在瞬息萬變的現代社會，不僅工作壓力與紊亂的全球化資訊正在填滿我們生活中的每一個空隙，加上突如其來的疫情 (COVID-19) 打亂原本的生活方式，造成的傷害不只在身體層面，心靈的影響也不容小覷。以往人們習慣透過宗教尋求生活的意義或給予生命的世界觀，隨著時代進步與科技的演進，無宗教人口 (宗教信仰不明或是沒有宗教信仰) 漸漸增長，現代人對於世界觀的看法逐漸改變，美國預計在2035年無宗教人口將會大於新教徒人口 (Downey, 2018)，反觀臺灣的無宗教人口也達到統計數據以來的最高點 (U.S. Department of State, 2022)。也就是說，越來越多的人不單純透過宗教來了解世界、理解世界，撫慰心靈的方式逐漸轉變為追求個人的或大自然的方式，旅遊型態與目的也開始改變。心靈旅遊成為一種專注於探索自我的旅行形式，它強調的是個體內在的成長和心靈發展，而非特定宗教信仰或實踐，人的靈性是心靈旅遊的前提與關鍵。為了更了解心靈旅遊，本研究將宗教心靈旅遊和非宗教心靈旅遊作為對比，並以幸福感與宗教靈性作為差異變項。Norman (2011) 指出心靈旅遊能達到幸福感，但與宗教與非宗教心靈旅遊兩者之間的幸福感程度仍不明確。此外，隨著技術的進步以及疫情的影響，虛擬實境旅遊逐漸興起，虛擬實境旅遊模擬真實旅遊的體驗沉浸感逐漸提升，使人們能夠透過虛擬實境環境來體驗各種地點和文化。然而，虛擬實境旅遊與實體旅遊對於幸福感與宗教靈性的影響程度有待了解。本研究使用二因子變異數分析來分析不同的旅遊目的 (非宗教心靈旅遊和宗教心靈旅遊)，以及不同的旅遊方式 (虛擬實境旅遊和實體旅遊) 對宗教靈性以及幸福感的影響。本研究以實體和虛擬實境北港朝天宮為實驗場所，通過便利抽樣發放實體問卷以實證研究假設。研究結果顯示，在幸福感上實體的宗教與非宗教心靈旅遊有顯著差異；虛擬實境與實體旅遊於幸福感上有顯著差異；在宗教靈性上虛擬實境的宗教與非宗教心靈旅遊有顯著差異；在宗教靈性上實體的宗教與非宗教心靈旅遊有顯著差異，進而提出與心靈旅遊相關的建議。

In our swiftly changing modern society, the complexities of work pressures and the tumult of global information have become pervasive elements in our daily lives. This landscape was further complicated by the unexpected emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, which not only disrupted our conventional lifestyles but also inflicted significant physical and mental distress. Traditionally, people sought meaning in life and worldview through the lens of religion. However, as we progress through time and witness remarkable technological advancements, there has been a noticeable increase in the number of people dissociating from religious affiliations. Modern perspectives on worldviews are shifting for instance, projections suggest that by 2035, the non-religious demographic in the United States will outnumber the Protestant population. A similar trend is observable in Taiwan, where the non-religious population has reached an all-time high. This shift indicates a growing inclination among people to find solace and understanding not in religious doctrines but through personal or naturalistic approaches.
This change is also reflected in evolving travel behaviors and objectives. Spiritual tourism has emerged as a form of travel focused on self-exploration, emphasizing individual inner growth and spiritual development rather than specific religious beliefs or practices. The essence and driving force of spiritual tourism is the exploration of human spirituality. To gain deeper insights into spiritual tourism, this study contrasts non-religious spiritual tourism with its religious counterpart, examining key differentiators including well-being and spirituality. Previous research indicates that both forms of tourism can achieve a sense of well-being, but the extent of the impacts between the two remains unclear. Moreover, with technological advancements, virtual reality (VR) tourism is rising. VR tourism, simulating the immersive experience of real travel, allows people to experience various locations and cultures virtually. Nevertheless, the comparative effects of VR tourism and physical travel on well-being and spirituality remain a subject of debate.
This study aims to fill the research gaps mentioned above. Specifically, this study employs a two-way analysis of variance to analyze the effects of travel purpose (spiritual vs. religious tourism) and travel mode (VR vs. physical travel) on overall well-being and spirituality. Utilizing Beigang Chaotian Temple as the experimental site for both VR and physical travel, the researcher conducts convenience sampling and distribution of questionnaires to the experiment participants after they visit the physical or virtual temple. This research aims to deepen our understanding of the various impacts of different travel purposes and modes on well-being and spirituality. Additionally, this research seeks to provide insightful recommendations pertinent to the field of spiritual tourism.

