植食性昆蟲通常對寄主植物有高度的偏好，亦包含以植食性昆蟲為主要成員的鱗翅目。鱗翅目之寄主範圍及在不同寄主上的多樣性及差異也常受到關注。根據世界鱗翅目昆蟲資料庫記載，水青岡屬植物蘊含豐富鱗翅目資源，全世界以其為寄主之種類繁多。先前研究估計臺灣約有83種昆蟲以臺灣水青岡為寄主，但大多數種類生態習性尚未明瞭。臺灣水青岡為冰河孑遺物種，為受紅皮書保護的易危物種，僅片斷分佈於臺灣北部氣候適宜的山頭上。本研究調查臺灣水青岡林的鱗翅目昆蟲資源，比較各樣區之物種組成，並探討水青岡林棲地面積及物種多樣性的關係。以臺灣僅存的五個水青岡林作為研究樣點，以集群分析檢測各地區鱗翅目組成差異，並以物種－面積關係探討鱗翅目與水青岡林面積大小之關係，然後使用發生率模型來模擬各地區鱗翅目的交流。至今共記錄21科118種以臺灣水青岡為寄主的鱗翅目昆蟲，以銅山地區最多，並包含25種專食水青岡的物種。組成部分以插天山與鳥嘴山地區最為接近，大白山則差異最大。物種－面積關係模型顯示水青岡林面積與物種數成正比，z值為0.377。各樣區所計算之發生率模型則都趨近於零。以物種數而論，臺灣水青岡林具高鱗翅目多樣性，符合避難所的特性。包含廣食性昆蟲的組成模式可能受海拔及伴生樹種影響，專食則可能受水青岡林面積影響。模型顯示物種隨臺灣水青林面積上升，且在不同地區間呈現高度隔離狀態。

Phytophagous insects usually have a high preference for host plants, and also include lepidoptera, which are mainly herbivorous insects. The host range of lepidoptera and the richness in different trees has received considerable attention. According to the records of the “HOSTS - a Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants”, there is a high lepidopteran diversity in genus Fagus. There are an estimated 83 species of insect with Taiwan beech (Fagus hayatae) as their host plant, but the identification and habits of most species are unknown. Fagus hayatae is a glacial relict plant and a vulnerable species protected by the IUCN Red List. Only distributed on the hilltops in northern Taiwan with a favorable climate. This study investigates the lepidopteran resources and composition of the Taiwan beech forest, and explores the relationship between the habitat area and species richness. Taking the only five remaining beech forests in Taiwan as sample points, cluster analysis was used to detect the differences in the composition of Lepidoptera in each region, and the relationship between the richness of lepidoptera and beech forest area was explored by species-area relationship model, and use the Incidence Function Model to simulate species flows of every site.There are 118 species of lepidopteran insects in 21 families have been recorded, with the largest number in the Tongshan area, and 25 species that specialize in Fagus. The components are the closest to the Chatian Mountain and the Niaozui Mountain, while the Dabai Mountain has the largest difference. The species-area relationship model shows that the area of the forest area is proportional to the number of species, and the z value is 0.377. The Incidence Function Model shows that in all plot are close to zero. The beech forests of Taiwan have high lepidopteran diversity, which is in line with the characteristics of refugia. The composition pattern that contains polyphagous lepidoptera may be affected by altitude and associated tree species, while the monophagy species may be affected by the area of the forest. The model shows that species increase with the area of Taiwan beech forests, and they are highly isolated among different area.

