任何形式的人際關係，最初皆始於陌生（Berger& Calabrese，1975），各文化族群對於不確定性的認知各異，因而提高跨文化陌生人交際的難度。華語學習者處於目的語環境，需與陌生對象建立人際關係，本研究遂透過跨文化語料分析，對比台灣地區華語母語者及中南美洲國家之西班牙語母語者的語篇補全測試書面語料，另蒐集華語母語者及西語母語之華語學習者中介語口語語料，研究兩文化陌生人之間如何開啟話題及互動。
　　語料分類的架構以Svenneig（1999）之分類為基礎，並結合降低不確定性理論（Uncertainty Reduction Theory）（Berger& Calabrese，1975）加以劃分。在語境設定上，包括性別、已知交際對象背景與否、是否有熟識友人在場等情境變因。此外，為將策略分布與其母語文化聯結，本研究並輔以問卷調查，以了解兩母語文化對於陌生人交際行為之觀感。
　　不同於文獻將華語及西語皆認定為集體主義的交際模式，本研究結果以不確定性理論為主軸，為華語及西語的交際規約異同提出不同角度的詮釋。母語者語料結果顯示，西語受試者對於不確定性的接受度高於華語受試者，華語受試者以自我揭露及尋求共同交集為主要策略；西語受試者則偏好以對方為焦點，同時善用場域線索作為話題資源。西籍學習者語料結果顯示，華語受試者及西籍學習者的陌生人交際皆以不斷提問為主要策略，華語受試者偏好不確定性低的已知資訊提問，西籍學習者則不受此制約，但是學習者的提問形式較為單一，需於教學中加強。鑒於上述研究結果，筆者提出教學建議，培養學習者與陌生人的交際能力，需要在導入華語語用概念的條件下，獨立訓練豐富多元的提問策略，以協助學習者與陌生人交際更為順暢。

　When living in a target language environment, Chinese learners are forced to establish social networks with strangers. All relationships start with being strangers, which makes the feeling of uncertainty inevitable when confronting strangers (Berger & Calabrese, 1975). In order to reduce this uncertainty, people are inclined to communicate and develop relationships with strangers. Berger & Calabrese (1975) introduced the Uncertainty Reduction Theory (URT) to explain this phenomenon. URT implies a sense of insecurity during the process of developing relationships. It assumes that the sense of uncertainty causes cognitive pressure. As a result, people tend to focus on reducing the uncertainty when confronting strangers (Berger & Calabrese, 1975). This theory explains why people naturally yield communication to strangers.
　Different cultures define uncertainty in various ways, which renders cross-cultural communication more difficult. This research utilizes Svennveig (1999)'s framework by employing a Discourse Completion Test (DCT) to investigate how Spanish speakers and Chinese speakers initiate conversations with strangers. Meanwhile, role plays are conducted to investigate how Chinese learners of Spanish1 initiate conversations with Chinese speakers in Chinese with the purpose of comparing how object and gender variables affect strategies of initiating conversations.
As opposed to previous research defining Chinese and Spanish culture as collective cultures, this research explains the differences of communication norms from the point-of-view of Uncertainty Reduction Theory. The DCT results show that Taiwanese Chinese speakers use self-closure and common ground as main strategies of conversation initiation; Spanish speakers, however, focus on the listener and use setting topics as a resource for conversation. The outcome of the conducted role plays shows that Chinese monolingual speakers2 limit their questions due to feeling uncertain about the backgrounds of the listeners, whereas Chinese learners of Spanish ask questions without much limitation from uncertainty. However, Chinese learners of Spanish need to diversify their question style.
According to the results mentioned above, this research concludes with teaching suggestions to develop Chinese learners’ cross-cultural communication skills, which is to train their questioning ability based on the target language culture pragmatically, in order to enhance fluency when communicating with strangers.

