簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 呂紹柔
Lu, Shao-Jou
論文名稱: 外籍英語助教對中小學生英文聽力理解能力之影響
The Impact of Native-Speaking English Teaching Assistants on Younger Students’ Listening Comprehension Skills in English
指導教授: 吳美貞
Wu, Mei-Chen
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 英語學系
Department of English
論文出版年: 2019
畢業學年度: 107
語文別: 英文
論文頁數: 75
中文關鍵詞: 外籍英語助教溝通式取向英語聽力能力聽力能力測驗協同教學
英文關鍵詞: NESTs, communicative approach, English listening ability, listening ability test, co-teaching
DOI URL: http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU201900634
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:199下載:38
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 本研究旨在探討外籍英語助教(NEST)在協同教學的模式中,對台灣學生於溝通式取向之英文聽力能力之影響。參與本研究的受試者來自台灣五個地區:北部、中部、南部、東部、離島,此研究的受試者包含584位學生,年齡分布為12至14歲,受試者分為兩組:一組為具有一年以下外籍英語助教的協助,另一組則有三年以上外籍英語助教協助。透過比較兩組受試者的英語聽力測驗分數以及在各大題的作答情形,以及課室觀察報告的分析,探討學生於溝通式取向之英文聽力能力的表現,以及外籍英語助教對其表現結果的影響為何。
    研究結果顯示如下:第一,有三年以上外籍英語助教的學習環境之學生的英語聽力測驗結果分數高於有一年以下外籍英語助教的學習環境之學生。第二,在各大題的表現上,有三年以上外籍英語助教的學習環境之學生的英語聽力測驗結果顯著高於有一年以下外籍英語助教的學習環境之學生,這個研究結果顯示因為三年以上外籍英語助教的學習環境讓學生有更多接觸道地英文的機會,例如在日常生活中聽從英文的指示,或是較長的英文口說內容,因此學生對於未知的訊息有更好的包容力與耐心,也就是與本研究聽力測驗相類似的對話。
    最後,根據本研究結果,對未來研究提出建議,期許未來研究者以此為基礎,更進一步深入探討學生在溝通導向方面之英語能力在外籍英語助教的協助之具體變化。

    The present study aimed to investigate younger learners’ listening proficiency with the authentic input of NESTs in a co-teaching model in a listening test developed based on the communicative testing approach. The participants included 584 students from different parts of Taiwan including the North, the East, the Middle, the South, and the offshore islands, aging from 12 to 14. They were put into two groups: less-than-a-year NESTs assistance group and more-than-three-year NESTs assistance group. The result of the communicative listening test and the annual reports were analyzed to provide both quantitative and qualitative analysis.
    Base on the analysis, two major findings were identified. First, participants who received NESTs’ assistance for a longer period of time performed better than those who received shorter ETA instruction throughout the six areas. Second, participants with more than three years of NESTs’ assistance perform better throughout the entire test, which might suggest that NESTs might have helped training students’ ability to concentrate and tolerate unfamiliar words and long unknown information in English learning especially listening comprehension.
    In the end, recommendations and suggestion were proposed based on the findings of the present study in the hope of providing a basis for future directions on more in-depth investigation of younger learners’ listening proficiency with the assistance of NESTs.

    Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Motivation of the Study 4 1.3 Significance of the Study 5 1.4 Research Questions 6 1.5 Organization of the Study 6 Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Listening Comprehension 7 2.1.1. Listening Comprehension Process 7 2.1.2. Authentic Input for Listening Comprehension 10 2.2 Co-teaching Native-English-Speaking Teachers (NESTs) and Non-Native-English-Speaking Teachers (NNESTs) 12 2.3 Listening Assessment 15 2.3.1 Discrete-point Testing 15 2.3.2 Integrative Testing 16 2.3.3 Communicative Testing 17 2.4 Synthesis 21   Chapter 3 Methodology 3.1 Research Design 24 3.2 Participants 25 3.3 Instruments 28 3.3.1 Classroom Observation Reports 28 3.3.2 The Communicative Listening Test 28 3.4 Quantitative Data Collection Procedures 36 3.5 Qualitative Analysis and Scoring and Data Analysis 36 Chapter 4 Results and Discussion 39 4.1 Influence of the Assistance from NESTs on Students’ Listening Comprehension Skills 39 4.2 Influence of the Assistance from NESTs on Students’ Different Listening Comprehension Skills 47 Chapter 5 Conclusion 5.1 Summary and Implication of the Findings 59 5.2 Limitations and Suggestions for Future Study 60 Reference 63

