研究生: |
謝煒智 Wei-Chih Hsieh |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
諸羅樹蛙群集展示行為之研究 Lekking Behavior in the Farmland Green Treefrog(Rhacophorus arvalis) |
指導教授: |
呂光洋
Lue, Kuang-Yang |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
生命科學系 Department of Life Science |
論文出版年: | 2004 |
畢業學年度: | 92 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 73 |
中文關鍵詞: | 諸羅樹蛙 、群集展示行為 、活動模式 、核心估算法 |
英文關鍵詞: | Rhacophorus arvalis, Lekking Behavior, activity pattern, adaptive kernel method |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:241 下載:60 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
諸羅樹蛙(Rhacophorus arvalis)屬於樹蛙科(Rhacophoridae)為臺灣特有種兩棲類,其配對系統屬於典型的群集展示系統(lek)。2003年4月至2004年6月間,研究者在雲林縣斗南鎮觀察記錄本種樹蛙的群集展示行為及日活動模式,並分析棲地的生態因子,以了解雄蛙對於展示場地選擇之偏好。
研究結果顯示,生殖季中展示場的位置相當固定。展示場每晚出現的雄蛙數目從0~38隻不等,受雨量影響極大。在展示場平均停留43.8天。雄蛙對展示場的忠誠度極高,不會在不同展示場之間遊走。生殖高峰﹙7,8月﹚前有大量雄蛙進入展示場,生殖季晚期則沒有新加入的個體。以核心估算法計算雄蛙生殖季在展示場的平面活動範圍,其25%活動範圍為10.6㎡,50%活動範圍為41.1㎡。
生殖季中雄蛙每天的活動模式大致上是呈現垂直的移動,對於棲地的利用可概分為二個部分,竹林的上層﹙4m以上﹚及中層﹙0.3m ~4m﹚,上層為樹蛙的休息區,是日間及不進行展示行為時所棲息的場所,中層為展示場所。展示場的位置和竹林底層的積水程度、光照度及竹叢的密度有顯著相關,和竹叢的高度無關。雄蛙的聚集現象可用Hotspot hypothesis解釋。
Farmland green treefrog (Rhacophorus arvalis) belonging to the family Rhacophoridae is endemic to Taiwan. The mating system of Rhacophorus arvalis is lek. From April 2003 to June 2004 at Yunling in central Taiwan, I investigated the lekking behavior and daily activity pattern, and analyzed the ecological factors on habitat to understand the lek preference in male frogs.
During breeding seasons, the results showed that there were present consistent lekking sites on habitats. There were 0~38 males in the lek every night, and the number of males were affected by the amount of rainfall. The average day of the males in lek was 43.8. Males showed high lek fidelity and did not move between two leks. Before the reproductive peak (July-August), many males joined the lek, but during the late breeding seasons, no new individual was identified in the same lek. Based on the adaptive kernel method, the area of 25% male home range in the lek was 10.3m2 and the 50% area was 40.5m2.
Daily activity pattern of males displayed vertical movement during breeding seasons. The utility of habitat was characterized as two layers, the upper (> 4m) and middle (0.3m ~ 4m) layers of bamboos. The upper layer was the rest area, where frogs stayed in the daytime and had no lekking behavior, and the middle for lekking. The lek site in the study areas was significantly associated with the ground water level of bamboo fields, the lux, and the density of bamboos, relatively, but had no association with the height of bamboos. The male aggregation might be explained by the Hotspot hypothesis.
Alatalo, R. V., J. Hoglund, and A. Lundberg. 1991. Lekking in the black grouse — a test of male viability. Nature 352:155-156.
Alatalo, R. V., J. Hoglund, and A. Lundberg, P. T. Rintamaki, and B. Silverin. 1996. Testosterone and male mating success on the black grouse leks. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 263:1697-1702.
Alexander, R. D. 1975. Natural selection and specialized chorusing behavior in acoustical insects. In:Pimentel D.(ed) Insects science and society. Academic Press, New York, pp 35-77.