中文文獻
丁文娟（2008）。與陌生人打交道的語用分析。和田師範專科學校學報漢文綜合版，28（2），160-161。
王振昆（1997）。現代漢語實用語法。天津：天津人民出版社。
冉永平（2002）。論關聯理論的社會維度。外國語，3，30-36。
曲蓉（2009）。論國民交往的德性。寧波大學學報（人文科學版），22（4），67-72。
何兆熊（2009）。新編語用學概要。上海：上海外語教育出版社。
吳為善、嚴慧仙（2009）。跨文化交際概論。北京：商務印書館。
吳馥如（2009）。中級華語交際溝通會話課程之設計與實證（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。
沈家賢（2003）。試論中西文化差異與對外漢語教學。雲南師範大學學報，3，52-55。
周小兵（1996）。對外漢語教學中的跨文化交際。中山大學學報，6， 118-124。
周祝瑛（2011)。台灣地區國際學生調查研究。世界教育信息，9。
侯東陽（2001）。在跨文化傳播中樹立正面的中國國際形象。中華傳播學會年會論文，7B-4。
胡文仲（1999）。跨文化交際面面觀。北京：外語教學與研究出版社。
高一虹（2000）。語言文化差異的認識與超越。北京：外語教學與研究出版社。
高永晨（2008）。文化全球化與跨文化交際學科發展：動力、趨勢和展望。外語與外語教學，1，33-35。
張占一（1984）。漢語個別教學及其教材。語言教學與研究，3，57-58。
張康之（2008）。熟人與陌生人的人際關係比較。江蘇行政學院學報，2，58-64。
張嘉真、李美枝（2000）。親子間情感行為溯源與文化溯型。中華心理衛生學刊，13（2），1-35。
婁秀榮（2004）。簡論漢語中對陌生人的稱呼語。遼寧教育行政院學報，21（5），65。
梁潤生、白海瑜（2006）。合作原則和禮貌原則在口語教學中的運用。教育
與職業，23，146-147。
莊健庭（2007）。台灣地區研究生及大學生搭訕場域經驗之質性研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立成功大學教育研究所，台南市。
許力生（2006）。語言研究的跨文化視野。上海：上海外語教育出版社。
陳俊森、樊葳葳、鐘華（2006）。跨文化交際與外語教育。武漢：華中科技大學出版社。
陳國明（2003）。文化間傳播學。臺北：五南出版社。
陳薌宇（2005）。以交際為本之華語文教學研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。
畢繼萬（1998）。跨文化交際研究與第二語言教學。語言教學與研究，1， 20-21。
畢繼萬（1999）。跨文化非語言交際。北京：外語教學與研究出版社。
畢繼萬（2011）。跨文化交際與第二語言教學。北京：北京語言學出版社。
畢繼萬、張德鑫（1996）。對外漢語教學中的語言文化研究的問題。中外語言文化漫議。北京：華語教學出版社。
曾仕強、劉君政（2002）。人際關係與溝通。臺北：百順資訊。
潘一禾（譯）（2011）。超越文化差異：跨文化交流的案例與探討。浙江：浙江大學出版社。
潘亞玲（譯）（2001）。跨文化交流：不同文化的人與人之間的交往（原作者：Maletzke, G.）。北京：北京大學出版社。
劉虹（2004）。會話結構分析。北京：北京大學出版社。
蔣曉萍、康兆春、羅賽群、霍明傑、張黎琴（2010）。跨文化教學之重。廣州：廣東人民出版社。
謝佳玲、游皓雲（2012）。如何與陌生人開啟話題：華語與西班牙語之對比分析。華文二語教學與國際漢語教學（印刷中）。
瞿聰（2010）。從社會語言學角度淺析陌生人稱呼語的泛化。青年文學家，9，165。
關穎（2006）。從陌生人之間會話的開頭語看對外漢語教材會話的編寫。暨南大學華文學院學報，3，24-32。

英文文獻
Bachman, L. F. (1990). Fundamental considerations in language testing. New York: Oxford University Press.