Hotels.com (2020，3月17日)。全球「旅遊世代」調查報告。 https://today.line.me/tw/v2/article/PJBrGj
XRSPACE (2022，9月20日)。XRSPACE 首創新台潮宮廟元宇宙 結合北港朝天宮 開啟文化元宇宙新潮流。https://www.xrspace.io/tw/press/press_release/beigang-chaotian-temple-in-the-metaversegoxr
王沂釗 (2015)。正向生活、快意人生，元智全球在地文化報，49。 https://www.ge.yzu.edu.tw/modules/news/article.php?storyid=243
王明輝、郭玲玲、方俐洛 (2009)。工作場所精神性的研究概况。心理科學進展， 17(1)，172-179。
交通部觀光署統計資料庫。(2023)。112年1月 ~ 112年10月 觀光遊憩據點(遊憩據點)人次統計。擷取於12月27日2023年，https://stat.taiwan.net.tw/scenicSpot
李維靈、施建彬、邱翔蘭 (2007)。退休老人休閒活動參與及其幸福感之相關研究。人文暨社會科學期刊，3(2)，27-35。https://doi.org/10.7118/JHSS.200712.0027
沈明昌 (2021)。2020年新冠肺炎疫情下的宗教趨勢：以臺灣為例。宗教哲學(95)，131-141。https://doi.org/10.6309/jorp.202103_(95).0005
周厚強 (2016)。關于“精神旅游”概念的探討。旅游學刊，(12)，106－114。 https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-5006.2016.12.017
房志榮 (1988)。宗教與人生 (初版)。國立空中大學。
柯皓翔、楊惠君 (2023，2月22日)。【Data Reporter】白沙屯媽祖進香有多熱？全台媽祖廟影響力如何轉變？數據告訴你。https://www.twreporter.org/a/data-reporter-baishatun-mazu-pilgrimage
洪櫻純 (2009)。佛教徒學習佛法對靈性健康之影響歷程研究。中華心理衛生學刊， 22(3)，269-297。 https://doi.org/10.30074/FJMH.200909_22(3).0003
美國在台協會 (2023)。2022年國際宗教自由報告 – 台灣部分。 https://www.ait.org.tw/zhtw/zhtw-2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom-taiwan/
張淑美、陳慧姿 (2008)。高雄地區高中教師靈性健康及其相關因素之研究。生死學研究，(7)，89-138。https://doi.org/10.29844/JLDS.200801.0003
章英華 (2006)。臺灣社會變遷基本調查計畫2004第四期第五次：宗教文化組(C00112_2)【原始數據】。取自中央研究院人文社會科學研究中心調查研究專題中心學術調查研究資料庫。https://doi.org/10.6141/TW-SRDA-C00112_2-1
麥麗蓉 (2015)。從《真實的快樂》到《邁向圓滿》：正向心理學創始人—馬汀．塞利格曼在想什麼？元智全球在地文化報，49。 https://www.ge.yzu.edu.tw/modules/news/article.php?storyid=243
傅仰止 (2020)。臺灣社會變遷基本調查計畫2018第七期第四次：宗教組(D00170_1)【原始數據】。取自中央研究院人文社會科學研究中心調查研究專題中心學術調查研究資料庫。https://doi.org/10.6141/TW-SRDA-D00170_1-2
輔仁大學宗教學系 (2021)。宗教學概論。五南圖書出版股份有限公司。https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=w6RHEAAAQBAJ
蕭雅竹 (2003)。護生靈性健康與實習壓力，憂鬱傾向及自覺健康狀態之相關性研究 [未出版博士論文]。國立臺灣師範大學。https://etds.lib.ntnu.edu.tw/thesis/detail/afbde3e0b1b305940b72007fc334ffab/
謝承恩 (2023，2月21日)。疫情後「失眠焦慮」創新高！443萬人心理受衝擊、老年自殺數出現反彈。Heho健康https://heho.com.tw/archives/260928
顏亞玉 (2000)。宗教旅遊論析。廈門大學學報: 哲學社會科學版，(3)，69-73。
蘇琬貞 (2022)。嘉義縣高齡學習者家庭價值觀、家人關係與幸福感之相關研究 [未出版之碩士論文]。國立嘉義大學。https://hdl.handle.net/11296/62e6tc
Aldossary, M., & McLean, G. (2022). Prolonging the influence of a vacation experience on consumers' wellbeing-Is there a role for virtual reality? Annals of Tourism Research, 97, Article 10350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2022.103500
Alex Linley, P., Joseph, S., Harrington, S., & Wood, A. M. (2006). Positive psychology: Past, present, and (possible) future. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(1), 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760500372796
Andrews, F. (2013). Introduction. First UNWTO International Conference on Spiritual Tourism for Sustainable Development, Ninh Binh Province, Viet Nam. http://publications.unwto.org/en/content/right-permissions.
Ardika, I. G. (2013).Spirituality, ethics and sustainable tourism in the 21st century. First UNWTO International Conference on Spiritual Tourism for Sustainable Development, Ninh Binh Province, Viet Nam. http://publications.unwto.org/en/content/right-permissions.
Asimah, V. K., Hurriyati, R., Gaffar, V., & Wibowo, L. A. (2022). Virtual Leisure and Recreation Reality and Well-Being During COVID-19 Pandemic-The Future of Ghana Tourism: Does Technological Self-Efficacy Matter? African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 11(6), 1860-1877.https://doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720.329
Astin, A. W., Astin, H. S., & Lindholm, J. A. (2011). Assessing students' spiritual and religious qualities. Journal of college student development, 52(1), 39-61. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2011.0009
Balakrishnan Nair, B., & Dileep, M. R. (2021). Drivers of spiritual tourism: A destination-specific approach. International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage, 9(5), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.21427/8VK2-JB56
Ball, C., Huang, K.-T., & Francis, J. (2021). Virtual reality adoption during the COVID-19 pandemic: A uses and gratifications perspective. Telematics and Informatics, 65, 101728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2021.
