004). Intrinsically motivated learning of hierarchical collections of skills. Proeedings of the 3rd International Conference on Development Learning (112–119). San Diego, CA.
    Bass, B.M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press.
    Bass, F.M. (1969). A new product growth model for consumer durables. Management Science, 15, 215−227.
    Beck, L.G. (1999). Metaphors of educational community: An analysis of the images that reflect and influence scholarship and practice. Educational Administration Quartly, 35 (1), 13-45.
    Beck, L.G., & Foster, W. (1999). Administration and community: Considering challenges, exploring possibilities. In J. Murphy & K.S. Louis (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Educational Administration, 2, 337-358. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
    Benner, M.J., & Tushman, M.L. (2003). Exploitation, exploration, and process management. The productivity dilemma revised. Academy of Management Review, 28, 238−256.
    Berlyne, D. (1960). Conflict, arousal and curiosity. McGraw-Hill.
    Berson, Y., Nemanich, L.A.,Waldman, D.A., Galvin, B.M., & Keller, R.T. (2006). Leadership and organizational learning: A multiple levels perspective. The Leadership Quarterly, 17, 577−594.
    Bieri, J., Atkins, A., Briar, S., Leaman, R., Miller, H., & Tripodi, T. (1966). Clinical and social judgment: Discrimination of behavioral information. New York: Wiley.
    Bono, J.E., & Anderson, M.H. (2005). The advice and influence networks of transformational leaders. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 1306−1314.
    Borgatti, S.P. (1994). A quorum of graph theoretic concepts. Connections, 17(1), 47−49.
    Borgatti, S.P., & Everett, M.G. (1992). Notions of position in social network analysis. Sociological Methodology, 22, 1−35.
    Burke, W.W. (2002). Organizational change: Theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    Button, S.B., Matieu, J.E., & Zajac, D.M. (1996). Goal orientation in organizational research: A conceptual and empirical foundation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 67, 26−48.
    Crossan, M.M., Lane, H.W., & White, R.E. (1999). An organizational learning framework: From intuition to institution. Academy of Management Review, 24(3), 522−537.
    Crossan, M.M., Vera, D., & Nanjad, L. (2008). Transcendent leadership: Strategic leadership in dynamic environments. The Leadership Quarterly, 19, 569−581.
    Csikszenthmihalyi, M. (1991). Flow-the psychology of optimal experience. Harper Perennial.
    Daft, R.L. (2001). Organization theory and design. 7th ed. Singapore: Thomson Learning.
    Deci, E.L., & Ryan, R.M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. Plenum Press.
    Deci, E.L., & Ryan, R.M. (Eds.). (2002). Handbook of self-determination research. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
    Dember, W.N. and Earl, R.W. (1957). Analysis of exploratory, manipulatory and curiosity behaviors. Psychological Review, 64, 91–96.
    Denrell, J., & March, J.G. (2001). Adaptation as information restriction: the hot stove effect. Organizational Science, 12, 523−538.
    Diehl, M., & Stroebe,W. (1987). Productivity loss in brain-storming groups: Toward the solution of a riddle. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 497−509.
    Dweck, C.S. (1989). Motivation. In A. Lesgold & R. Glaser (Eds.). Foundations for a psychology of education (87−136). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    Dweck, C.S., & Leggett, E.L. (1988). A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95, 256−273.
    Easterby-Smith, M., Crossan, M., & Nicolini, D. (2000). Organizational learning: Debates past, present, and future. Journal of Management Studies, 37 (6), 783-796.
    Eden, D. (1988). Pygmalion, goal setting, and expectancy: Compatible ways to boost productivity. Academy of Management Review, 13, 639−652.
    Edmonson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 350−383.
    Ensley, M.D., Hmieleski, K.M., & Pearce, C.L. (2006). The importance of vertical and shared leadership within new venture top management teams: implications for the performance of startups. The Leadership Quarterly, 17, 217−231.
    Ericsson, K.A., & Charness, N. (1994). Expert performance: its structure and acquisition. American Psychologist, 49, 725−747.
