註: 此摘要按照CONSORT 2010交叉設計隨機對照試驗報告指南呈現 (Dwan et al., 2019, Table 2)。
研究目的
1. 確認阻力運動對史楚普 (Stroop) 作業表現的急性效應。
2. 確認急性阻力運動對史楚普作業表現的線性時間效應。
3. 探討史楚普作業表現的變化是否與血漿腎上腺素的變化相關聯。
4. 探索急性阻力運動對史楚普任務表現的線性強度效應。
方法
研究設計
此博士論文為一個四情境交叉設計隨機對照試驗的註冊報告 (registered report) 與其次要分析 (secondary analyses)。
參與者
過去6個月內至少每週進行一次阻力訓練，年齡在18至40歲之間的健康男性
介入
在運動情境下，參與者進行了包含槓鈴蹲舉、推舉和硬舉的循環 (circuit) 阻力運動，每組5下、一個動作共3組，三個動作都做過一遍後從蹲舉開始第二輪，總共進行三個循環，並在每組運動及組間休息3分鐘。在三種不同的運動介入中，除了強度外，所有訓練參數保持一致。三組的負荷分別設定為高、中、低強度，相當於1RM的78%、72%和65%。在對照情境下，參與者閱讀與運動相關的書籍約四十分鐘，時長約與運動介入相當。
依變項量測
認知量測：本研究測量了阻力運動和對照情境之間在多個依變項上的差異，包括史楚普一致與不一致情境反應時間的變化、史楚普一致反應時間與簡單反應時間的變化，以及史楚普效應的變化。
生化指標：分析指標是阻力運動情境相較於對照情境的腎上腺素水平變化差異。
隨機分派
參與者被分配了兩個獨立的隨機塊狀 (random blocked) 序列，以避免參與者有兩倍的機率在第一次運動介入時進行特定的強度。第一個序列採用的隨機區塊大小為3和6，用於確定不同強度阻力運動的順序。這一序列採用拉丁方設計，將可能的序列數量從六減少至三。第二個序列採用的隨機區塊大小為4和8，來確定哪一次來實驗室（第3、4、5或6次）為對照情境。
遮盲
由於研究中運動介入的性質，參與者、結果評估者和實驗者的無法遮盲 (masking/ blinding)。然而，所有認知表現的測量均採用電腦進行，從而降低人為判斷的影響。
結果
招募狀況、隨機分派與納入分析的參與者數
共招募了31名參與者，且所有人均符合參與條件。在這些人中，有28人完成了所有的實驗流程，並被納入依計畫書分析 (per-protocol analysis)。
分析結果:
1. 整體而言，在運動後1小時內，與對照情境相比，急性阻力運動顯著降低了校正過正確率後的史楚普一致性反應時間（平均差異：-12.2毫秒；95%信賴區間：-17.4至-7.1；p < .001；dmatched = -0.256）和不一致性反應時間（平均差異：-20.3毫秒；95%信賴區間：-36.4至-4.1；p = .014；dmatched = -0.135），以及史楚普一致性反應時間和簡單反應時間之間的差異（平均差異：-13.8毫秒；95%信賴區間：-20.7至-7.0；p < .001；dmatched = -0.216。然而，在運動介入情境與對照情境的比較中，簡單反應時間（平均差異：1.6毫秒；95%信賴區間：-3.5至6.7；p = .539；dmatched = 0.034）和史楚普效應（平均差異：-8.0毫秒；95%信賴區間：-21.9至5.8；p = .253；dmatched = -0.062）在統計上並未達顯著。
2. 結果顯示，校正過正確率後的一致性反應時間有線性時間效應：rrm = .114，p = .045，95% 信賴區間: 0.002至0.223。這個重複測量相關係數（.114，repeated measures correlation coefficient）表示阻力運動的正面效果在介入後10至55分鐘之間逐漸衰減。然而，史楚普不一致性情境、史楚普效應、史楚普一致性反應時間與簡單反應時間之間的差異，以及簡單反應時間的重複測量相關性並未達到統計上的顯著。
3. 未發現血漿腎上腺素變化與任何認知指標之間存在顯著的線性或倒U型關係。
4. 不同阻力運動強度的效果沒有顯示出明顯的差異。
不良事件
無嚴重不良事件。
試驗狀態
已結束。
結論
本研究顯示了單次槓鈴阻力運動對需要抑制的認知作業的正面影響。此研究觀察到了時間層面的效果，發現了認知表現的提升可能在運動10分鐘後最為明顯。這些研究發現指出，於在提升肌力的自由重量、多關節、結構性阻力運動訓練後1至1.5小時內安排具有認知挑戰的任務，或可以最大化其對肌力和認知的益處。關於血漿腎上腺素與認知表現的關係，本研究未發現急性阻力運動後血漿腎上腺素水平的變化與急性阻力運動後的任何認知表現變化間有顯著關聯。
研究註冊
此研究計畫在第一階段註冊報告被接受後 (Lin, Cheng, et al., 2023) 提交至ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05407259)。此研究計畫的註冊報告部分也公開於Open Science Framework，網址為：https://osf.io/ehvyf。
研究經費
此研究由國立臺灣師範大學支持。

Note: This abstract was reported according to CONSORT 2010 reporting checklist for crossover randomized controlled trials (Dwan et al., 2019, Table 2).