Arak, A. 1983. Mating behavior of anuran amphibians: The roles of male-male competition and female choice. In“Mate Choice”P. Bateson.﹙ed.﹚Cambridge Univ. Press, Ltd., Cambridge. pp. 181-210.
Berven, K. A. 1981. Mate choice in the wood frog. Rana sylvatica. Evolution. 35:707~722.
Bourne, G. R. 1992. Lekking behavior in the neotropical frog Ololygon rubra. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 31:173-180.
Bourne, G. R. 1993. Proximaten costs and benefits of mate acquisition at leks of the frog Ololygon rubra. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 45:1051-1059.
Bradbury, J. W. 1977. Lek mating behavior in the hammer-headed bat. Z Tierpsychol 45:225-255.
Bradbury, J. W. 1981. The evolution of leks. In: Alexander R.D.,Tinkle D. (eds) Natural selection and social behavior. Chiron Press, New York pp 138-169.
Bradbury, J. W., S. L. Vehrencamp. and R. M. Gibson. 1989. Dispersions of displacing male sage grouse. Patterns of temporal variation. Ecol. Sociobiol. 24:1-14.
Bucher, T., M. Ryan, and G. Bartholomew. 1982. Oxygen consumption during resting, calling and nest building in the frog, Physalaemus pustulosus. Physiological Zoology 55:10-22.
Carey, C., Cohen N., and Rollins-Smith L. 1999. Amphibian declines: An immunological perspective. Developmental & Comparative Immunology. 23(6):459-472.
Crump, M. L. 1986. Homing and site fidelity in a neotropical frog, Atelopus varius﹙Bufonide﹚. Copeia. 1986:438-444.
Crump, M. L. and A. J. Pounds 1994. Amphibian declines and climate disturbance: The case of the golden toad and the harlequin frog. Conservation Biology. 8(1): 72-85.
Cohen, M. P., and R. A. Alford. 1996. Factors affecting diurnal shelter use by the cane toad, Bufo marinus. Herpetologica. 52:172-181.
Cox, C. B., and P. D. Moore. 1993. Biogeography: an ecological and evolutionary approach, Fifth edition. Blackwell Scientific Publications, London.
Duellman, W. E., and L. Trueb 1986. Biology of Amphibians. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.
Emlem, S. T. 1976. lek organization and mating strategies in the bullfrog. Behav, Ecol. Sociobiol. 1:197:215-223.
Emlem, S. T. and L. W. Oring 1977. Ecology, sexual selection and the evolution of mating systems. Science 197:215-223.
Fryer, G. and T. D. Iles 1972. The cichlid fishes of the Great lakes of Africa:their biology and evolution. Oliver and Boyd, London.
Fukuyama K. and T. Kusano 1989. Sexual size dimorphism in a Japanese stream-breeding frog, Buergeria buergeri﹙Rhacophoridae, Amphibia﹚. The Herpetological Society of Japan. 1989:306-313.
Gascon, C. 1991. Breeding of Leptodactylus knudseni : responses to rainfall variation. Copeia 1991(1):248-252.
Gibson, R. M. 1996. A re-evaluation of hotspot settlement in lekking sage grouse. Animal Behaviour 52:993-1005.
Gregory, P. T., J. M. Macartney, and K. W. Larsen. 1987. Spatial patterns and movements. Snakes: ecology and evolutionary biology. Macmillan Publishing Company , New York, pp. 366-395.
Hecnar, S. J. 1995. Acute and chronic toxicity of ammonium nitrate fertilizer to amphibians from Southern Ontario. Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry. 14(12): 2131-2137.
Hedlund, L. and G. M. Robertson. 1989. Lekking behaviour in crested newts, Triturus cristatus. Ethology 80: 111-119.
Hoglund J. and R. V. Alatalo. 1995. Leks. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N. J.
Howard, R. D. 1978. The evolution of mating strategies in bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana. Evolution 32﹙4﹚:850-871.
Jacob, H., and G. M. Robertson. 1990. Spacing of leks in relation to female home ranges, habitat requirements and male attractiveness in the great snipe﹙Gallinago media﹚.Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol 26:173-180.
Jaeger, R. G. 1976. A possible prey-call window in anuran auditory perception. Copeia 1976:833-834.