    Anderson, J. R. (1985). A series of books in psychology. Cognitive psychology and its implications (2nd ed.). New York, NY, US: W H Freeman/Times Books/ Henry Holt & Co.
    Arnold, J. (2000). Seeing through Listening Comprehension Exam Anxiety. TESOL Quarterly, 34(4), 777-786
    Baddeley, A. (2003). Working memory and language: An overview. Journal of Communication Disorders, 36(3), pp.189-208.
    Barratt, L., & Kontra, E. H. (2000). Native‐English‐speaking teachers in cultures other than their own. TESOL Journal, 9(3), 19-23.
    Benke, E., & Medgyes, P. (2005). Differences in teaching behaviour between native and non-native speaker teachers: As seen by the learners. In Llurda E. (Ed.), Non-native language teachers (pp. 195-215). New York: Springer, Boston, MA.
    Bensimon, E. M. (2005). Closing the achievement gap in higher education: An organizational learning perspective. New Directions for Higher Education, 2005(131), 99-111.
    Brindley, G. (1998). Assessing listening abilities. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 18, 171-191.

    Brindley, G., & Slatyer, H. (2002). Exploring task difficulty in ESL listening assessment. Language Testing, 19(4), 369-394.
    Buck, G. (1991). The testing of listening comprehension: An introspective study1. Language Testing, 8(1), 67-91.
    Buck, G. (1995). How to become a good listening teacher. In D. J. Mendelsohn & J. Rubin (Eds.), A guide for the teaching of second language listening (pp. 113-131). San Diego, CA: Dominie Press.
    Buck, G. (1990). The testing of second language listening comprehension. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Lancaster, England.
    Buck, G. (2001). Assessing listening. England: Cambridge University Press.
    Buckley, F. J. (2000). Team teaching: What, why, and how? Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
    Burstall, C. (1975). French in the primary school: The British experiment. Canadian Modern Language Review, 31(5), 388-402.
    Candlin, C., Abbs, B., & Edelhoff, C. (1982). Challenges: A multi-media project for learners of English. Langenscheidt.
    Carless, D., & Walker, E. (2006). Effective team teaching between local and native-speaking English teachers. Language and Education, 20(6), 463-477.

    Carroll, J. B. (1961). Fundamental considerations in testing for English language proficiency of foreign students. Testing the English Proficiency Of Foreign Students, 36.
    Carroll, B. J. (1980). Testing communicative performance: An interim study. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
    Chang, A., & Read, J. (2006). The effects of listening support on the listening performance of EFL learners. TESOL Quarterly, 40(2), 375-397.
    Chang, A. (2008). Listening strategies of L2 learners with varied test tasks. TESL Canada Journal, 26(1), 1-26.
    Chang, A. (2009). EFL listeners' task-based strategies and their relationship with listening performance. TESL-EJ, 13(2), n2.
    Chapelle, C. A. (1999). Construct definition and validity inquiry in SLA research. Interfaces between second language acquisition and language testing research (pp. 32-70). England: Cambridge University Press
    Chern, C. L. (2010). An overview of English language education at primary level in Taiwan. Proceedings of Second Language Studies: Acquisition, Learning, Education and Technology Conference, Tokyo. Retrieved from http://www.gavo.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/L2WS2010/papers/L2WS2010_S-03.pdf

    Chien, C. N., & Wei, L. (1998). The strategy use in listening comprehension for EFL learners in Taiwan. RELC Journal, 29(1), 66-91.
    Cook, L., & Friend, M. (1995). Co-teaching: Guidelines for creating effective practices. Focus on Exceptional Children, 28(3), 1-16.
    Dörnyei, Z. (2005). The psychology of the language learner: Individual differences in second language acquisition. London: Routledge.
    Dunkel, P. (1991). Listening in the native and second/foreign language: Toward an integration of research and practice. TESOL Quarterly, 25(3), 431-457.
    Elkhafaifi, H. (2005). Listening comprehension and anxiety in the Arabic language classroom. Modern Language Journal, 89(2), 206-220.
    Farhady, H. (1979). The disjunctive fallacy between discrete-point and integrative tests. TESOL Quarterly 13(3), 347-357.
    Farhady, H. (1982). Measures of language proficiency from the learner's perspective. TESOL Quarterly, 16(1), 43-59.
    Ferris, D. (1998). Students' views of academic aural/oral skills: A comparative needs analysis. TESOL Quarterly, 32(2), 289-316.
    Field, J. (2008). Bricks or mortar: Which parts of the input does a second language listener rely on?. TESOL Quarterly, 42(3), 411-432.