Banerjee, M. (2015). Spiritual tourism: A tool for socio-cultural and sustainable development. International Journal of Science and Research, 4(10), 1244-1249. https://www.ijsr.net/getabstract.php?paperid=SUB158968
Bauer, T. (2019). Spirituality and peace. In L. Zsolnai, & B. Flanagan (Eds.), The Routledge International Handbook of Spirituality in Society and the Professions (1st Edition ,pp. 313-320). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315445489
Beck, J., Rainoldi, M., & Egger, R. (2019). Virtual reality in tourism: a state-of-the-art review. Tourism Review, 74(3), 586-612.https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-03-2017-0049
Beringer, A. (2000). In search of the sacred: A conceptual analysis of spirituality. Journal of Experiential Education, 23(3), 157-165.https://doi.org/10.1177/105382590002300307
Berriane, J. (2016). Pilgrimage, spiritual tourism and the shaping of transnational ‘imagined communities’: The case of the Tidjani Ziyara to Fez. International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage, 3(2),https://doi.org/10.21427/D7GX30
Bhalla, R., Chowdhary, N., & Ranjan, A. (2021). Spiritual tourism for psychotherapeutic healing post COVID-19 [Article]. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 38(8), 769-781. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2021.1930630
Biocca, F., Kim, J., & Choi, Y. (2001). Visual touch in virtual environments: An exploratory study of presence, multimodal interfaces, and cross-modal sensory illusions. Presence Teleoperators & Virtual Environments, 10(3), 247–265. https:// doi.org/10.1162/105474601300343595
Boscaglia, N., Clarke, D. M., Jobling, T. W., & Quinn, M. A. (2005). The contribution of spirituality and spiritual coping to anxiety and depression in women with a recent diagnosis of gynecological cancer. International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer, 15(5). 755–761. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1438.2005.00248.x
Boswell, G. H., Kahana, E., & Dilworth-Anderson, P. (2006). Spirituality and healthy lifestyle behaviors: Stress counter-balancing effects on the well-being of older adults. Journal of Religion and Health, 45, 587-602.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-006-9060-7
Brown, M. (1999). The Spiritual Tourist: A personal odyssey through the outer reaches of belief. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. https://openlibrary.org/works/OL803173W/The_Spiritual_Tourist?edition=key%3A/books/OL8786218M
Busseri, M. A., & Sadava, S. W. (2011). A review of the tripartite structure of subjective well-being: Implications for conceptualization, operationalization, analysis, and synthesis. Personality and social psychology review, 15(3), 290-314. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868310391271
Buzinde, C. N. (2020). Theoretical linkages between well-being and tourism: The case of self-determination theory and spiritual tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 83, 102920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102920
Calicchia, J. A., & Graham, L. B. (2006). Assessing the relationship between spirituality, life stressors, and social resources: buffers of stress in graduate students. North American journal of psychology, 8(2). 307－320. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A159922603/HRCA?u=anon~59981e17&sid=googleScholar&xid=60ed95a4
Campbell, J. (2008). The hero with a thousand faces (Vol. 17). New World Library.
Cantone, D. (2023). The Simulated Body: A Preliminary Investigation into the Relationship Between Neuroscientific Studies, Phenomenology and Virtual Reality. Foundations of Science, 28(4), 1011-1020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10699-022-09849-x
Chan, C.-H., Wong, K. Y., & Lui, T.-W. (2023). Marketing Tourism Products in Virtual Reality: Moderating Effect of Product Complexity. Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2023, Johannesburg, South Africa. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-25752-0_34
Cheer, J. M., Belhassen, Y., & Kujawa, J. (2017). The search for spirituality in tourism: Toward a conceptual framework for spiritual tourism. Tourism Management Perspectives, 24, 252-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2017.07.018
Chiu, C.-M., Cheng, H.-L., Huang, H.-Y., & Chen, C.-F. (2013). Exploring individuals’ subjective well-being and loyalty towards social network sites from the perspective of network externalities: The Facebook case. International Journal of Information Management, 33(3), 539-552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2013.01.007
Choe, J., & O' Regan, M. (2020). Faith Manifest: Spiritual and Mindfulness Tourism in Chiang Mai, Thailand [Article]. Religions, 11(4), 177. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11040177
Cinnamon, J., & Jahiu, L. (2023). 360-degree video for virtual place-based research: A review and research agenda. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 106, 102044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2023.102044
Cohen, J. (1992). Statistical power analysis. Current directions in psychological science, 1(3), 98-101. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10768783
Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. psychometrika, 16(3), 297-334. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02310555
Cutler, S. Q., & Carmichael, B. A. (2010). The dimensions of the tourist experience. The tourism and leisure experience: Consumer and managerial perspectives, 44, 3-26. https://books.google.com.tw/books?hl=zh-TW&lr=&id=52ReGta3HDIC&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&ots=t1tzxM0mf_&sig=CFUfjEh9A_0xdQTDBj_QKgr7DGM&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
Daniel A. Cox, K. E. H., Kyle Gray. (2023). Generation Z and the Transformation of American Adolescence: How Gen Z’s Formative Experiences Shape Its Politics, Priorities, and Future. Survey Center on American Life. Retrieved 12/28, 2023 from https://www.americansurveycenter.org/research/generation-z-and-the-transformation-of-american-adolescence-how-gen-zs-formative-experiences-shape-its-politics-priorities-and-future/#_edn3
Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R. P., & Warshaw, P. R. (1989). User acceptance of computer technology: A comparison of two theoretical models. Management science, 35(8), 982-1003.
Day, J. M. (2010). Religion, spirituality, and positive psychology in adulthood: A developmental view. Journal of Adult Development, 17, 215-229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-009-9086-7
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Hedonia, eudaimonia, and well-being: An introduction. Journal of happiness Studies, 9, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9018-1
DeHaan, C. R., & Ryan, R. M. (2014). Chapter 3 - Symptoms of Wellness: Happiness and Eudaimonia from a Self-Determination Perspective. In K. M. Sheldon & R. E. Lucas (Eds.), Stability of Happiness (pp. 37-55). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-411478-4.00003-5
Deighan, M. T., Ayobi, A., & O'Kane, A. A. (2023). Social Virtual Reality as a Mental Health Tool: How People Use VRChat to Support Social Connectedness and Wellbeing. Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Hamburg, Germany. https://doi.org/10.1145/3544548.3581103
Delgado, C. (2007). Sense of coherence, spirituality, stress and quality of life in chronic illness. Journal of nursing scholarship, 39(3), 229-234. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2007.00173.x
DeVellis, R. F. (1991). Scale development. Theory and applications. Sage, c1991 .https://books.google.com.tw/books?hl=zh-TW&lr=&id=QddDEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP13&dq=+Scale+development.&ots=OFdCFNHMcc&sig=VkU5hzGRjYR8lillaY1gR5MBmz0&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Scale%20development.&f=false
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542-575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55(1), 34-43. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.34
Diotallevi, M. (2013). Intangible cultural heritage, spiritual tourism and sustainable development. First UNWTO International Conference on Spiritual Tourism for Sustainable Development, Ninh Binh Province, Viet Nam. http://publications.unwto.org/en/content/right-permissions.