李建强、王恒昌、李晓东、李新伟（2003）。基于细胞核rDNA ITS片段的水青冈属的分子系统发育。武汉植物学研究，21（1），31-36。
徐堉峰、羅尹廷（2001）。夸父綠小灰蝶之生態學研究（一）。林務局委託之研究成果報告。台北市：林務局。
徐堉峰、黃嘉龍（2002）。夸父綠小灰蝶之生態學研究（二）。林務局委託之研究成果報告。台北市：林務局。
徐堉峰（2011）。台灣水青岡森林的昆蟲。134-149頁。冰河孑遺的夏綠林－台灣水青岡。台北市：行政院農業委員會林務局。271頁。
徐堉峰（2013）。臺灣蝴蝶圖鑑中卷灰蝶。臺中市：晨星出版社。333頁。
徐堉峰、許育銘。（2017）。陽明飛蛾。台北市：陽明山國家公園管理處。319頁。
陳子英、謝長富、胡哲明、徐堉峰、賴玉菁、林世宗、毛俊傑（2009）。台灣水青岡林生物多樣性調查及保育機制之研究(1/3)。行政院農業委員會林務局98年度科技計畫研究報告（計畫編號：98農科-8.5.2-務-e2）。台北市：林務局。
陳子英、謝長富、胡哲明、徐堉峰、賴玉菁、林世宗、毛俊傑、邱宗儀、林錦繡、吳杰龍、王立豪、楊正釧（2009）。台灣水青岡林生物多樣性調查及保育機制之研究(1/3)。行政院農業委員會林務局98年度科技計畫研究報告（計畫編號：98農科-8.5.2-務-e2）。台北市：林務局。
陳子英、謝長富、胡哲明、徐堉峰、賴玉菁、林世宗、毛俊傑、楊正釧（2011）。台灣水青岡林生物多樣性調查及保育機制之研究(3/3)。行政院農業委員會林務局98年度科技計畫研究報告（計畫編號：100農科-8.5.2-務-e2）。台北市：林務局。
陳子英（2011）。世界的水青岡與水青岡森林。26-51頁。冰河孑遺的夏綠林－台灣水青岡。台北市：行政院農業委員會林務局。271頁。
陳子英、邱宗儀、陳品邑（2011）。台灣水青岡與水青岡林。52-83頁。冰河孑遺的夏綠林－台灣水青岡。台北市：行政院農業委員會林務局。271頁。
劉堂瑞、蘇鴻傑（1972）。北插天山下綠林群落之研究。省立博物館科學年刊，15，1-16。
羅尹廷（2001）。夸父綠小灰蝶之生態學初探。碩士論文。國立臺灣師範大學生物系。
傅建明、樂思朗、林旭宏（2013）。合歡山的蛾。南投縣：特有生物研究保育中心。604頁。
臺灣飛蛾資訊分享站－慕光之城蛾類影像查詢系統（2011）。摘自http://twmoth.tesri.gov.tw/peo/FBMothQueryP (Aug. 1, 2020)
井上寛、杉繁郎、黒子浩、森内茂、川辺湛、大和田守（1982）。日本産蛾類大図鑑，第Ｉ卷。東京：講談社。［日文］
中島秀雄（1998）。日本産フユシャクガ類 (鱗翅目, シャクガ科) に関する分類学的, 生態学的研究。Tinea，15（2），1-246。
矢田脩（2007）。原色昆虫大圖鑑 第1巻。東京：北隆館。460頁。［日文］
広渡俊哉、那須義次、坂巻祥孝、岸田泰則（2013）。日本産蛾類標準図鑑ＩＩＩ。東京：学研教育出版。359頁。［日文］
杉繁郎（1987）。日本産蛾類生態図鑑。東京：講談社。［日文］
那須義次、岸田泰則、広渡俊哉（2013）。日本産蛾類標準図鑑ＩＶ。東京：学研教育出版。552頁。［日文］
岸田泰則（2011a）。日本産蛾類標準図鑑Ｉ。東京：学研教育出版。352頁。［日文］
岸田泰則（2011b）。日本産蛾類標準図鑑ＩＩ。東京：学研教育出版。416頁。［日文］
奧俊夫（2003）。岩手県の小蛾類。日本，岩手縣：岩手虫の会。158頁。［日文］
Arrhenius, O. (1921). Species and area. Journal of Ecology, 9, 95-99.
Bila, K., Kuras, T., Sipos, J., & Kindlmann, P. (2013). Lepidopteran species richness of alpine sites in the High Sudetes Mts.: effect of area and isolation. Journal of Insect Conservation, 17, 257-267.
Brus, R. (2010). Growing evidence for the existence of glacial refugia of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in the south-eastern Alps and north-western Dinaric Alps. Periodicum Biologorum, 112,239-246.
Cain, S.A. (1938). The species-area curve. American Midland Naturalist, 19, 573-581.
Calatayud, P.-A., Le Ru, B. P., Berg, J., & Schulthess, F. (2014). Ecology of the African Maize Stalk Borer, Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with Special Reference to Insect-Plant Interactions. Insects, 5(3), 539–563.
Chiang, T. Y., & Schaal, B. A., (2006). Phylogeography of plants in Taiwan and the Ryukyu Archipelago. Taxon 55, 31-41.
Chou, Y. W., Thomas, P. I., Ge, X. J., LePage, B. A., & Wang, C. N. (2011). Refugia and phylogeography of Taiwania in East Asia. Journal of Biogeography, 38(10), 1992-2005.
Comes, H. P., & Kadereit, J. W. (1998). The effect of Quaternary climatic changes on plant distribution and evolution. Trends in Plant Science, 3(11), 432-438.
Csóka, G., & Szabóky, C. (2005). Checklist of herbivorous insects of native and exotic oaks in Hungary I (Lepidoptera). Acta Silvatica et Lignaria Hungarica, 1, 59-72.