    Field, J. (2010). Listening in the language classroom. ELT Journal, 64(3), 331-333.
    Florence Ma, L. P. (2012). Advantages and disadvantages of native‐and nonnative‐English‐speaking teachers: Student perceptions in Hong Kong. TESOL Quarterly, 46(2), 280-305.
    Flores, A. (2007). Examining disparities in mathematics education: Achievement gap or opportunity gap?. The High School Journal, 91(1), 29-42.
    Gardner, R. C. (2008). Individual differences in second and foreign language learning. In N. Van Deusen-Scholl & N. H. Hornberger (Eds.), Encyclopedia of language and education (pp. 1135-1146). New York: Springer, Boston, MA.
    Gilakjani, A. P., & Ahmadi, M. R. (2011). A study of factors affecting EFL learners' English listening comprehension and the strategies for improvement. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 2(5), 977.
    Gilakjani, A. P., & Sabouri, N. B. (2016). The significance of listening comprehension in English language teaching. Theory and Practice In Language Studies, 6(8), 1670-1677.
    Goh, C. C. (2000). A cognitive perspective on language learners' listening comprehension problems. System, 28(1), 55-75.
    Goh, C. C. M. (2002). Teaching listening in the language classroom. Singapore: SEAMEO Regional Language Centre.
    Goh, C., & Taib, Y. (2006). Metacognitive instruction in listening for young learners. ELT Journal, 60(3), 222-232.
    Green, J. M., & Oxford, R. (1995). A closer look at learning strategies, L2 proficiency, and gender. TESOL Quarterly, 29(2), 261-297.
    Griffiths, R. (1991). Pausological Research in an L2 Context: A Rationale, and Review of Selected Studies. Applied Linguistics, 12(4), 345-64.
    Hamouda, A. (2013). An investigation of listening comprehension problems encountered by Saudi students in the EL listening classroom. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 2(2), 113-155.
    Hasan, A. S. (2000). Learners’ perceptions of listening comprehension problems. Language Culture and Curriculum, 13(2), 137-153.
    Haycock, K. (2001). Closing the achievement gap. Educational Leadership, 58(6), 6-11.
    Hedge, T. (2000). Teaching and Learning in the Classroom. New York: Oxford university.
    Herbert, P., & Wu, C. H. F. (2009). Cultural diversity in the classroom: Shortcomings and successes of English co-teaching programs in East Asia. Zeitschrift für Interkulturellen Fremdsprachenunterricht, 14(1).
    Huang, F. C. (2011). English co-teaching in elementary school: A case study of the English co-teaching program in Kaohsiung city. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. National Kaohsiung Normal University, Taiwan.
    Hymes, D. H. (1972). On communicative competence. In: J.B. Pride & J. Holmes (Eds.), Sociolinguistics (pp. 269-293). Harmondsworth: Penguin
    Kemp, J. (2009). The listening log: Motivating autonomous learning. ELT Journal, 64(4), 385-395.
    Kitao, S. K., & Kitao, K. (1996). Testing communicative competence. Internet TESL Journal, 2(5), 1-7
    Krashen, S. D. (1985). The input hypothesis. London: Longman.
    Kurita, T. (2012). Issues in second language listening comprehension and the pedagogical implications. Accents Asia, 5(1), 30-44.
    Lado, R. (1961). Language testing: The construction and use of foreign language tests: A teacher's book. Bristol, Inglaterra: Longmans, Green and Company.
    Lightbown, P. M. (2008). Transfer appropriate processing as a model for classroom second language acquisition. In Z. Han (Ed.), Understanding second language process (pp. 27-44). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.

    Lin, X. W. (2017). Effects of co-teaching of nests and lets on efl young learners’ listening comprehension. Unpublished master’s thesis, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.
    Long, M. H. (1985). Input and second language acquisition theory. In S. Glass & C. Madden (Eds.), Input in second language acquisition (pp. 377-393). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
    Markham, P. L. (1988). Gender and the perceived expertness of the speaker as factors in ESL listening recall. TESOL Quarterly, 22(3), 397-406.
    Medgyes, P. (1992). Native or non-native: who's worth more?. ELT Journal, 46(4), 340-349.
    Morrow, K. (1979). Communicative language testing: Revolution or evolution. In C.J. Brumfit & K. Johnson. (Eds.), The communicative approach to language teaching (pp. 143-157). England: Oxford University Press.
    Murphy, J. M. (1991). Oral communication in TESOL: Integrating speaking, listening, and pronunciation. TESOL Quarterly, 25(1), 51-75.
    Nation, I. (2006). How large a vocabulary is needed for reading and listening?. Canadian Modern Language Review, 63(1), 59-82.