Disabato, D. J., Goodman, F. R., Kashdan, T. B., Short, J. L., & Jarden, A. (2016). Different types of well-being? A cross-cultural examination of hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Psychological assessment, 28(5), 471-482.https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000209
Downey, A. (2018). The US Is Retreating from Religion. Scientific American Mind, 29(1), 13-15. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27172825
Dunne, G., Buckley, J., & Flanagan, S. (2007). City Break Motivation. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 22(3-4), 95-107. https://doi.org/10.1300/j073v22n03_08
Dziuban, C. D., & Shirkey, E. C. (1974). When is a correlation matrix appropriate for factor analysis? Some decision rules. Psychological Bulletin, 81(6), 358－361. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0036316
El-Said, O., & Aziz, H. (2022). Virtual tours a means to an end: An analysis of virtual tours’ role in tourism recovery post COVID-19. Journal of travel research, 61(3), 528-548. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287521997567
Ellison, C. G., & Fan, D. (2008). Daily spiritual experiences and psychological well-being among US adults. Social Indicators Research, 88, 247-271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-007-9187-2
Ellison, C. W. (1983). Spiritual well-being: Conceptualization and measurement. Journal of psychology and theology, 11(4), 330-338. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164718301100406
Emblen, J. D. (1992). Religion and spirituality defined according to current use in nursing literature. Journal of professional nursing, 8(1), 41-47.https://doi.org/10.1016/8755-7223(92)90116-G
Ene, D., & Schofield, P. (2011). An Integrated Approach to Consumer Decision Making for Budget City Breaks: the Role of Emotion. International Journal of Tourism Research, 13(4), 368-383. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.855
Fan, X., Jiang, X., & Deng, N. (2022). Immersive technology: A meta-analysis of augmented/virtual reality applications and their impact on tourism experience. Tourism Management, 91, 104534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104534
Fiocco, A. J., Millett, G., D’Amico, D., Krieger, L., Sivashankar, Y., Lee, S. H., & Lachman, R. (2021). Virtual tourism for older adults living in residential care: A mixed-methods study. PloS one, 16(5), e0250761. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250761
Foucault, M. (2013). Archaeology of knowledge. Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/Archaeology-of-Knowledge/Foucault/p/book/9780415287531
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56, 218-226. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218
G. Koenig, H., & Larson, D. B. (2001). Religion and mental health: Evidence for an association. International review of psychiatry, 13(2), 67-78. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260124661
Garcês, S., Pocinho, M., & Jesus, S. N. d. (2018). Review of optimism, creativity and spirituality in tourism research. Tourism and hospitality management, 24(1), 107-117. https://doi.org/10.5719/hgeo.2020.141.9
Garg, A., Misra, P., Gupta, S., Goel, P., & Saleem, M. (2021). Prioritizing motivators influencing intentions to visit spiritual destinations in India: an application of analytical hierarchical process (AHP) approach [Article]. Journal of Tourism Futures, ahead-of-print https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-09-2021-0214
George, L. K., Larson, D. B., Koenig, H. G., & McCullough, M. E. (2000). Spirituality and health: What we know, what we need to know. Journal of social and clinical psychology, 19(1), 102-116. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2000.19.1.102
Gill, C., Packer, J., & Ballantyne, R. (2019). Spiritual retreats as a restorative destination: Design factors facilitating restorative outcomes [Article]. Annals of Tourism Research, 79, Article 102761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.102761
Guttentag, D. A. (2010). Virtual reality: Applications and implications for tourism. Tourism Management, 31(5), 637-651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.07.003
Haq, F. & Medhekar, A. (2019). Is Spiritual Tourism a Peace Vehicle for Social Transformation and Economic Prosperity in India and Pakistan?. In A. Nedelea & M. Nedelea (Eds.), Marketing Peace for Social Transformation and Global Prosperity (pp. 189-211). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7464-4.ch010
Haq, M., & Jackson, A. (2006). The recognition of marketing of spiritual tourism as a significant new area in leisure travel (Version 1). CQUniversity. https://hdl.handle.net/10018/8381
Haq, M. F. (2011). Marketing spirituality: a tourism perspective. Charles Darwin University (Australia).
Haq, F. M., & Medhekar, A. (2020). The Rise of Spiritual Tourism in South Asia as Business Internationalization. Journal of Management and Research, 7(1), 52-78. https://doi.org/10.29145//jmr/71/070103
Harmon, J. T., & Dox, D. (2016). Spirituality, Fan Culture, and the Music of Jerry Joseph & the Jackmormons. Leisure Sciences, 38(3), 268-283. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2015.1092404
Hawks, S. (1994). Spiritual health: Definition and theory. Wellness Perspectives, 10(4), https://0-search.ebscohost.com.opac.lib.ntnu.edu.tw/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,uid&db=aph&AN=9411295982&lang=zh-tw&site=ehost-live
Hefferon, K., & Boniwell, I. (2011). Positive psychology: Theory, research and applications. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
Heidari, A., Yazdani, H. R., Saghafi, F., & Jalilvand, M. R. (2018). The perspective of religious and spiritual tourism research: a systematic mapping study. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 9(4), 747-798.