Lack, D. 1968. Ecological adaptations for breeding in birds. Chapman and Hall, London.
Lariviere, S. and F. Messier. 1997. Seasonal and daily activity patterns of striped skunks ﹙Mephitis mephitis﹚in the Canadian prairies. J. Zool. (Lond.) 243: 255-262.
Lawler, S. P., D. D. Strange, and M. Holyoak 1999. Effects of introduced mosquitofish and bullfrogs on the threatened California red-legged frog. Conservation biology. 13(3):613-622.
Lennon, J. J., and J. R. G. Turner. 1995. Predicting the spatial distribution of climate: temperature in Great Britain. Journal of Animal Ecology 64:370-392.
Lill, A., 1974. Sexual behaviour of the lek-forming white-bearded manakin (Manacus manacus trinitatis Hartert). Z. Tierpsychol. 36,1-36.
Lue, K.-Y., J.-S. Lai, and Y.-S. Chen. 1995. A New Rhacophorus (Anura : Rhacophoridae) from Taiwan. Journal of Herpetology 29:338-345.
MacNally, R. C. 1981. On the reproductive energetics of chorusing males:energy depletion profiles, restoration and growth in two sympatric species of Ranidella﹙Anura﹚. Oecologica 51︰181-188.
Martof, B. S. 1959. Territoriality in the green frog, Rana clamitans. Ecology 34(1):165-174.
Oring, L. W. 1982. Avian mating systems. In: Avian Biology Vol.6 (Ed. By Farner D., J. King, and K. Parkes ), pp. 1-92. New York: Academic Press.
Ritke, M. E., J. G. Bass, and M. K. Ritke 1991. Annual growth rates of adult gray treefrogs (Hyla chrysoscelis). J. Herpetology 25(3):382-385.
Robertson, J. G. M. 1986. Female choice, male strategies and the role of vocalizations in the Australian frog Uperleia rugosa. Anim. Behav. 34:773-784.
Ryan, M. J. 1980. The reproductive behavior of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. Copeia 1980:108-114.
Ryan, M. J. 1985. The tungara frog:A study in sexual selection and communication Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Seabloom R. W. 1994. Seasonal activity and feeding patterns in a population of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus gambelii). Can. J. Zool. 72: 2238-2243.
Seaman, D. E., B. Griffith, and R. A. Powell. 1998. KERNELHR: a program for estimating animal home ranges. Wildlife Society Bulletin 26:95-100.
Seaman, D. E., J. J. Millspaugh, B. J. Kernohan, G. C. Brundige, K. J. Raedeke, and R. A. Gitzen. 1999. Effects of sample size on kernel home range estimates. Journal of Wildlife Mangement 63:737-739.
Seaman, D. E. and R. A. Powell. 1996. An evaluation of the accuracy of kernel density estimators for home range analysis. Ecology 77:2075-2085.
Secor, S. M. 1992. A preliminary analysis of the movement and range size of the sidewinder, Crotalus cerastes. In Campbell, J. A. and E. D. Brodei, eds. The biology of pitvipers, Selva, Tyler, Taxas, pp389-393.
Snedden W. A. 1996. Lifetime mating success in male sagebrush cricket: Sexual selection constrained by a virgin male mating advantage. Anim. Behav. 51(5):1119-1125.
Spieler, M. and K. E. Limsenmair. 1997. Choice of optimal oviposition sites by Hoplobatrachus occipitalis﹙Anura : Ranidae﹚in an unpredicatable and patchy environment. Oecologia. 109: 184-199.
Sullivan, B. K. 1982. Sexual selection in woodhouse’s toad ﹙Bufo woodhousei﹚Chorus organization. Anim. Behav. 31:680-686.
Taigen, T., K. Wells, and R. Marsh. 1985. The enzymatic basis of high metabolic rates in calling frogs. Physiological Zoology 58:719-726.
Thornhill, R., and J. Alcock. 1983. The evolution of insect mating system. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Walker, T. J. 1983. Diel patterns of calling in nocturnal Orthoptera. In D. T. Gwynne and G. K. Morris﹙Eds.﹚, Orthopteran Mating Systems:Sexual Competition in a Diverse Group of Insects. Westview Press. Boulder, Colorado. pp.45-72.
