阿奇．克勞德．德布西 (Achille-Claude Debussy, 1862-1918) 是十九世紀末至二十世紀初相當具代表性的法國作曲家。由於受到不同作曲家、美學觀、異國文化及文學、繪畫、舞蹈等藝術之薰陶，使他具有獨樹一幟的創作風格，也對於後世的音樂產生巨大的影響。德布西的《練習曲》(Etudes, 1915) 具有承先啟後的特質，不僅延續過去練習曲的部分特色，同時也在創作手法及呈現效果方面有著顯著的創新，如不同的曲式結構、多變的和聲與調性、風格、速度和力度上的強烈對比、音色聲響的探究，以及技巧上的難度，使《練習曲》成為他在音樂創作上力求突破的最佳展現。因此，本論文以德布西的十二首《練習曲》為研究主題，藉由瞭解德布西的生平背景、創作風格，及《練習曲》的創作背景，並分析其中的音樂特色，探究德布西鋼琴音樂的獨特語彙，再進一步探討其音樂之詮釋方式。

本論文共分為五章：第一章為緒論，說明筆者的研究動機、目的、範圍與方法；第二章為作曲家背景概述，根據文獻資料概述德布西之生平背景、創作風格形成與影響，及《練習曲》的創作背景與特色；第三章為音樂分析，針對《練習曲》之曲式特色、和聲與調性、速度變化與力度層次進行探討；第四章為詮釋探討，針對速度與拍號變換、音色與觸鍵，及力度與聲部層次三個面向，提出筆者對於音樂詮釋的看法；第五章結語，為全文的統整與總結。期望透過歷史背景、音樂特色及演奏詮釋的探討，能夠洞悉德布西《練習曲》的音樂內涵，並提供個人之詮釋建議供讀者參考。

Achille-Claude Debussy (1862-1918) is the most influential French composer from the late nineteenth to the early twentieth century. Under the influence of different composers, aesthetic perspectives, foreign cultures, literature, painting and dance, Debussy’s musical style is unique and has great impact to the music of later generations. Debussy’s Etudes not only succeeds some characteristics of the etudes in the past, but also contains innovation of composing techniques and effects. The innovations of structure, harmony, style, strong contrast of tempo and dynamic, sonority and technical difficulty, make Debussy’s Etudes the most representative compositions of his musical breakthrough. Therefore, this thesis is on the theme of Debussy’s Etudes. Through the studies of Debussy’s biography, musical style, the background and analysis of the Etudes, this thesis investigates the unique language of Debussy’s piano music, including the way of interpretation.

This thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter, preface, describes the motivs, aims, range and methods of research. The second chapter is to investigate Debussy’s biographical background, musical style and influences, and the compositional background and features of the Etudes. The third chapter, the musical analysis of the Etudes, includes musical analysis on structure, harmony, tempo and dynamics. The fourth chapter, the interpretation of the Etudes, focuses on three dimensions: changes of tempo and meter, sonority and touch, dynamics and voice layers. The fifth chapter is the conclusion of the thesis. Through the investigation of historical background, musical characteristics and interpretation, I hope to understand the connotation of Debussy’s Etudes thoroughly, and to provide my personal suggestions of interpretation for readers.

一、樂譜

Debussy, Claude. Etudes: livre I, livre II. In Oeuvres complètes de Claude Debussy. Edited by Claude Helffer. Paris: Durand-Costallat, c1991.

_______. Klavierwerke, Band V: Douze Etudes. Edited by Eberhardt Klemm. Leipzig: Edition Peters, 1970.

德布西。《練習曲集》。安川家壽子 校訂。臺北：全音樂譜出版社。

_______。《德彪西鋼琴作品全集：鋼琴作品I，第6分冊》。上海：上海音樂出版社，2013。

二、西文論文與期刊

Hwang, Moonhee. “A Performance Analysis for Claude Debussy’s Douze Etudes Livre II.” DMA diss., Boston University, 2007.

Moscovich, Viviana. “French Spectral Music: An Introduction.” Tempo, no. 200 (April 1997): 21-27. http://0-www.jstor.org.opac.lib.ntnu.edu.tw/stable/945265.

Peterson, Cynthia. “Contextual Analyses of Six Etudes for Piano by Claude Debussy.” DMA diss., University of Connecticut, 2004.

Peterson, William John. “Debussy's Douze Etudes: A Critical Analysis.” PhD diss., University of California, 1981.

Wicklund, Betty Jeanne. “A Study of Debussy’s Douze Études for Piano.” M. M. diss., Eastman School of Music, 1945.

三、西文專書

Brown, Matthew. Debussy Redux: The Impact of His Music on Popular Culture. Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2012.

Debussy, Claude. Debussy Letters. Edited by François Lesure and Roger Nichols. Translated by Roger Nichols. Cambridge and Massachusetts : Harvard University Press, 1987.

_______. Debussy on Music: The Critical Writings of the Great French Composer. Collected and introduced by François Lesure. Translated and edited by Richard Langham Smith. New York: Cornell University Press, 1988.

_______. Monsieur Croche: The Dilettante Hater. Translated by B. N. Langdon Davies. New York: Viking Press, 1928.

Dumesnil, Maurice. How to Play and Teach Debussy. New York: Schroeder & Gunther Inc., 1932.

Gillespie, John. Five Centuries of Keyboard Music. New York: Dover Publication, 1972.

Griffiths, Paul. Modern Music: A Concise History from Debussy to Boulez. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1978.

Howat, Roy. “Debussy’s piano music: sources and performance.” In Debussy Studies. Edited by Richard Langham Smith. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

_______. “Russian Imprints in Debussy's Piano Music.” In Rethinking Debussy. Edited by Elliott Antokoletz and Marianne Wheeldon. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.