Heidari, A., Yazdani, H. R., Saghafi, F., & Jalilvand, M. R. (2017). Developing strategic relationships for religious tourism businesses: a systematic literature review. EuroMed Journal of Management, 2(1), 77-98. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1504/EMJM.2017.084273
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and brain sciences, 33(2-3), 61-83. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/behavioral-and-brain-sciences/article/weirdest-people-in-the-world/BF84F7517D56AFF7B7EB58411A554C17?utm_campaign=shareaholic&utm_medium=copy_link&utm_source=bookmark
Herntrei, M., & Pechlaner, H. (2011). Spiritual Tourism – The Church as a Partner in Tourism? In R. Conrady & M. Buck (Eds.), Trends and Issues in Global Tourism 2011 (pp. 201-218). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17767-5_21
Hidayat, Z. (2023). Tariqa Shattariyy ariqa Shattariyya (TS) and Spiritual TS) and Spiritual Tourism in P ourism in Pariaman, ariaman, Indonesia. International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.21427/QARQ-FS88
Hinsch, M. (2015). Einleitung. In Die neue ISO 9001:2015 in Kürze: Änderungen für den betrieblichen Alltag verständlich erklärt (pp. 1-2). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-12233-1_1
Hobson, J. P., & Dietrich, U. C. (1995). Tourism, health and quality of life: Challenging the responsibility of using the traditional tenets of sun, sea, sand, and sex in tourism marketing. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 3(4), 21-38. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v03n04_02
Holt, S. (2023). Virtual reality, augmented reality and mixed reality: For astronaut mental health; and space tourism, education and outreach. Acta Astronautica, 203, 436-446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2022.12.016
Honey, M. (2018). Ecotourism and sustainable development. (2nd ed.). Island press.
Howden, J. W. (1992). Development and psychometric characteristics of the Spirituality Assessment Scale (Publication Number 9312917) [Ph.D., Texas Woman's University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. United StatesTexas. https://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/doc/9312917
Henderson, Luke Wayne and Knight, Tess 2012, Integrating the hedonic and eudaimonic perspectives to more comprehensively understand wellbeing and pathways to wellbeing, International journal of wellbeing, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 196-221.
Huta, V., & Waterman, A. S. (2014). Eudaimonia and Its Distinction from Hedonia: Developing a Classification and Terminology for Understanding Conceptual and Operational Definitions. Journal of happiness Studies, 15(6), 1425-1456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-013-9485-0
Hyun, M. Y., & O'Keefe, R. M. (2012). Virtual destination image: Testing a telepresence model. Journal of business research, 65(1), 29-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.07.011
Israel, K., Zerres, C. and Tscheulin, D.K. (2019), "Presenting hotels in virtual reality: does it influence the booking intention?", Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, Vol. 10 No. 3, pp. 443-463. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTT-03-2018-0020
James, W. (1890). The Principles of Psychology. H. Holt. https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=_iWWn3YlfsoC
James, W. (1985). The varieties of religious experience (Vol. 15). Harvard University Press.
Kainthola, S., Robledo, M., & Chowdhary, N. R. (2022). Spiritual inclinations in post-pandemic travel [Article]. Turyzm/Tourism, 32(1), 219-224. https://doi.org/10.18778/0867-5856.32.1.10
Kamath, V., Ribeiro, M. A., Woosnam, K. M., Mallya, J., & Kamath, G. (2023). Determinants of visitors’ loyalty to religious sacred event places: A multigroup measurement invariance model. Journal of travel research, 62(1), 176-196. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/00472875211057600
Kang, H. (2020). Impact of VR on impulsive desire for a destination. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Management, 42, 244–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.02.003
Kashdan, T. B. (2004). The assessment of subjective well-being (issues raised by the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire). Personality and individual differences, 36(5), 1225-1232. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00213-7
Kay Smith, M., & Diekmann, A. (2017). Tourism and wellbeing. Annals of Tourism Research, 66, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2017.05.006
Kim-Prieto, C., Diener, E., Tamir, M., Scollon, C., & Diener, M. (2005). Integrating the diverse definitions of happiness: A time-sequential framework of subjective well-being. Journal of happiness Studies, 6, 261-300. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10902-005-7226-8
Kim, H., Kim, S.-E., Park, K., & Tennessee, S. (2023). Exploring the role of flow experience and telepresence in virtual reality (VR) concerts. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 40(7), 568-582. https://doi.org/568-582. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2023.2276437
Kim, M. J., & Hall, C. M. (2019). A hedonic motivation model in virtual reality tourism: Comparing visitors and non-visitors. International Journal of Information Management, 46, 236-249. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.11.016
Kim, M. J., Lee, C.-K., & Preis, M. W. (2020). The impact of innovation and gratification on authentic experience, subjective well-being, and behavioral intention in tourism virtual reality: The moderating role of technology readiness. Telematics and Informatics, 49, 101349. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.tele.2020.101349
King, J. E., & Crowther, M. R. (2004). The measurement of religiosity and spirituality: Examples and issues from psychology. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 17(1), 83-101. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534810410511314
Koenig, H. G., McCullough, M. E., & Larson, D. B. (2000). Handbook of Religion and Health. Oxford University Press. https://openlibrary.org/works/OL1920894W/Handbook_of_religion_and_health?edition=key%3A/books/OL17000089M
Kongtaveesawas, N., Prasarnphanich, P., Sinthupinyo, S., & Ashton, A. S. (2022). Attribute framework validation for wellness tourism within the context of Thailand. Sustainability, 14(10), 5953. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14105953
Kujawa, J. (2017). Spiritual tourism as a quest. Tourism Management Perspectives, 24, 193-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2017.07.011
Lang, E., Josiassen, A., & Kock, F. (2023). Spiritual Tourism: A Review and Synthesis. Innovation-Driven Business and Sustainability in the Tropics, Singapore.