    Ethiraj, S., & Levinthal, D. (2004). Bounded rationality and the search for organizational architecture: An evolutionary perspective on the design of organizations and their evolvability. Administrative Sciences Quarterly, 49, 404−437.
    Fang, C., Lee, J., & Schilling, M.A. (2008). Balancing exploration and exploitation through structural design: the isolation of subgroups and organizational learning. Paper presented at Organizational Science Winter Conference, Lake Tahoe, CA.
    Follett, M.P. (1919). Community is a process. The Philosophical Review, 28 (6), 576-588.
    Follett, M.P. (1998). The new state: Group organization the solution of popular government. New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1918; reprint, University Park, Penn.: The Pennsylvania State University Press.
    Gherardi, S. (1999). Learning as problem-driven or learning in the face of mystery? Organization Studies, 20 (1), 101-124.
    Gibson, C.B., & Birkinshaw, J. (2004). The antecedents, consequences, and mediating role of organizational ambidexterity. Academy of Management Journal, 47, 209−226.
    Graen, G.B. (2006). To share or not to share leadership: New LMX-MMX network leadership or charismatic leadership on creative projects. In G.B. Graen (Ed.). Sharing network leadership, LMX leadership: Series, 4 (25−36). Greenwich, CT: Information Age.
    Graen, G.B., Hui, C., & Taylor, E.T. (2004). A new approach to team leadership: Upward, downward, and horizontal to differentiation. In G.B. Graen (Ed.). New frontiers of leadership, LMX leadership: Series, 2 (33−66). Greenwich, CT: Information Age.
    Granovetter, M. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78, 1360−1380.
    Hamel, G. (2000). Leading the revolution. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
    Hannah, S.T., Avolio, B.J., Luthans, F., & Harms, P.D. (2008). Leadership efficacy: Review and future directions. The Leadership Quarterly, 19, 669−692.
    Hannah, S.T., & Lester, P.B. (2009). A multilevel approach to building and leading learning organizations. The Leadership Quarterly, 20, 34-48.
    He, Z.L., & Wong, P.K. (2004). Exploration vs. exploitation: An empirical test of the ambidexterity hypothesis. Organization Science, 15, 481−494.
    Hersey, D.A.,Walsh, D.A., Read, S.J., & Chulef, A.S. (1990). The effects of expertise on financial problem solving: Evidence for goal-directed problem-solving scripts. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 46, 77−101.
    Hidi, S., & Harackiewicz, J.M. (2000). Motivating the academically unmotivated: a critical issue for the 21st century. Review of Educational Research, 70(2), 151−179.
    Holmqvist, M. (2004). Experiential learning processes of exploitation and exploration within and between organizations: An empirical study of product development. Organization Science, 15, 70–81.
    Hunt, J.M. (1965). Intrinsic motivation and its role in psychological development. Nebraska symposium on motivation, 13, 189–282.
    Igari, I, & Tani, J. (2009). Incremental learning of sequence patterns with a modular network model. Neurocomputing, 72(7–9), 1910–1919.
    Isaacs, W.N. (1999a). Dialogue and the art of thinking together. New York: Doubleday.
    Isaacs, W.N. (1999b). Taking flight: Dialogue, collective thinking, and organizational learning. In Strategic learning in a knowledge economy: Individual, collective, and organizational learning process, eds. Cross, R. and Israelit S.B., 231-51. Woburn, Mass.: Butterworth-Heinemann.
    Jansen, J., Van den Bausch, F.A.J., & Volberda, H.W. (2006). Exploratory innovation, exploitative innovation, and performance: Effects of organizational antecedents and environmental moderators. Management Science, 52, 1661−1674.
    Jansen, J., Vera, D., & Crossan, M. (2009). Strategic leadership for exploration and exploitation: The moderating role of environmental dynamism. The Leadership Quarterly, 20, 5-18.
    Johnson, D.W., & Johnson, F.P. (2000). Joining together: Group theory and group skills. 7th ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
    Jung, D.I. (2001). Transformational and transactional leadership and their effects on creativity in groups. Creativity Research Journal, 13, 185−197.