Walter, H. 1979. Vegetation of the earth and ecological systems of the geobiophere (2nd ed.) Springer-Verlag. N. Y., U.S.A.
Wells, K. D. 1977. The social behavior of anuran amphibians. Anim. Behav. 25:666-693.
Wells, K. D. and T. Taigen. 1989. Calling energetics of a neotropical treefrog, Hyla microcephala. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 25:13-22.
Widemo, F. 1997. The social implications of traditional use of lek sites in the ruff Philomachus pugnax. Behavioral Ecology. 8, 211-217.
Widemo, F. and P. F. Owens. 1999. Size and stability of vertebrate leks. Anim. Behav. 58:1217-1221.
Wilson E. O. 1975. Sociobiology:the new synthesis. Belknap press, Cambridage.
Wiley, R. H., 1973. Territoriality and non-random mating in sage grouse Centrocercus urophasianus. Anim. Behav. Monogr. 6, 85-169.
Wiley, R. H. 1991. lekking in birds and mammals: behavioral and evolutionary issues. Advances in the study of behavior. Academy Press. San Diego, pp 201-291.
Wittenberger, J. F. 1981. Animal social behavior. Duxbury Press Boston.
呂光洋、陳添喜等合編(1996)兩棲類動物資源調查手冊。行政院農業委員會。
呂光洋、杜銘章、向高世(2000)台灣兩棲爬行動物圖鑑。大自然雜誌社。
林中一﹙2002﹚台北縣雙溪河流域褐樹蛙之生殖生態與族群分布。國立台灣大學動物學研究所碩士論文。
林獻升﹙2000﹚台灣地區樹蛙科卵泡寄生蠅類之研究。國立台灣師範大學生物學系碩士論文。
林麗紅 (1995) 綠色小精靈--諸羅樹蛙簡介及其分布地點之新發現。自然保育季刊 第十二期 頁49-51。
林麗紅、盧堅富(1997) 雲林縣兩棲類動物之調查。台灣省特有生物研究保育中心。雲林縣生物資源調查成果彙編。
李文傑 (2002) 橙腹樹蛙(Rhacophorus smaragdinus)生殖行為及生態學之研究。國立台灣師範大學生物學系碩士論文。
張靜茹 (1996) 台灣野生動物新傳--從「新種」到「瀕臨絕種」。光華第二十一卷 第四期 頁6-23。
張淑美﹙1989﹚白頷樹蛙生殖行為之研究。國立台灣大學動物學研究所碩士論文。
張耀文 (1992) 面天樹蛙生殖行為之研究。國立台灣大學動物學研究所碩士論文。
陳賜隆 (1992) 翡翠樹蛙(Rhacophorus smaragdinus)生殖行為及生態學之研究。國立台灣師範大學生物學系碩士論文。
莊鎮碩 (2000) 諸羅樹蛙(Rhacophorus arvalis)生殖行為之研究。國立台灣師範大學生物學系碩士論文。
彭國棟、林春富、林麗紅(1998)諸羅樹蛙之生態學及繁殖行為研究八十七年度試驗研究計畫執行成果。頁206-215。
溫華霞(2001)太魯閣國家公園布落灣地區莫氏樹蛙﹙Rhacoporus moltrechti﹚生殖生態學研究。國立東華大學自然資源管理研究所碩士論文。
楊懿如(1987)台北樹蛙生殖行為之研究。國立台灣大學動物學研究所碩士論文。
楊懿如(1998)訪陽明山國家公園兩棲類。陽明山國家公園管理處。
潘彥宏(1997)台灣無尾目兩生類之空間分布模式。國立台灣大學動物學研究所碩士論文。
劉建福、蔡昆展、林嘉智、林弘都(2001) 樹上的小精靈 諸羅樹蛙族群生物學之研究 。大自然71期 頁55-59。
謝佳男﹙1993﹚黑眶蟾蜍生殖生態之研究。私立東海大學生物研究所碩士論文。