Dantart, J., Stefanescu, T., Àvila, A., & Alarcon, M. (2009). Long-distance wind-borne dispersal of the moth Cornifrons ulceratalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Evergestinae) into the northern Mediterranean. European Journal of Entomology, 106(2): 225-229.
De Candolle, A. (1855). Géographie botanique raisonnée: ou l’exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plates de l’epoque Actuelle. Paris: Maisson.
Dengler, J. (2009). Which function describes the species–area relationship best? A review and empirical evaluation. Journal of Biogeography, 36, 728-744.
Denk, T. (2004). Revision of Fagus from the Cenozoic of Europe and southwestern Asia and its phylogenetic implications. München: Documenta Naturae.
Diamond, J. M. (1971). Comparison of Faunal Equilibrium Turnover Rates on a Tropical Island and a Temperate Island. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 68(11), 2742-2745.
Endara, M.-J., Coley, P. D., Ghabash, G., Nicholls, J. A., Dexter, K. G., Donoso, D. A., Stoned, G. N., Penningtonf, R. T., & Kursar, T. A. (2017). Coevolutionary arms race versus host defense chase in a tropical herbivore–plant system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(36), 7499-7505.
Fox, B. J., & Fox, M. D. (2000). Factors determining mammal species richness on habitat islands and isolates: habitat diversity, disturbance, species interactions and guild assembly rules. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 9(1), 19-37.
Gleason, H. A. (1922). On the relation between species and area. Ecology, 3, 158-162.
Grímsson, F., Grimm, G. W., Zetter, R., & Denk, T. (2016). Cretaceous and Paleogene Fagaceae from North America and Greenland: evidence for a Late Cretaceous split between Fagus and the remaining Fagaceae. Acta Palaeobotanica, 56(2), 247–305.
Hanski, I. (1994). A Practical Model of Metapopulation Dynamics. The Journal of Animal Ecology, 63(1), 151.
Hanski, I., Alho, J., & Moilanen, A. (2000). Estimating the parameters of migration and survival for individuals in metapopulations. Ecology, 81,239–251.
Halley, J. M., Sgardeli, V., & Monokrousos, N. (2013). Species– area relationships and extinction forecasts. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1286, 50-61.
Hsu, Y. F., & Lin, M. Y. (1994). Systematic position of Sibataniozephyrus and description of a new species from Taiwan (Lycaenidae: Theclinae). Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society, 48(2), 128-147.
Hukusima, T., Matsui, T., Nishio, T., Pignatti, S., Yang, L., Lu, S.-Y., Kim, M.-H., Yoshikawa, M., Honma, H. & Wang, Y. (2013). Phytosociology of the beech (Fagus) forests in East Asia. Berlin: Springer.
Jaccard, P. (1901). Distribution de la flore alpine dans le Bassin des Dranes et dans quelques rasili voisines. Bulletin Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, 37, 241-272.
Jaccard, P. (1908). Nouvelles recherches sur la distribution florale. Bulletin Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, 44, 223-270.
Janzen, D. H. (1968). Host Plants as Islands in Evolutionary and Contemporary Time. The American Naturalist, 102(928), 592-595.
Karban, R., & Agrawal, A. A. (2002). Herbivore Offense. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 33(1), 641-664.
Keppel, G., Van Niel, K. P., Wardell-Johnson, G. W., Yates, C. J., Byrne, M., Mucina, L., Schut, A. G. T., Hopper, S. D. & Franklin, S. E. (2011). Refugia: identifying and understanding safe havens for biodiversity under climate change. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 21(4), 393-404.
Kitamura, K., & Kawano, S. (2001). Regional Differentiation in Genetic Components for the American Beech, Fagus grandifolia Ehrh., in Relation to Geological History and Mode of Reproduction. Journal of Plant Research, 114(3), 353-368.
Lemoine, N. P., Burkepile, D. E., & Parker, J. D. (2014). Variable effects of temperature on insect herbivory. PeerJ, 2, 376.
Lomolino, M. V. (2000). Ecology’s most general, yet protean pattern: the species–area relationship. Journal of Biogeography, 27, 17-26.
Losos, J. B. (1996). Ecological and evolutionary determinants of the species–area relation in Caribbean anoline lizards. Royal Society,351, 847-854.
MacArthur, R. H. & Wilson, E. O. (1967). The theory of island biogeography. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Mackenzie, D. I., Nichols, J. D., Sutton, N., Kawanishi, K. & Bailey, L. L. (2005). Improving Inferences in Population Studies of Rare Species That Are Detected Imperfectly. Ecology,86(5), 1101-1113.
Makihara, H., Kamata, N. & Igarashi, H. (1991). Insects in Buna forests. Tokyo: Soft Science, 399 pp. [in Japanese]
Matthews, T. J., Guilhaumon, F., Triantis, K. A., Borregaard, M. K., & Whittaker, R. J. (2015). On the form of species-area relationships in habitat islands and true islands. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 25(7), 847-858.