    Kane, T.D., Zaccaro, S.J., Tremble, T.R., & Masuda, A. D. (2002). An examination of the leader's regulation of groups. Small Group Research, 33(1), 65−120.
    Kaplan, F., & Oudeyer, P.Y. (2003). Motivational principles for visual know-how development. In Prince, C., Berthouze, L., Kozima, H., Bullock, D., Stojanov, G., Balkenius, C., (Eds). Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on Epigenetic Robotics : Modeling cognitive development in robotic systems. Lund University Cognitive Studies, 101, 73–80
    Kaplan, F., & Oudeyer, P. Y. (2004). Maximizing learning progress: An internal reward system for development. Embodied Artificial Intelligence, 3139, 259–270.
    Kasl, E., & Marsick, M. (1997). Epistemology of groups as learning systems: A research-based analysis. In 27th Annual SCUTREA Conference Proceedings.
    Katz, R., Tushman, M., & Allen, T.J. (1995). The influence of supervisory promotion and network location on subordinate careers in a dual ladder RD&E setting. Management Science, 41(5), 848−863.
    Kilpatrick, S., Barrett, M., & Jones, T. (2003). Defining learning communities. Discussion paper D1/2003. Launceston, Tasmania: Center for Research and Learning in Regional Australia.
    Knight, L. (2002). Network learning: Exploring learning by interorganizational networks. Human Relations, 55 (4), 427-454.
    Kozlowski, S.W.J., Gully, S.M., Salas, E., & Cannon-Bowers, J.A. (1996). Team leadership and development: theory, principles, and guidelines for training leaders and teams. In M. Beyerlein, D. Johnson, & S. Beyerlein (Eds.). Advances in interdisciplinary studies of work teams. Team Leadership, 3 (251−289). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
    Kozlowski, S.W.J., & Klein, K.J. (2000). A multilevel approach to theory and research in organizations: Contextual, temporal and emergent processes. In K.J. Klein & S.W.J. Kozlowski (Eds.). Multilevel Theory, Research, and Methods in Organizations (3-90). San Franscisco: Jossey-Bass.
    Labianca, G., Gray, B., & Brass, D.J. (2000). A grounded model of organizational schema change during empowerment. Organizational Science, 11(2), 235−257.
    Lane, B., & Dorfman, D. (1997). Strengthening community networks: The basis for sustainable community renewal. Portland, Ore.: Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory.
    Larson, J.R., Christinsen, C., Franz, T.M., & Abbott, A.S. (1998). Diagnosing groups: The pooling, management and impact of shared and unshared case information in team-based medical decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 93−108.
    Lee, J., Lee, L., & Lee, H. (2003). Exploration and exploitation in the presence of network externalities. Management Science, 49, 553–570.
    Levine, J.M., Resnick, L.B., & Higgins, E.T. (1993). Social foundations of cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 585-612.
    Locke, E.A., & Latham, G.P. (1990). A theory of goal setting and task performance. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall.
    Lord, R.G., & Brown, D.J. (2004). Leadership Processes and Follower Self-Identity. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    Lord, R.G., & Emrich, C.G. (2001). Thinking outside the box by looking inside the box: Extending the cognitive revolution in leadership research. The Leadership Quarterly, 11(4), 551−579.
    March, J.G. (1991). Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organization Science, 2, 71−87.
    Marion, R., & Uhl-Bien, M. (2001). Leadership in complex organizations. The Leadership Quarterly, 12(4), 389−418.
    Marshall, J., Blank, D., & Meeden, L. (2004). An emergent framework for self-motivation in developmental robotics. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Development Learn (104–111). San Diego, CA.
    Mathews, D., & McAfee, N. (2000). Making choices together: The power of public deliberation. Dayton, OH: Kettering Foundation.
    McCoy, M.L., & Scully, R.L. (2002). Deliberative dialogue to expand civic engagement: What kind of talk does democracy need? National Civic Review, 91 (2), 117-135.
    Metcalf, J., & Shimamura, A.P. (Eds.). (1994). Metacognition: Knowing about knowing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    Miller, D.A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63, 81−97.