Leung, X. Y., Lyu, J., & Bai, B. (2020). A fad or the future? Examining the effectiveness of virtual reality advertising in the hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 88, 102391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.102391
Li, Y., Song, H., & Guo, R. (2021). A study on the causal process of virtual reality tourism and its attributes in terms of their effects on subjective well-being during COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 1019. 10.3390/ijerph18031019
Lin, L.-P., Huang, S.-C., & Ho, Y.-C. (2020). Could virtual reality effectively market slow travel in a heritage destination? Tourism Management, 78, 104027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.104027
Lin, L. P. L., & Hsieh, W. K. (2022). Exploring how perceived resilience and restoration affected the wellbeing of Matsu pilgrims during COVID-19. Tourism Management, 90, Article 104473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104473
Little, D. E., & Schmidt, C. (2006). Self, wonder and God! The spiritual dimensions of travel experiences. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 54(2), 107-116. https://hrcak.srce.hr/161460
Lopez, L. (2014). How long does the pilgrimage tourism experience to Santiago de Compostela last? International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage, 1(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.21427/D7C133
Machado, L., de Oliveira, I. R., Peregrino, A., & Cantilino, A. (2019). Common mental disorders and subjective well-being: Emotional training among medical students based on positive psychology. PloS one, 14(2), e0211926. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211926
Maćkowiak, A. M. (2017). Religion and Spirituality in the Travel and Tourism Sector: A Study of Lonely Planet's Indonesia and Thailand Guidebooks [Article]. Studia Religiologica, 50(4), 335-344. https://doi.org/10.4467/20844077SR.17.021.8462
Marin, D., Petroman, C., Tiberiu, I., Ciolac, R., Heber, L., & Petroman, I. (2020). Spiritual tourism and pilgrimage tourism concepts and typology. Lucrari Stiintifice, Universitatea de Stiinte Agricole Si Medicina Veterinara a Banatului, Timisoara, Seria I, Management Agricol, 22(1), 149-156.
Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological review, 50(4), 370. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054346
Maslow, A. H. (1970). New introduction: Religions, values, and peak-experiences. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 2(2), 83-90.
Maslow, A. H. (1987). Motivation and personality (3rd). Harper & Row Publishers.
Mat Som, A. P. (2019). Spirituality: A Way to Realise Sustainable Tourism. International journal of Tourism, Culture & Spirituality, 3(2), 9-18. https://doi.org/10.22133/ijts.2019.84362
Maunder, R. G. (2009). Was SARS a mental health catastrophe? General hospital psychiatry, 31(4), 316-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.04.004
McLean, G., AlYahya, M., Barhorst, J. B., & Osei-Frimpong, K. (2023). Examining the influence of virtual reality tourism on consumers' subjective wellbeing. Tourism Management Perspectives, 46, 101088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2023.101088
Muqbil, I. (2013). Enhancing cultural exchange and responsible tourism through spiritual travel. First UNWTO International Conference on Spiritual Tourism for Sustainable Development, Ninh Binh Province, Viet Nam. http://publications.unwto.org/en/content/right-permissions.
Muzurura, J., Mutambara, E., & Mahohoma, T. (2022). In Search of Heterotopia Religiosity? Motives for Religious Tourism and Pilgrimages to Zion Christian Church Mbungo Shrine: A Case from Zimbabwe. Pharos Journal of Theology, 103(1), 1－16. https://doi.org/10.46222/pharosjot.10327
Myers, D. G. (2000). The funds, friends, and faith of happy people. American Psychologist, 55(1), 56–67. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.56
Nagel, T. (1972). Aristotle on Eudaimonia. Phronesis, 17(3), 252 - 259.
Nguyen, T. B. T., Le, T. B. N., & Chau, N. T. (2023). How VR Technological Features Prompt Tourists’ Visiting Intention: An Integrated Approach. Sustainability, 15(6), 4765. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15064765
Nkwanyana, S., Apleni, L., & Mabaleka, N. (2022). The impact of Covid-19 pandemic on tourism and religious destinations: A case of Catholic pilgrimages in KZN, South Africa. Pharos Journal of Theology, 103(2), 1－12. https://doi.org/10.46222/pharosjot.103.207
Norman, A. (2011). Spiritual tourism. Bloomsbury Academic. http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ntnulib/Doc?id=10520502
Norman, A. (2012). The varieties of the spiritual tourist experience. Literature & Aesthetics, 22(1). https://openjournals.library.sydney.edu.au/LA/article/view/7573
Norman, A., & Pokorny, J. J. (2017). Meditation retreats: Spiritual tourism well-being interventions. Tourism Management Perspectives, 24, 201-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2017.07.012
Olsen, D. (2013). Definitions, motivations and sustainability: the case of spiritual tourism. First UNWTO International Conference on Spiritual Tourism for Sustainable Development, Ninh Binh Province, Viet Nam. http://publications.unwto.org/en/content/right-permissions.
Oppert, M. L., Ngo, M., Lee, G. A., Billinghurst, M., Banks, S., & Tolson, L. (2023). Older adults’ experiences of social isolation and loneliness: Can virtual touring increase social connectedness? A pilot study. Geriatric Nursing, 53, 270-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2023.08.001
Ortet, C. P., Veloso, A. I., & Vale Costa, L. (2022). Cycling through 360 virtual reality tourism for senior citizens: Empirical analysis of an assistive technology. Sensors, 22(16), 6169. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22166169
Orth, U. R., Lockshin, L., Spielmann, N., & Holm, M. (2019). Design antecedents of telepresence in virtual service environments. Journal of Service Research, 22(2), 202–218. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670518812705
Pargament, K. I. (1997). The Psychology of Religion and Coping: Theory, Research, Practice. Guilford Publications. https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2645784W/The_psychology_of_religion_and_coping
Pargament, K. I. (1999). The psychology of religion and spirituality? Yes and no. The international journal for the psychology of religion, 9(1), 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr0901_2
Partale, K. (2013). Enhancing the positive effects of spiritual tourism through responsible tourism. First UNWTO International Conference on Spiritual Tourism for Sustainable Development, Ninh Binh Province, Viet Nam. http://publications.unwto.org/en/content/right-permissions.
Pekin, F. (2013). Spiritual travel can be the best tool for a peaceful future. First UNWTO International Conference on Spiritual Tourism for Sustainable Development, Ninh Binh Province, Viet Nam. http://publications.unwto.org/en/content/right-permissions.