Barnlund, D. S. (1989). Communication styles of Japanese and Americans: Images and reality. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Basso, K. (1990). Western apache language and culture: Essays in linguistic Anthropology. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.
Beebe, L. M., & Takahashi, T. (1989). Sociolinguistic variation in face-threatening speech acts. In M. R. Eisenstein (Ed.), The dynamic interlanguage: Empirical studies in second language variation (pp. 199-218). New York: Plenum.
Bellah, R., Madsen, R., Sullivan, W., Swidler, A., & Tipton, S. (1985). Habits of the heart. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Berge, C. R., & Calabrese, R. J. (1975). Some explorations in initial interaction and beyond: Toward a developmental theory of interpersonal communication. Human Communication Research, 1, 99-112.
Berger, C. R., & Bradac, J. J. (1982). Language and social knowledge: Uncertainty in Interpersonal Relations. London: Edward Arnold.
Blum-Kulka, S., House, J., & Kasper, G. (Eds.). (1989). Cross-cultural pragmatic: . Requests and apologies. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Brodie, H. (1989, September 9). No, we’re not taught to hate, but we can overcome the instinct to fear “the other.” Los Angeles Times, Part II, pp.16.
Brown, P., & Levinson, S. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brown, H. D. (2008). Teaching by principales(3rd ed.). NY: Longman.
Brown, J. R., & Rogers, E. L. (1991). Openness, uncertainty and intimacy: An epistemological reformulation. In N. Coupland, H. Giles., & J. M. Wiemann(Eds.), Miscommunication and problematic talk (pp. 146-165). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Button, G., & Casey, N. (1985). Topic nomination and topic pursuit. Human Studies, 8, 3-55.
Canale, M., & Swain, M. (1980). Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing. Applied Linguistics, 1, 1-47.
Carroll, R. (1988). Cultural misunderstandings. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Chen, G. M., & Starosta, W. J. (1996). Intercultural communication competence: A synthesis. Communication Yearbook, 19, 353-383.
Clark, H. H. (1996). Using language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cohen, L., & Manion, L. (1994). Research methods in education. London and New York: Routledge.
Douglas, W. (1990). Uncertainty, information-seeking, and liking during initial interaction. Western Journal of Speech Communication, 54, 66-81.
Ellis, R. (1994). The study of second language acquisition. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Ellis, R. (2003). Task-based language learning and teaching. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Fox, J. J. (1974). Our ancestors spoke in pairs: Rotinese views of language, dialect, and code. In R. Bauman, & J. Sherzer (Eds.), Explorations in the ethnography of speaking (pp. 65-85). London: Cambridge University Press.
Fraser, B., Rintell, E., & Walters, J. (1980). An approach to conducting research on the acquisition of pragmatic competence in a second language. In D. Larsen-Freeman (Ed.), Discourse analysis in second language research (pp. 75-91). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
Furnham, A., & Bochner, S. (1982). Social difficulty in a foreign culture: An empirical analysis of culture shock. In S. Bochner (Ed.), Culture in contact: Studies in cross-cultural interaction (pp. 161-198). New York: Pergaman.
Gass, S., & Varonis, E. (1984). The effect of familiarity on the comprehensibility of nonnative speech. Language Learning, 34, 65-89.
Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. New York: Doubleday.
Goffman, E. (1963). Behavior in public places: Notes on the social organization of gatherings. New York: The Free Press.
Goffman, E. (1967). Interaction ritual: Essays on face-to-face behavior. New York: Pantheon.
Gudykunst, W. B. (1983). Uncertainty reduction and predictability of behavior in low- and high-context cultures. Communication Quarterly, 33, 236-251.