    Miller, K.D., Zhao, M., & Calantone, R.J. (2006). Adding interpersonal learning and tacit knowledge to March's exploration-exploitation model. Academy of Management Journal, 49, 709−722.
    Mitchell, C., & Hyle, A.E. (1999). Reconstructing capacity: A model for school improvement and school assessment. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the University Council of Educational Administration, Minneapolis, MN.
    Mitchell, C., & Sackney, L (2001). Profound improvement: Building capacity for a learning community. Journal of Educational Change, 2 (4), 353-362.
    Molm, L.D. (1994). Dependence and risk: transforming and structure of social exchange. Social Psychology Quarterly, 57, 163−176.
    Moore, A.B., & Brooks, R. (2000). Learning communities and community development: Describing the process. Learning Communities: International Journal of Adult and Vocational Learning, 1, 1-15.
    Morse, R.S. (2004). Community learning: Process, structure, and renewal. PhD dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
    Morton, L.W. (2003). Small town services and facilities: The influence of social networks and civic structure on perceptions of quality. City & Community, 2 (June), 101-120.
    Moskowitz, G.B. (2005). Social cognition: Understanding self and others. New York: The Guilford Press.
    Mumford, M.D., Scott, G..M., Gaddis, B., & Strange, J.M. (2002). Leading creative people: Orchestrating expertise and relationships. The Leadership Quarterly, 13, 705−750.
    Nelson, T.O. (1996). Consciousness and metacognition. American Psychologist, 51, pp. 102−116.
    Nemanich, L.A., & Vera, D. (2009). Transformational leadership and ambidexterity in the context of an acquisition. The Leadership Quarterly, 20, 19−33.
    Nonaka, I. (1994). A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation. Organization Science, 5, 14−37.
    Oke, A., Munshi, N., & Walumbwa, F.O. (2009). The influence of leadership on innovation processes and activities. Organizational Dynamics, 38(1), 64-72.
    O’Reilly, C. A., & Tushman, M. L. (2004). The ambidextrous organization. Harvard Business Review, 82(4), 74–81.
    Oudeyer, P. Y., & Kaplan, F. (2006). Discovering communication. Connection Science, 18(2), 189–206.
    Oudeyer, P. Y., Kaplan, F., & Hafner, V. V. (2007). Intrinsic motivation systems for autonomous mental development. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 11(2), 265–286.
    Pearce, C.L. (2004). The future of leadership: combining vertical and shared leadership to transform knowledge work. Academy of Management Executive, 18, 47−57.
    Peters, J.M., & Armstrong, J.L. (1998). Collaborative learning: People laboring together to construct knowledge. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 79, 75-85.
    Piaget, J. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children. New York: Norton.
    Prawat, R., & Peterson, P. (1999). Social constructivist views of learning. In J. Murphy and K.S. Louis (Eds.), Handbook of research on educational administration, 2, 203-226. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
    Public Conversations Project. 2003. Constructive conversations about challenging times: A guide to community dialogue. Watertown, Mass.: Public Conversations Project. www.publicconversations.org
    Putnam, R.D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon and Schuster. New York: Routledge.
    Raelin, J. (2006). Does action learning promote collaborative leadership? Academy of Management Learning & Education, 5(2), 152−168.
    Redondo, F.V. (2007). Complex Social Networks. New York: Cambridge University Press.
    Rescorla, R.A., & Wagner, A.R. (1972). A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. In A. H. Black & W.E. Prokasy (Eds.). Classical conditioning II: Current research and theory (64−99). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
    Rogers, E.M. (2003). Diffusion of innovations. New York: Free Press.
    Sagie, A., Zaidman, N., Amichai-Hamburger, Y., Te'eni, D., & Schwartz, N. (2002). An empirical assessment of the loose-tight leadership model: Quantitative and qualitative analyses. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 303−320.
    Schilling, M.A., & Phelps, C. (2007). Interfirm collaboration networks: The impact of large scale network structure on firm innovation. Management Science, 53, 1113−1126.
    Schmidhuber, J. (1991). Curious model-building control systems. Proceedings of IEEE Proceeding International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, 2, 1458–1463.
