雲門文偃禪學研究 目 次 第一章 緒 論 第一節 研究動機與方法.......................................................................... 1-1 一、研究動機與問題.......................................................................... 1-1 二、研究方法與範圍.......................................................................... 1-2 第二節 近人研究之成果............................................................................ 1-2 一、中文論著...................................................................................... 1-2 二、日文論著...................................................................................... 1-3 第三節 本文結構........................................................................................... 1-6 第二章 晚唐五代十國之禪宗 第一節 佛教禪宗化與禪宗地方化........................................................ 2-2 一、佛教禪宗化................................................................................... 2-2 （一）佛教禪宗化之契機：排佛與毀佛........................................ 2-2 （二）佛教禪宗化之思潮：「禪教一致」....................................... 2-4 1「禪教一致」歷史淵源................................................... 2-4 2「禪教一致」與禪宗化................................................... 2-5 二、禪宗地方化.................................................................................. 2-7 （一）禪師之出身經歷.................................................................. 2-8 （二）君主之政治外護.................................................................. 2-8 第二節 洪州宗與石頭宗.......................................................................... 2-11 一、洪州宗........................................................................................ 2-12 （一）思想特色............................................................................ 2-12 （二）教學宗風............................................................................ 2-13 二、石頭宗........................................................................................ 2-14 （一）思想特色............................................................................ 2-14 （二）教學宗風............................................................................ 2-15 第三章 雲門文偃禪師生平、法系與著述 第一節 雲門文偃禪師生平....................................................................... 3-1 一、幼慕出塵，學習律典................................................................... 3-1 二、及長受戒，廣學經論................................................................... 3-2 三、道蹤開悟，雪峰印可................................................................... 3-3 四、遍謁諸方，住持靈樹................................................................... 3-6 五、開法雲門，南漢敬信................................................................... 3-9 第二節 《宋高僧傳》未傳雲門文偃平議........................................ 3-12 一、贊寧本有傳而後佚..................................................................... 3-12 二、贊寧本無傳，因難以立傳.......................................................... 3-13 （一）因贊寧與雲門年代太近，難以評價雲門其人.................... 3-13 （二）因雲門地處偏遠，贊寧採訪未周，有所不知而闕如......... 3-13 三、贊寧有意不傳.............................................................................. 3-13 （一）認為贊寧以雲門非講學者故刪之....................................... 3-14 （二）認為贊寧立場偏頗故意刪之.............................................. 3-15 （三）認為贊寧以雲門人品有所偏差故不載................................ 3-16 第三節 雲門宗法系淵源與道統之爭................................................. 3-18 第四節 雲門文偃禪師之著述................................................................ 3-21 一、《雲門廣錄》之版本................................................................... 3-22 （一）《雲門廣錄》之成立.......................................................... 3-22 1永井政之說.................................................................... 3-22 2椎名宏雄說.................................................................... 3-24 （二）《雲門廣錄》之諸本.......................................................... 3-25 二、《雲門廣錄》之內容架構.............................................................. 3-30 第四章 雲門文偃之禪學思想 第一節 論己事與向上................................................................................. 4-1 一、己 事.......................................................................................... 4-2 （一）己事淵源.............................................................................. 4-2 （二）先獲己事.............................................................................. 4-5 二、向 上......................................................................................... 4-7 （一）自己向上............................................................................. 4-7 （二）超佛越祖.............................................................................. 4-8 （三）反對盲從............................................................................ 4-10 第二節 論言說與經教............................................................................... 4-13 一、言 說........................................................................................ 4-13 （一）不離文字............................................................................. 4-13 （二）不泥文字............................................................................ 4-17 1消極方面....................................................................... 4-18 2積極方面....................................................................... 4-20 二、經 教........................................................................................ 4-22 （一）不依經教............................................................................ 4-22 （二）藉教悟宗............................................................................. 4-23 第三節 法身觀與空觀............................................................................... 4-26 一、法身觀........................................................................................ 4-26 （一）初期——理型之法身........................................................ 4-27 （二）中期——法身肉身化........................................................ 4-27 （三）晚期——法身向上與透法身說.......................................... 4-28 二、空 觀........................................................................................ 4-32 三、雲門對法身與空之詮釋方法..................................................... 4-35 （一）早期................................................................................... 4-35 （二）晚期................................................................................... 4-36 四、光與觸目菩提之詮釋方式........................................................... 4-37 （一）光........................................................................................ 4-37 （二）觸目菩提............................................................................ 4-40 第四節 大地與身心一如.......................................................................... 4-44 一、大地思想.................................................................................... 4-44 二、無情有性.................................................................................... 4-47 三、心同萬法.................................................................................... 4-50 第五節 修行與生活實踐.......................................................................... 4-52 一、理事不二...................................................................................... 4-52 二、自信自主...................................................................................... 4-53 三、直下無事...................................................................................... 4-54 （一）息機忘見............................................................................. 4-56 （二）應物無礙........................................................................... 4-57 第五章 雲門文偃之教學宗風 第一節 雲門教學........................................................................................... 5-1 一、教學綱領：雲門三句................................................................... 5-1 二、教學原則....................................................................................... 5-5 （一）正言若反............................................................................. 5-5 （二）先破後立............................................................................. 5-7 （三）先縱後擒............................................................................. 5-9 （四）不破而立........................................................................... 5-10 （五）循循善誘........................................................................... 5-11 三、教學方法..................................................................................... 5-12 （一）顧鑑咦.............................................................................. 5-12 （二）一字關.............................................................................. 5-18 （三）答非所問........................................................................... 5-20 （四）自代垂示........................................................................... 5-22 （五）粗言俗語........................................................................... 5-24 （六）展手提示.......................................................................... 5-26 （七）任運拄杖........................................................................... 5-28 （八）偶施棒喝.......................................................................... 5-30 （九）以時間說禪...................................................................... 5-32 1 十五日............................................................................... 5-32 2 臘月二十五、三十日......................................................... 5-35 3 三十年後............................................................................5-36 （十）以數字說禪...................................................................... 5-38 第二節 雲門宗風......................................................................................... 5-40 一、雲門兩病.................................................................................... 5-40 二、雲門三病.................................................................................... 5-42 三、雲門八要.................................................................................... 5-43 四、出奇言句................................................................................... 5-45 第六章 雲門宗之發展 第一節 雲門法脈之拓展...........................................................................6-11 一、主於叢林發展者........................................................................ 6-12 二、住持京師要剎者........................................................................ 6-14 三、遁跡山林自適者........................................................................ 6-16 第二節 雲門禪法之開展.......................................................................... 6-19 一、雪竇重顯與文人禪風................................................................. 6-19 二、天衣義懷與禪淨兼修................................................................. 6-23 三、佛日契嵩與以孝為戒................................................................. 6-24 四、慧林宗本與華嚴禪法................................................................ 6-28 第三節 雲門宗之衰微與餘波................................................................ 6-29 一、衰微.......................................................................................... 6-30 二、餘波.......................................................................................... 6-31 （一）詩學方面.............................................................................. 6-31 （二）禪學方面............................................................................. 6-33 第七章 結論 參考書目