Gudykunst, W. B. (1995). Anxiety/uncertainty management (AUM) theory: Current status. In R. L. Wiseman (Ed.), Intercultural communication theory (pp. 8-58). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Gudykunst, W. B., Gao, G., Schmidt, K. L., Nishida, T., Bond, M. H., Leung, K., Wang, G., & Barraclough, R. (1992). The influence of individualism-collectivism on communication ingroup and outgroup relationships. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 23, 196-213.
Gudykunst, W. B., & Kim, Y. Y. (2005). Communicating with strangers: An approach to intercultural communication (4th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
Gudykunst, W. B., Wiseman, R., & Hammer, M. (1977). Determinants of a sojourner’s attitudinal satisfaction. In B. Ruben (Ed.), Communication yearbook 1. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
Gumperz, J. J. (1981). The linguistic bases of communicative competence. In D. Tanner (Ed.), Analyzing discourse text and talk. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
Hall, E. T. (1976). Beyond culture. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
Hartford, B.S., & Bardovi-Harlig, K. (1992). Experimental and observational data in the study of interlanguage pragmatics. In L. F. Bouton, & Y. Kachru (Eds.), Pragmatics and language learning (Monograph No. 3, pp. 33-52). Urbana, IL:Division of English as an International Language, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Hayashi, R. (1990). Rhythmicity, sequence, and synchrony of English and Japanese face-to-face conversations. Language Sciences, 12, 155-195.
Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Holmes, J. (1988). Paying compliments: A sex-preferential politeness strategies. Journal of Pragmatics, 12, 445-465.
Holtgraves, T. (1990). The language of self-disclosure. In H. Giles, & W. P. Robinson (Eds.), Handbook of Language and social psychology (pp. 191-207). Chichester: Wiley.
Hymes, D. (1972). On communicative competence. In J. B. Pride, & J. Holmes (Eds.), Sociolinguistics (pp. 269-293). Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin.
Jefferson, G. (1972). Side sequences. In D. Sudnow (Ed.), Studies in social interaction (pp. 219-248). New York: Academic Press.
Jourard, S. M. (1971). Self-disclosure: An experimental analysis of the transparent self. Oxford, England: JohnWiley.
Kasper, G., & Dahl, M. (1991). Research methods in interlanguage pragmatics. Second Language Teaching and Curriculum Center, Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.
Kellermann, K., & Lim, T.-S. (1989). Conversational acquaintance: The flexibility of routinized behaviors. In B. Dervin, L. Grossberg, B. O’Keefe, & E. Wartella (Eds.), Rethinking communication. Vol. 2: Paradigm exemplars (pp. 172-192). London: Sage.
Klopf, D. W. (1998). Intercultural communication: The fundamentals of intercultural communication. Englewood, CO: Morton.
Knapp, M. (1978). Social intercourse. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Korolija, N., & Linell, P. (1996). Episodes: Coding and analyzing coherence in multiparty conversation. Linguistics, 34, 799-831.
Labov, W. (1972). Sociolinguistic patterns. Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell.
Lakoff, R. (1990). Talking power. New York: Basic Books.
Langer, E. (1989). Mindfulness. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Langer, E. (1997). The power of mindful learning. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Larsen-Freeman, D., & Long, M. H. (1990). An introduction to second language acquisition research. London: Longman.
Laver, J. (1975). Communicative functions of phatic communion. In A. Kendon, R. M. Harris, & M. R. Key (Eds.), Organization of behavior on face-to-face interaction (pp. 215-237). The Hague: Mouton.
Maynard, D., & Zimmerman, D. (1984). Topical talk, ritual and the social organization of relationships. Social Psychology Quarterly, 47, 301-316.
McLaren, M. C. (1998). Interpreting cultural differences: The challenge of intercultural communication. Dereham, Norfolk: Peter Francis Publishers.
Morris, M. L. (1981). Saying and meaning in Puerto Rico. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon.
Morton, T. L. (1978). Intimacy and reciprocity of exchange: A comparison of spouses and strangers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 72-81.