    NORO, T. (2006). Developing a construct model of "listening Stress": A qualitative study of the affective domain of the listening process. ARELE: Annual Review of English Language Education in Japan, 17, 61-70.
    O'malley, J. M., & Chamot, A. U. (1990). Learning strategies in second language acquisition. England: Cambridge University Press.
    O'MALLEY, J. M., Chamot, A. U., & Küpper, L. (1989). Listening comprehension strategies in second language acquisition. Applied Linguistics, 10(4), 418-437.
    Pavlenko, A., Dans, A., Pavlenko, A., Blackledge, I., & Piller, M. (2001). How am I to become a woman in an American vein?”: Transformations of gender performance in second language learning. Multilingualism, Second Language Learning, and Gender, 6, 133-174.
    Poon, A., & Higginbottom, T. (2000). Net-working: Examples of good professional practice within the NET scheme. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Education Department.
    Richards, J. C. (2008). Teaching listening and speaking. England: Cambridge university press.
    Riley, P., & Zoppis, C. (1985). The sound and video library. In P. Riley (Ed.), Discourse and learning (pp. 114-131). London: Longman.

    Rogers, C. V., & Medley Jr, F. W. (1988). Language with a purpose: Using authentic materials in the foreign language classroom. Foreign Language Annals, 21(5), 467-478.
    Rost, M. (1990). Listening in Language Learning. New York: Longman.
    Rost, M. (2002). Teaching and Researching Listening. London: Longman.
    Rubin, J. (1994). A review of second language listening comprehension research. Modern Language Journal, 78(2), 199-221.
    Ryan, A. M., & Patrick, H. (2001). The classroom social environment and changes in adolescents’ motivation and engagement during middle school. American Educational Research Journal, 38(2), 437-460.
    Shohamy, E., & Inbar, O. (1991). Validation of listening comprehension tests: The effect of text and question type. Language Testing, 8(1), 23-40.
    Storey, P., Luck, J., Wang-Kho, E., Lin, A. & Berry, R.S.Y. (2001). Monitoring and evaluation of the native-English teacher scheme. Unpublished Research Report. Honk Kong Institute of Education.
    Teng, H. (2001). The influence of syntactic modification on EFL listening comprehension. Proceedings of the eighteenth conference of English teaching and learning in the ROC, 288-305.

    Teng, H. C. (2013, October). Analysis of EFL Learners’ Task Strategies for a Listening Comprehension Test. Paper presented at the 21st Annual KOTESOL International Conference, Seoul, Korea.
    Underwood, M. (1989). Teaching listening. MA: Addison-Wesley Longman Ltd.
    Vandergrift, L. (1997). The comprehension strategies of second language (French) listeners: A descriptive study. Foreign Language Annals, 30(3), 387-409.
    Vandergrift, L. (1999). Facilitating second language listening comprehension: Acquiring successful strategies. ELT Journal, 53(3), 168-176.
    Vandergrift, L. (2004). Listening to Learn or Learning to Listen?. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 24, 3-25.
    Vandergrift, L. (2007). Recent developments in second and foreign language listening comprehension research. Language Teaching, 40(3), 191-210.
    Vongpumivitch, V. (2007). Research on EFL listening assessment in Taiwan: Current issues and future directions. Taiwan Journal of TESOL, 31(3), 63-100.
    Vogely, A. (1995). Perceived strategy use during performance on three authentic listening comprehension tasks. Modern Language Journal, 79(1), 41-56.
    Widdowson, H. G. (1978). Teaching language as communication. England: Oxford University Press.

    Weir, C. J., & Weir, C. J. (1993). Understanding and developing language tests. New York: Prentice Hall.
    Wesche, M. B. (1983). Communicative testing in a second language. Modern Language Journal, 67(1), 41-55.
    Wu, C. H. (2015). A study on local teacher and foreign teacher’s different co-teaching models: the effects on taiwanese sixth graders’ english listening and speaking abilities. Unpublished master’s thesis, National Taipei University of Education, Taipei, Taiwan.
    Yen, H. J. (2016). The Impact of English Teaching Assistants on English Learning in Taiwan. Unpublished master’s thesis, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.
    Zandvliet, D. B., & Fraser, B. J. (2005). Physical and psychosocial environments associated with networked classrooms. Learning Environments Research, 8(1), 1-17.
    Cambridge Assessment English. (2019). [Ebook]. Retrieved from https://www.cambridgeenglish.org/images/126460-cec-handbook-for-teachers.pdf

    Cambridge Assessment English. (2019). [Ebook]. Retrieved from https://www.cambridgeenglish.org/Images/357180-starters-movers-and-flyers-handbook-for-teachers-2018.pdf
    NAER. (2018). Directions governing for the 12-Year Basic Education Curricula [News Release]. Retrieved June 30, 2019 from the National Academy for Educational Research: https://www.naer.edu.tw/files/15-1000-14379,c639-1.php?Lang=zh-tw
    Research Center for Psychological and Educational Testing. (2019). Comprehensive assessment program for junior high school students [News Release]. Retrieved June 30, 2019 from https://cap.nace.edu.tw/background.html

    下載圖示
    QR CODE