    Selznick, P. (1992). The moral commonwealth: Social theory and the promise of community. Berkeley: University of California Press.
    Senge, P.M., Kleiner, A., Roberts, C., Ross, R., Roth, G., & Smith, B. (1999). The dance of change: The challenges to sustaining momentum in learning organizations. New York: Doubleday.
    Sergiovanni, T. (2000). The lifeworld of leardership: Creating culture, community, and personal meaning in our schools. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
    Shanks, D.R., Darby, R.J., & Charles, D. (1998). Resistance to interference in human associative learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24, 1353−1378.
    Sharp, Jeff S. (2001). Locating the community field: A study of interorganizational network structure and capacity for community action. Rural Sociology, 66 (3), 403-424.
    Siggelkow, N., & Levinthal, D. (2003). Temporarily divide to conquer: centralized, decentralized, and reintegrated organizational approaches to exploration and adaptation. Organizational Science, 14, 650−669.
    Smylie, M., & Hart, A. (1999). School leadership for teacher learning and change: A human and social capital development perspective. In J. Murphy & K.S. Louis (Eds.), Handbook of research on educational administration, 2, 421-441. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
    Sosik, J.L., Avolio, B.J., & Kahai, S.S. (1997). Effects of leadership style and anonymity on group potency and effectiveness in a group decision support system environment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 89−103.
    Sparrowe, R.T., & Liden, R.C. (1997). Process and structure in leader-member exchange. Academy of Management Review, 22, 522−552.
    Sparrowe, R.T., Liden, R.C., Wayne, S.J., & Kraimer, M.L. (2001). Social networks and the performance of individuals and groups. Academy of Management Review, 44(2), 316−325.
    Stamps, D. (1998). Learning ecologies. Training, 35 (1), 32-38.
    Swieringa, J., & Wierdsma, A. (1992). Becoming a learning organization. Amsterdam, NL: Addison Welsley.
    Takamukua, S., & Arkinb, R. C. (2007). Multi-method learning and assimilation. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 55(8), 618–627.
    Thrun, S. (1995). Exploration in active learning. In M. Arbib (Eds). Handbook of Brain Science and Neural Networks. MIT Press.
    Tierney, P., Farmer, S.M., & Graen, G.B. (1999). An examination of leadership and employee creativity: the relevance of traits relationships. Personnel Psychology, 52, 591−620.
    Tushman, M. L., & O’Reilly, C. A. (1996). Ambidextrous organizations: Managing evolutionary and revolutionary change. California Management Review, 38, 8–30.
    Uzzi, B., & Dunlap, S. (2005). How to build your network. Harvard Business Review, 83(12), 53−60.
    Uzzi, B., & Spiro, J. (2005). Collaboration and creativity: The small world problem. American Journal of Sociology, 111, 447−504.
    Valente, T.W., & Foreman, R.K. (1998). Integration and radiality: Measuring the extent of an individual's connectedness and reachability in a network. Social Networks, 20, 89−109.
    Vera, D. & Crossan, M. (2004). Strategic leadership and organizational learning. Academy of Management Review, 20(2), 222-240.
    Waldman, D.A., & Atwater, L.E. (1992). The nature of effective leadership and championing processes at different levels in an R&D hierarchy. Journal of High Technology Management Research, 5, 233−245.
    Waldman, D.A., Berson, Y., & Keller, R.T. (2009). Leadership and organizational learning. The Leadership Quarterly, 20, 34-48.
    Weick, K.E. (2001). Making Sense of the Organization. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
    Wegner, D. (1991). Transactive memory in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 923−929.
    Wilkinson, K.P. (1999). The community in rural America. New York: Greenwood, 1991; reprint, Middleton, Wis.: Social Ecology Press.
    Wineburg, S., & Grossman, P. (1998). Creating a community of learners among high school teachers. Phi Delta Kappan, 79 (5), 350-353.
    Young, M.E., & Wasserman, E.A. (2005). Theories of learning. In K. Lamberts & R. Goldstone (Eds.). Handbook of Cognition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    下載圖示
    QR CODE