Nakanishi, M. (1987). Perceptions of self-disclosure in initial interaction: A Japanese sample. Human Communication Research, 13, 167-190.
Nakanishi, M., & Johnson, K. M. (1993). Implications of self-disclosure on conversational logics, perceived communication competence, and social attraction: A comparison of japanese and American cultures. In R. L. Wiseman, & J. Koester (Eds.), Intercultural communication competences (pp. 168-183). Newbury Park: Sage.
Okabe, R. (1983). Cultural assumptions of East and West. In W. B. Gudykunst (Ed.), Intercultural communication theory. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Olshtain, E., & Cohen, A. D. (1983). Apology: A speech act. In N, Wolfson., & E, Judd (Eds.), Sociolinguistics and second language acquisition (pp. 137-174). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
Paulston, C. B. (1992). Linguistic and communicative competence: Topics in ESL. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
Richards, J. C. (1990). The language teaching matrix. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sacks, H. (1992). Lectures on conversation. Oxford: Blackwell.
Saint-Dizier de Almeida, V., & Agnoletti, M. F. (2009). How to pick up a stranger: Study of interlocutory processes in a flirtatious encounter. Journal of Pragmatics, 42(8), 1637-1646.
Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E. (1991). Communication between cultures. California: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Schegloff, E. A. (1980). Preliminaries to preliminaries: Can I ask you a question? Sociological Inquiry, 50, 104-152.
Schneider, K. P. (1988). Small talk: Analysing phatic discourse. Marburg: Hitzeroth.
Scollon, R. (1985). The machine stops: Silence in the metaphor of malfunction. In D. Tannen, & M. Saville-Troike (Eds.), Perspectives on silence (pp. 21-30). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Simard, L. M. (1981). Cross-cultural interaction: Potential invisible barriers. Journal of Social Psychology, 113, 171-192.
Spitzberg, B. H. (1991). An examination of trait measures of interpersonal competence. Communication Reports, 4, 22-29.
Svennevig, J. (1999). Getting acquainted in conversation. Germany: Giessen.
Tannen, D. (1984). The pragmatics of cross-cultural communication. Applied Linguistics 5(3), 189-195.
Taylor, D. A., & Altman, I. (1987). Communication in interpersonal relationships: Social penetration processes. In M. .E. Roloff., & G. R. (Eds.), Interpersonal processes: New directions in communication research (pp. 257-277). London: Sage.
Trosborg, A. (1994). Interlanguage pragmatics: Requests, complaints and apologies. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Wardhaugh, R. (1985). How conversation works. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Wolfson, N. (1990). Rules of Speaking. In J. C. Richard Richard, J. C., & R. W. Schmidt, R. W. (Eds.), Language and communication (5th ed., pp. 61-68). Schmidt: London Group Limited.
Yamada, H. (1990). Topic management and turn distributions in business meetings: American versus Japanese strategies. Text, 10, 271-295.
Ye, Z. D. (2004). Chinese categorization of interpersonal relationships and the cultural logic of Chinese social interaction: An indigenous perspective. Intercultural Pragmatics, 1(2), 211-230.
法文文獻
Agnoletti, M. F. (1999). Effet de la force illocutoire et du premier tour de parole dans la réalisation d´un script interlocutoire: Le script de la victime. [Effect of illocutionary force and the first round of speech in the realization of an interlocutory script:tThe script of the victim]. Revue Internationale de PsychologieSociale [International Journal of Social Psychology], 12, 79-95.
Agnoletti, M. F., & Defferrard, J. (2004). Schéma de genre et script interlocutoire dans une rencontregalante. [Gender schema and script interlocutory attraction in an amorous encounter]. Bulltin de Psychologie [Bulletin of Psychology], 57, 317-328.
教材
國立臺灣師範大學（2008）。新版實用視聽華語。台北：正中書局。
葉德明（主編）（2002）。遠東生活華語。台北：遠東圖書公司。