Kostka, Stefan. Materials and Techniques of Twentieth-Century Music. 3rd ed. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006.

Laloy, Louis. Louis Laloy on Debussy, Ravel and Stravinsky. Edited and translated by Deborah Priest. Hampshire and Vermont: Ashgate Publishing Company, 1999.

Nichols, Roger. Debussy Remembered. Oregon: Amadeus Press, 1992.

_______. The Life of Debussy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Parks, Richard Samuel. The Music of Claude Debussy. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1989.

Raad, Virginia. The Piano Sonority of Claude Debussy. New York: The Edwin Mellon Press, 1993.

Roberts, Paul. Images: The Piano Music of Claude Debussy. Oregon: Amadeus Press, 1996.

Schmitz, Elie Robert. The Piano Works of Claude Debussy. New York: Dover Publication, 1966.

Thompson, Oscar. Debussy: Man and Artist. New York: Dover Publication, 1967.

Vallas, Léon. Claude Debussy: His Life and Works. Translated by Maire and Grace O’Brien. New York: Dover Publications, 1973.

四、中文論文與期刊

李小諾。〈論拱形結構〉。上海音樂學院博士論文，2004。

張艾琪。〈德布西五首鋼琴練習曲：〈為全部五指的〉、〈為三度的〉、〈為半音階的〉、〈為重複音的〉、〈為琶音的〉詮釋與分析〉。台南應用科技大
 學音樂學系碩士論文，2014。

張芳。〈德彪西及他的十二首練習曲〉。《樂府新聲（瀋陽音樂學院學報）》，第1期 (2001)：32-35。

陳玉書。〈德布西練習曲〈為八隻手指的〉、〈為琶音的〉、〈為和弦的〉之分析與詮釋探討〉。國立交通大學應用藝術學系碩士論文，2000。

陳稚婉。〈德布西《十二首練習曲》的研究/陳稚婉鋼琴畢業音樂會〉。東吳大學
 音樂學系碩士論文，2003。

蘇逸珊。〈德布西鋼琴《練習曲》研究：聲響色彩之手法與演奏〉。國立臺北藝術大學音樂學系博士論文，2012。

_______。〈論德布西之鋼琴演奏風格——彈性速度、觸鍵與雙踏瓣運用〉。《關
渡音樂學刊》，第17期 (2013)：49-68。

五、中文專書

平島正郎。《作曲家別名曲解說珍藏版——德布西》。林勝儀 譯。臺北：美樂
出版社，2000。

陳漢金。《您說是印象派音樂？——德布西的室内樂與管弦樂》。臺北：國立中正文化中心，2008。

彭宇薫。《藝術跨界詮釋：德布西的象徵、印象與後印象》。桃園：原笙國際，2011。

彭勝錦。《鋼琴演奏與風格》。台北：雙木林出版社，1996。

Dawes, Frank.《德布西：鋼琴曲》(Debussy Piano Music)。林勝儀 譯。臺北：全音樂譜出版社，1984。

Holmes, Paul.《偉大作曲家羣像 : 德布西》(The Illustrated Lives of the Great Composers: Debussy)。楊敦惠 譯。臺北：智庫出版社，1995。

六、網路資源

國家教育研究院——雙語詞彙、學術名詞暨辭書資訊網：http://terms.naer.edu.tw/

德布西文獻中心官方網站 (Centre de documentation Claude Debussy)：http://www.debussy.fr/cdfr/centre/centre.php

"arch form." The Oxford Companion to Music. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press, accessed February 24, 2017, http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/ 
article/opr/t114/e365.

“Debussy, Achille‐Claude.” The Oxford Dictionary of Music, 2nd ed. rev.. Oxford 
 Music Online. Oxford University Press, accessed September 29, 2016, http://www. 
 oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/opr/t237/e2803.

François Lesure and Roy Howat. “Debussy, Claude.” Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online.Oxford University Press, accessed September 29, 2016, http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/07353.

七、有聲資料

Debussy, Claude. 12 Etudes. Mitsuko Uchida. Decca 00028947895510, 2016. Streaming audio. http://naxosmusiclibrary.com.

_______. Mitsuko Uchida Performs and Discusses the Debussy Etudes. Mitsuko Uchida. Philips 070 277-1, 1989. Compact disc.

_______. “12 Etudes.” On Debussy:12 Etudes/Boulez: Second Sonata. Maurizio Pollini. Deutsche Grammophon GmbH 471 359-2, 1993. Compact disc.

_______. “12 Etudes.” On Debussy: Complete Piano Music Volume 2. Werner Haas. Philips 438 712-2, 1993. Compact disc. Originally recorded in 1963.

_______. “12 Études.” On The Complete Works for Piano. Walter Gieseking. EMI 7243 565855 2 2, 1995. Compact disc. Originally recorded in 1957.

八、延伸閱讀

Kostka, Stefan.《20世紀音樂的素材與技法》(Materials and Techniques of
 Twentieth-Century Music)。宋瑾 譯。北京：人民音樂出版社，2002。

Abraham, Gerald. “The Reaction against Romanticism: 1890-1914.” In New Oxford History of Music. Vol. 10: The Modern Age: 1890-1960. New York: Oxford University Press, 1974.

Baker, Theodore. Baker’s Biographical Dictionary of Musicians. Revised by Nicolas Slonimsky. 8th ed. New York: Schirmer Books, 1992.

Morgan, Robert P. Twentieth-Century Music: A History of Musical Style in Modern Europe and America. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1991.

Taruskin, Richard. The Oxford History of Western Music. Vol. 4: The Early Twentieth Century. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.