Poggendorf, L. (2022). NEW PARADIGM OF SPIRITUAL TOURISM: ADDING AN IMPORTANT LAYER TO SUSTAINABLE TOURISM [Conference paper]. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85136314402&doi=10.2495%2fST220061&partnerID=40&md5=a17f10eeb21b2b92bf0304291fdb0d96
Raj, R., & Griffin, K. A. (2015). Religious tourism and pilgrimage management: An international perspective. Cabi. https://openlibrary.org/works/OL18208639W/Religious_tourism_and_pilgrimage_festivals_management?edition=key%3A/books/OL11913422M
Robledo, M. A. (2015). Tourism of Spiritual Growth as a Voyage of Discovery. Tourism Research Frontiers: Beyond the Boundaries of Knowledge (Vol. 20, pp. 71-86). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1571-504320150000020009
Rocha, C., & Swatos, W. H. (2006). On the Road to Being There: Studies in Pilgrimage and Tourism in Late Modernity. Chapter Five Spiritual Tourism: Brazilian Faith Healing Goes Global (pp. 105-123). Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047409823_007
Rocha, C., & Rocha, C. (2017). 134Spiritual Tourism, Cultural Translation, and Friction. In John of God: The Globalization of Brazilian Faith Healing (pp. 0). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190466701.003.0006
Rohman, F., Hussein, A. S., Hapsari, R., & Tamitiadini, D. (2023). Investigating spiritual tourism experience quality, destination image, and loyalty: the mediating role of perceived sacredness and subjective wellbeing. Tourism and hospitality management, 29(1), 133-145. https://doi.org/10.20867/thm.29.1.11
Romanelli, M., Gazzola, P., Grechi, D., & Pollice, F. (2021). Towards a sustainability‐oriented religious tourism. Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 38(3), 386-396. https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2791
Saxena, S., O'Connell, K., & Underwood, L. (2002). A commentary: cross-cultural quality-of-life assessment at the end of life. The Gerontologist, 42(suppl_3), 81-85. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/42.suppl_3.81
Seligman, M. E., & Royzman, E. (2003). Happiness: The three traditional theories. Authentic happiness newsletter. http://www.authentichappiness.org/news/news6.html
Seligman, M. (2010). Flourish: Positive psychology and positive interventions. The Tanner lectures on human values, 31(4), 1-56.
Senbeto, D. L. The Greener, the Better? Probing Green Innovation in Pilgrimage Tourism Destinations. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 0(0), 10963480231151674. https://doi.org/10.1177/10963480231151674
Sharpley, R. (2016). Tourism and spirituality: An evolving relationship. International Journal of Tourism and Spirituality, 1(1), 8-24. https://doi.org/10.22133/ijts.2016.43074
Singleton, A. (2017). The summer of the Spirits: Spiritual tourism to America's foremost village of spirit mediums. Annals of Tourism Research, 67, 48-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2017.08.002
Singleton, A. (2017). The summer of the Spirits: Spiritual tourism to America’s foremost village of spirit mediums [Article]. Annals of Tourism Research, 67, 48-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2017.08.002
Skačan, J. (2017). On virtual reality of religion. European Journal of Science and Theology, 13(6), 15-23. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321666553_On_virtual_reality_of_religion
Smith, J. (2024, January 4). Augmented and Virtual Reality Market 2024 Demand Analysis, Future Strategies, Growth Statistics, Revenue and Forecast to 2032. Taiwan News. https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/5072070
Smith, M. (2003). Holistic Holidays: Tourism And The Reconciliation of Body, Mind and Spirit. Tourism Recreation Research, 28(1), 103-108. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2003.11081392
Smith, M., & Kelly, C. (2006). Holistic tourism: Journeys of the self? Tourism Recreation Research, 31(1), 15-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2006.11081243
Smith, M., MacLeod, N., & Robertson, M. H. (2010). Key concepts in tourist studies. Sage. https://sk.sagepub.com/books/key-concepts-in-tourist-studies/n32.xml
Sobihah Abdul Halim, M., Tatoglu, E., & Banu Mohamad Hanefar, S. (2021). A review of spiritual tourism: A conceptual model for future research. Tourism and hospitality management, 27(1), 119-141. https://doi.org/10.20867/thm.27.1.8
Stebbins, R. A. (2001). Serious leisure. Society, 38(4), 53-57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-001-1023-8
Steger, M. F., & Frazier, P. (2005). Meaning in Life: One Link in the Chain From Religiousness to Well-Being. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 574-582. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.52.4.574
Steuer, J. (1992). ‘Defining virtual reality: Dimensions determining telepresence. Journal of Communication, 42(4), 73–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1992.tb00812.x
Stojsavljević, R., Vujičić, M. D., Stankov, U., Stamenković, I., Masliković, D., Carmer, A. B., Polić, D., Mujkić, D., & Bajić, M. (2023). In Search for Meaning? Modelling Generation Z Spiritual Travel Motivation Scale—The Case of Serbia. Sustainability, 15(6), 5292. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065292
Takamori, K. (2006). You were born for a reason: the real purpose of life. Ichimannendo.
Tamtama, G. I. W., Santoso, H. B., Wang, J.-C., & Windasari, N. A. (2022). Aw… The Museum is so “Dark”: The Effect of Thermal Stimuli for Virtual Reality Experience and Emotion. 2022 Seventh International Conference on Informatics and Computing (ICIC), Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIC56845.2022.10006901.
