Nowadays knowledge-sharing has been adopted as an approach, or tool by organizations to facilitate their organizational knowledge creation through interactions among employees. Specially, the Civil Aviation Authority of Thailand (CAAT) implements their knowledge-sharing to encourage the exchange of knowledge among employees which in turns leads to organizational solid knowledge management system. This study, therefore, employs a single case study on knowledge-sharing process with multiple qualitative data collection methods to comprehensively gather insightful information to respond to the purposes of the study which are determined to examine the implementation of knowledge-sharing process, as well as obstacles, policies, and strategies to improve their knowledge-sharing effectiveness. To thoroughly understand the knowledge-sharing implementation process, the organizational knowledge creation theory was adopted to analyze how knowledge-sharing process at the CAAT. The findings of this study reveal that the three phases, including socialization, externalization, and combination, of organizational knowledge creation theory, can be adopted to understand the overall knowledge-sharing process implementation at the CAAT, while showing that the contributions of the knowledge sharers are keys to the success of knowledge-sharing implementation. Although obstacles caused by individuals and organizational factors are found, the organizational obstacles have more negative impacts on the knowledge-sharing. Intrinsically and extrinsically motivated policies and strategies are proposed to the organization to enhance the effectiveness of its organizational knowledge-sharing.Implications derived from the findings are also provided for the CAAT.

Ahmad, F., & Karim, M. (2019). Impacts of knowledge sharing: A review and directions for future research. Journal of Workplace Learning, 31(3), 207–230. https://doi.org/10.1108/jwl-07-2018-0096
Ahmed, B., Noor, N. H., & Ahmed, M. (2022). Factors influencing knowledge sharing practices among librarians in the Malaysian academic libraries. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 48(6), 102612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2022.102612
Akosile, A., & Olatokun, W. (2019). Factors influencing knowledge sharing among academics in Bowen University, Nigeria. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 52(2), 410-427. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961000618820926
Al Yami, M., Ajmal, M.M. and Balasubramanian, S. (2022). Does size matter? The effects of public sector organizational size’ on knowledge management processes and operational efficiency, VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems, 52(5), 670-700. https://doi.org/10.1108/VJIKMS-07-2020-0123
Alavi, M., & Leidner, D. E. (2001). Review: Knowledge management and knowledge management systems: Conceptual foundations and research issues. MIS Quarterly, 25(1), 107-136.
Alves, R. B. C., & Pinheiro, P. (2022). Factors influencing tacit knowledge sharing in research groups in higher education institutions. Administrative Sciences, 12(3), 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12030089
Amber, Q., Khan, I. A., & Ahmad, M. (2018). Assessment of KM processes in a public sector organisation in Pakistan: Bridging the gap. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 16(1), 13-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/14778238.2017.1392409
Anshari, M. and Hamdan, M. (2022). Understanding knowledge management and upskilling in Fourth Industrial Revolution: transformational shift and SECI model, VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems, 52(3), 373-393. https://doi.org/10.1108/VJIKMS-09-2021-0203
Asian Productivity Organizational. (2013), Knowledge management for the public sector. Asian Productivity Organization, https://www.apo-tokyo.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Knowledge-Management-for-the-Public-Sector-2013.pdf
Ardichvili, A. (2008). Learning and knowledge sharing in virtual communities of practice: Motivators, barriers, and enablers. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 10(4), 541–554. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422308319536
Ardichvili, A., Page, V., & Wentling, T. (2003). Motivation and barriers to participation in virtual knowledge‐sharing communities of practice. Journal of Knowledge Management, 7(1), 64–77. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270310463626
Argyris, C., & Schön, D. A. (1978). Organizational learning: A theory of action perspective. Addison-Wesley.
Barker, J. R., & Camarata, M. R. (2018). Policies and procedures for healthcare organizations: a risk management perspective. CRC Press.
Basten, D., & Haamann, T. (2018). Approaches for organizational learning: A literature review. SAGE Open, 8(3). 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244018794224
Boateng, H., & Agyemang, F. G. (2014). Qualitative insight into key determinants of knowledge sharing in a public sector institution in Ghana. Information Development, 32(1), 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266666914525650
Bock, G. W., Zmud, R. W., & Kim, Y. G. (2005). Behavioral intention formation in knowledge sharing: Examining the roles of extrinsic motivators, social-psychological forces, and organizational climate. MIS Quarterly, 29(1), 87-111. https://doi.org/10.2307/25148669
Boland, R.J. and Tenkasi, R.V. (1995). Perspective making and perspective taking in communities of knowing, Organization Science, 6(4), 350–372. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.6.4.350
Bissani, M., Oliveira, M., & Curado, C. (2024). Knowledge sharing between subsidiary and headquarters: A framework proposal. Business Information Review. 69-81 https://doi.org/10.1177/02663821241245519
CAA International. (2017, October 10). ICAO lifts Thailand significant safety concern. CAA International (CAAi). https://caainternational.com/icao-lifts-thailand-significant-safety-concern/
Chatterjee, A., Pereira, A., & Sarkar, B. (2018). Learning transfer system inventory (LTSI) and knowledge creation in organizations. The Learning Organization, 25(5), 305–319. https://doi.org/10.1108/tlo-06-2016-0039
Chen, Y., & Perez, K. (2016). Strategic planning and performance: Aligning people, performance, and payoffs. Routledge.