Purpose
1. To confirm the acute effect of resistance exercise on Stroop task performance.
2. To confirm the linear temporal effect of acute resistance exercise on Stroop task performance.
3. To investigate if changes in Stroop task performance are associated with changes in plasma epinephrine.
4. To explore the linear intensity effect of acute resistance exercise on Stroop task performance.
Methods
Trial design
This dissertation comprises a registered report a four-arm crossover randomized controlled trial and its secondary analyses.
Participants
Healthy males, aged between 18-40 years, who have engaged in resistance training at least once a week for the preceding 6 months.
Interventions
During the exercise condition, participants performed three circuits of resistance exercise consisting of barbell back squats, presses, and deadlifts, for 5 repetitions and 3 sets of each exercise, with 3-minute rest intervals between exercises and sets. In the three different exercise interventions, all training parameters were kept consistent except for intensity. The loads for the sets were set at high, moderate, and low intensity, corresponding to 78% of 1RM, 72% of 1RM, and 65% of 1RM, respectively. In the control condition, participants were asked to spend a similar amount of time (approximately 40 minutes) reading a book related to exercise.
Outcome
Cognitive Outcomes: This study evaluated the differences between the resistance exercise and control conditions in several dependent variables, including changes in Stroop congruent reaction time, Stroop incongruent reaction time, the difference between Stroop congruent reaction time and simple reaction time, and the Stroop effect.
Biomarker Analysis: The analytic metric was the difference in epinephrine levels resulting from the resistance exercise compared to the control conditions.
Randomization
Two separate block randomization sequences were assigned to participants to prevent them from encountering the same intensity twice as their first exercise intervention. The first sequence, with block sizes of 3 and 6, was implemented to determine the order of different intensity resistance exercises, utilizing a Latin square design to reduce the number of possible sequences from six to three. The second sequence, with block sizes of 4 and 8, was used to select one of the visits (either visit 3, 4, 5, or 6) as the control condition.
Blinding (masking)
Due to the nature of exercise interventions in our study, blinding of participants, outcome assessors, and experimenters was not feasible. Nevertheless, all measurements of cognitive performance were conducted using computerized methods, the influence of human judgment was minimized.
Results
Recruitment, numbers randomized, numbers analyzed
A total of 31 participants were recruited and all were eligible. Of these, 28 completed all experimental sessions and were included in the per-protocol analyses.
Outcome
1. Overall, acute resistance exercise significantly reduced the accuracy-adjusted Stroop congruent (Mean difference: -12.2 ms; 95% CI: -17.4 to -7.1; p value < .001; dmatched = -0.256) and incongruent reaction times (Mean difference: -20.3 ms; 95% CI: -36.4 to -4.1; p value = .014; dmatched = -0.135), as well as the difference between Stroop congruent reaction time and simple reaction time (Mean difference: -13.8 ms; 95% CI: -20.7 to -7.0; p value < .001; dmatched = -0.216), within the 1-hour post-exercise period compared to the control condition. The simple reaction time (Mean difference: 1.6 ms; 95% CI: -3.5 to 6.7; p value = .539; dmatched = 0.034) and the Stroop effect (Mean difference: -8.0 ms; 95% CI: -21.9 to 5.8; p value = .253; dmatched = -0.062), however, were not statistically significantly influenced by the exercise intervention compared to the control condition.
2. The analyses suggested a linear temporal effect on accuracy-adjusted congruent reaction time: rrm = .114, p = .045, 95% CI: 0.002 to 0.223. This repeated measures correlation coefficient (.114) indicated that the effect of resistance exercise gradually declined between 10-55 minutes post-intervention. However, the repeated measures correlation for incongruent trials, the Stroop effect, the difference between Stroop congruent reaction time and simple reaction time, and simple reaction time were not statistically significant.
3. There were neither linear nor inverted U-shaped relationships found between the changes in plasma epinephrine and any of the cognitive metrics analyzed in this study.
4. The effects of different resistance exercise intensities showed no substantial differences.
Harms
No severe adverse event.
Trial status
Closed.
Conclusions
This study demonstrates the positive impact of a single session of barbell resistance exercise on cognitive tasks that require inhibition. The research observes the temporal aspect of this effect, revealing that the enhancement in cognitive performance may be most pronounced approximately 10 minutes after the exercise session. These findings suggest that training programs focusing on muscular strength improvement through free-weight, multiple-joint, structural exercises may be optimized by scheduling cognitively challenging tasks within 1 to 1.5 hours post-training to maximize both athletic and cognitive benefits. Regarding the association between plasma epinephrine and cognitive performance, the study found no significant relationships between changes in plasma epinephrine levels and cognitive performance following acute resistance exercise.
Trial registration and protocol
The protocol was submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05407259) following the acceptance of Stage 1 registered report (Lin, Cheng, et al., 2023). The protocol for the registered report part of this project is also available on the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/ehvyf.
Funding
This study was supported by the National Taiwan Normal University.

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