Tanyi, R. A. (2002). Towards clarification of the meaning of spirituality. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 39(5), 500-509. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2002.02315.x
Thomas, J., Kuhail, M. A., & AlBeyahi, F. (2024). The Metaverse, Religious Practice and Wellbeing: A Narrative Review [Article]. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 27(1), 57-63. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2023.0003
Timothy, D., & Olsen, D. (Eds.). (2006). Tourism, Religion and Spiritual Journeys (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203001073
To, C. M. (2023). Assessment of factors affecting spiritual cultural tourism an Giang Province, Vietnam. GeoJ. Tour. Geosites, 46, 227-233. https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.46125-1019
Torres Martín, C., Acal, C., El Homrani, M., & Mingorance Estrada, Á. C. (2021). Impact on the virtual learning environment due to COVID-19. Sustainability, 13(2), 582. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020582
Tov, W., & Diener, E. (2013). Subjective wellbeing (K. D. Keith, Ed.). Wiley-Blackwell Chichester, UK. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118339893.wbeccp518
Turner, R. P., Lukoff, D., Barnhouse, R. T., & Lu, F. G. (1995). Religious or spiritual problem: A culturally sensitive diagnostic category in the DSM-IV. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 183(7), 435-444. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199507000-00003
U.S. Department of State. (2022). 2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Taiwan. Retrieved 8/15,2023 from https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/taiwan/
Underwood, L. (2006). Ordinary spiritual experience: Qualitative research, interpretive guidelines, and population distribution for the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale. Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 28(1), 181-218. https://doi.org/10.1163/008467206777832562
Underwood, L. (2013). Spiritual connection in daily life: Sixteen little questions that can make a big difference. Templeton Foundation Press. https://archive.org/details/spiritualconnect0000unde/page/34/mode/1up?view=theater
Underwood, L. G. (2011). The daily spiritual experience scale: Overview and results. Religions, 2(1), 29-50. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel2010029
Underwood, L. G., & Teresi, J. A. (2002). The daily spiritual experience scale: Development, theoretical description, reliability, exploratory factor analysis, and preliminary construct validity using health-related data. Annals of behavioral medicine, 24(1), 22-33. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324796ABM2401_04
Van Kaam, A. (1986). Fundamental Formation ‎ Crossroad Pub Co https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2925299W/Fundamental_formation?edition=key%3A/books/OL3501798M
Vietnam National Authority of Tourism. (2017, Jun 8). Viet Nam explores cultural-religious heritage tourism. Ministry of culture, sport and tourism. https://vietnamtourism.gov.vn/en/post/11846
Vindrola-Padros, C., Singh, K. E., Sidhu, M. S., Georghiou, T., Sherlaw-Johnson, C., Tomini, S. M., Inada-Kim, M., Kirkham, K., Streetly, A., Cohen, N., & Fulop, N. J. (2021). Remote home monitoring (virtual wards) for confirmed or suspected COVID-19 patients: a rapid systematic review. EClinicalMedicine, 37(100965). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100965
Vukonić, B. (1996). Tourism and religion (1st ed.). Pergamon. https://openlibrary.org/works/OL3072548W/Tourism_and_religion?edition=key%3A/books/OL984493M
Walters, G., Gill, C., Pham, L. D. Q., & Filep, S. (2022). Virtual Tourism Experiences and Mental Restoration. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/10963480221116047
Wang, S., & Blasco, D. (2022). East meets West: Spiritual tourism in Chinese protected areas. Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights, 3(1), 100035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annale.2022.100035
Wang, K.-Y. (2022). Sustainable Tourism Development Based upon Visitors’ Brand Trust: A Case of “100 Religious Attractions”. Sustainability, 14(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14041977
Weaver, A. J., Flannelly, L. T., Garbarino, J., Figley, C. R., & Flannelly, K. J. (2003). A systematic review of research on religion and spirituality in the Journal of Traumatic Stress: 1990–1999. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 6(3), 215-228. https://doi.org/10.1080/1367467031000088123
Weaver, D. B. (2001). Ecotourism in the context of other tourism types. In D. B. Weaver (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Ecotourism (pp. 73-83). CABI Publishing Wallingford UK. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851993683.0073
Weil, J. (2017). Research design in aging and social gerontology: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. Taylor & Francis. https://web.p.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=6&sid=9d43ac73-4fa0-4fbe-bbb7-c44a96ab7be6%40redis&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPWlwLHVpZCZsYW5nPXpoLXR3JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=9701175031&db=tfh
Westgate, C. E. (1996). Spiritual wellness and depression. Journal of Counseling & Development, 75(1), 26-35. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1996.tb02311.x
Willson, G. B. (2016). Conceptualizing spiritual tourism: Cultural considerations and a comparison with religious tourism. Tourism Culture & Communication, 16(3), 161-168. https://doi.org/10.3727/109830416X14750895902927
Willson, G. B., McIntosh, A. J., & Zahra, A. L. (2013). Tourism and spirituality: A phenomenological analysis. Annals of Tourism Research, 42, 150-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2013.01.016
Witmer, B. G., & Singer, M. J. (1998). Measuring presence in virtual environments: A presence questionnaire. Presence Teleoperators & Virtual Environments, 7(3), 225–240. https:// doi.org/10.1162/105474698565686
Wong, P. T. (2011). Positive psychology 2.0: towards a balanced interactive model of the good life. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 52(2), 69. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022511
Wundt, W. M. (1904). Principles of physiological psychology (Vol. 1). S. Sonnenschein & Company, lim. https://books.google.com.tw/books?hl=zh-TW&lr=&id=p_IMAAAAIAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=Principles+of+physiological+psychology+&ots=AdeWngEWBx&sig=rlfGtZW0B1YicHtuMbtA5GfYfuA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Principles%20of%20physiological%20psychology&f=false
Xiao, C. (2020). A novel approach of consultation on 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19)-related psychological and mental problems: structured letter therapy. Psychiatry investigation, 17(2), 175－176. https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2020.0047
Yang, F. X., & Wang, Y. (2023). Rethinking Metaverse Tourism: A Taxonomy and an Agenda for Future Research. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 10963480231163509.
Yang, F. X., & Wang, Y. Rethinking Metaverse Tourism: A Taxonomy and an Agenda for Future Research. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 0(0), 10963480231163509. https://doi.org/10.1177/10963480231163509
Zeng, G., Cao, X., Lin, Z., & Xiao, S. H. (2020). When online reviews meet virtual reality: Effects on consumer hotel booking. Annals of Tourism Research, 81, 102860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102860
Zhang, G., Huang, K., & Shen, S. (2023). Impact of spiritual values on tourists' psychological wellbeing: evidence from China's Buddhist mountains. Frontiers in psychology, 14, 1136755. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1136755
Zheng, D., Luo, Q., & Ritchie, B. W. (2021). Afraid to travel after COVID-19? Self-protection, coping and resilience against pandemic ‘travel fear’. Tourism Management, 83, 104261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104261