McIntosh, R. P. (1985). The background of ecology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Médail, F., & Diadema, K. (2009). Glacial refugia influence plant diversity patterns in the Mediterranean Basin. Journal of Biogeography, 36(7), 1333-1345.
Mitter, C., Davis, D. R., & Cummings, M. P. (2017). Phylogeny and Evolution of Lepidoptera. Annual Review of Entomology, 62(1), 265-283.
Moilanen, A., & Nieminen, M. (2002). SIMPLE CONNECTIVITY MEASURES IN SPATIAL ECOLOGY. Ecology, 83(4), 1131-1145.
Muniz, D. G., Freitas, A. V. L., & Oliveira, P. S. (2012). Phenological relationships ofEunica bechina(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) and its host plant,Caryocar rasiliense(Caryocaraceae), in a Neotropical savanna. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 47(2), 111-118.
Nakamura, K., Denda, T., Kokubugata, G., Suwa, R., Yang, T. Y. A., Peng, C. I., Yokota, M., (2010).Phylogeography of Ophiorrhiza japonica (Rubiaceae) in continental islands, the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. J. Biogeogr, 37, 1907-1918.
Ong’amo, G. O., Gall, P. L., Ndemah, R., & Ru, B. P. L. (2014). Diversity and Host Range of Lepidopteran Stemborer Species in Cameroon. African Entomology, 22(3), 625-635.
Opler, P.A. (1974). Oaks as evolutionary islands for leaf-mining insects. American Scientist, 62(1), 67-73.
Penariol, L. V., & Madi-Ravazzi, L. (2013). Edge-interior differences in the species richness and abundance of drosophilids in a semideciduous forest fragment. SpringerPlus, 2(1), 114.
Peters, R. (1992). Ecology of beech forests in the northern hemisphere. PhD diss. Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen, Netherlands.
Price, P. W. (2002). Resource-driven terrestrial interaction webs. Ecological Research, 17(2), 241-247.
Rosenzweig, M. L. (1995). Species diversity in space and time. Cambridge: Cambridge University.
Rosin, Z. M., Skórka, P., Lenda, M., Moron, D., Sparks, T. H., & Tryjanowski, P. (2011). Increasing patch area, proximity of human settlement and larval food plantspositively affect the occurrence and local population size of the habitatspecialist butterfly Polyommatus coridon (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) infragmented calcareous grassland. European Journal of Entomology, 108, 99-106.
Schmitt, T., & Seitz, A. (2002). Influence of habitat fragmentation on the genetic structure of Polyommatus coridon (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): implications for conservation. Biological Conservation, 107(3), 291-297.
Shen, C. F. (1992). A monograph of the genus Fagus Tourn. Ex L. (Fagaceae). PhD diss. City University of New York.
Simberloff, D. (1983). When Is an Island Community in Equilibrium? Science, 220(4603), 1275-1277.
Smith, A. B. (2010). Caution with curves: caveats for using the species–area relationship in conservation. Biological Conservation, 143, 555-564.
Svenning, J.-C., & Skov, F. (2007). Could the tree diversity pattern in Europe be generated by postglacial dispersal limitation? Ecology Letters, 10(6),453-60.
Terborgh, J., & Faaborg, J. (1973). Turnover and Ecological Release in the Avifauna of Mona Island, Puerto Rico. The Auk, 90(4), 759-779.
Tomaru, N., Mitsutsuji, T., Takahashi, M., Tsumura, Y., Uchida, K., & Ohba, K. (1997). Genetic diversity in Fagus crenata (Japanese beech): influence of the distributional shift during the late-Quaternary. Heredity, 78, 241-251.
Toju, H. (2009). Natural selection drives the fine-scale divergence of a coevolutionary arms race involving a long-mouthed weevil and its obligate host plant. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 9(1), 273.
Weinberg, H. L., & Lange, W. H. (1980). Developmental rate and lower temperature threshold of the tomato pinwor. Environ. Entomol, 9, 245-246.
Wint, W. (1983). The Role of Alternative Host-Plant Species in the Life of a Polyphagous Moth, Operophtera brumata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). The Journal of Animal Ecology, 52(2), 439.
White, P. J. T. (2013). Testing Two Methods that Relate Herbivorous Insects to Host Plants. Journal of Insect Science, 13(92), 1-22.
Wu, S., Chang, W. C., Wang, L. H., Huang, C. L., & Hsu, Y. F. (2016). Descriptions of two new notodontid species from the relic Fagus forests in northeastern Taiwan (Lepidoptera, Notodontidae). Zootaxa, 4066(3), 291-300.