Choi, W., Goo, W., & Choi, Y. (2022). Perceived organizational support and knowledge sharing: A moderated-mediation approach. SAGE Open, 12(2), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221089950
Chua, K., Thinakaran, R., & Vasudevan, A. (2023). Knowledge sharing barriers in organizations - A review. TEM Journal, 12(1), 184–191. https://doi.org/10.18421/tem121-24
Civil Aviation Authority of Thailand. (2021). Annual Report 2021. Civil Aviation Authority of Thailand
Civil Aviation Authority of Thailand. (2022). Training Manual (Issue 05 Rev.00). Civil Aviation Authority of Thailand
Civil Aviation Authority of Thailand. (n.d.). CAAT Strategic Plan 2019-2022. Civil Aviation Authority of Thailand
Crossan, M. M., Lane, H. W., & White, R. E. (1999). An organizational learning framework: From intuition to institution. Academy of Management Review, 24(3), 522-537. https://doi.org/10.2307/259140
Deng, P., & Lu, H. (2022). Transnational knowledge transfer or indigenous knowledge transfer: Which channel has more benefits for China’s high-tech enterprises? European Journal of Innovation Management, 25(2), 433–453. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-07-2020-0269
Denzin, N. K. (2009). The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods. New Brunswick: Aldine Transaction.
Donate, M. J., González-Mohíno, M., Paolo Appio, F., & Bernhard, F. (2022). Dealing with knowledge hiding to improve innovation capabilities in the hotel industry: The unconventional role of knowledge-oriented leadership. Journal of Business Research, 144, 572–586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.02.001
Eletter, S., El Refae, G. A., & Kaba, A. (2020). The impact of knowledge sharing enablers on knowledge sharing behavior: An empirical study. VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems, 52(1), 102–119. https://doi.org/10.1108/vjikms-04-2020-0065
Ellis, K. (2001), Dare to share, Training, February, pp. 74-80.
Farooq, R. (2018). A conceptual model of knowledge sharing. International Journal of Innovation Science, 10(2), 238–260. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijis-09-2017-0087
Fauzi, M. A., Nguyen, M., & Malik, A. (2023). Knowledge sharing and theory of planned behavior: A bibliometric analysis. Journal of Knowledge Management, 28(2), 293–311. https://doi.org/10.1108/jkm-11-2022-0933
Fiedler, A., Casey, C., & Fath, B. (2020). Transnational employee voice and knowledge exchange in the multinational corporation: The European Company (SE) experience. Human Relations, 74(7), 1033–1059. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726720905351
Fullwood, R., Rowley, J., & McLean, J. (2018). Exploring the factors that influence knowledge sharing between academics. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 43(8), 1051–1063. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877x.2018.1448928
Ganguly, A., Talukdar, A., & Chatterjee, D. (2019). Evaluating the role of social capital, tacit knowledge sharing, knowledge quality and reciprocity in determining innovation capability of an organization. Journal of Knowledge Management, 23(6), 1105–1135. https://doi.org/10.1108/jkm-03-2018-0190
Gold, R. L. (1958). Roles in Sociological Field Observations. Social Forces, 36(3), 217–223. https://doi.org/10.2307/2573808
Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1989). Fourth generation evaluation. SAGE.
Guo, Y., Jasovska, P., Rammal, H. G., & Rose, E. L. (2018). Global mobility of professionals and the transfer of tacit knowledge in multinational service firms. Journal of Knowledge Management, 24(3). https://doi.org/10.1108/jkm-09-2017-0399
Haider, S. A., Akbar, A., Tehseen, S., Poulova, P., & Jaleel, F. (2022). The impact of responsible leadership on knowledge-sharing behavior through the mediating role of person–organization fit and moderating role of higher educational institute culture. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 7(4), 100265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2022.100265
Hooff, B., & Ridder, J. A. (2004). Knowledge sharing in context: The influence of Organizational Commitment, communication climate and CMC use on Knowledge sharing. Journal of Knowledge Management, 8(6), 117–130. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270410567675
International Air Transport Association. (2019, June). The importance of air transport to Thailand. International Air Transport Association. https://www.iata.org/en/iata-repository/publications/economic-reports/thailand--value-of-aviation/
Ipe, M. (2003). Knowledge sharing in organizations: A conceptual framework. Human Resource Development Review, 2(4), 337–359. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484303257985
Jamshed, S. (2014). Qualitative research method-interviewing and observation. Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy, 5(4), 87. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-0105.141942
Jennings, G. R. (2005). Business, social science methods used in. Encyclopedia of Social Measurement, 219–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/b0-12-369398-5/00270-x
Joshi, K. D., Sarker, S., & Sarker, S. (2007). Knowledge transfer within information systems development teams: Examining the role of knowledge source attributes. Decision Support Systems, 43(2), 322–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2006.10.003
Karagoz, Y., Whiteside, N., & Korthaus, A. (2020). Context matters: Enablers and barriers to knowledge sharing in Australian public sector ICT projects. Journal of Knowledge Management, 24(8), 1921–1941. https://doi.org/10.1108/jkm-12-2019-0691
Khera, S. N., & Gulati, K. (2015). Training methods and tacit knowledge sharing: Evidence from IT organizations. Jindal Journal of Business Research, 4(1–2), 11–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/2278682116649849
Klein, V. B., & Todesco, J. L. (2021). COVID‐19 crisis and SMEs responses: The role of digital transformation. Knowledge and Process Management, 28(2), 117–133. https://doi.org/10.1002/kpm.1660
Kucharska, W., & Erickson, G. S. (2023). Tacit knowledge acquisition & sharing, and its influence on innovations: A Polish/US cross-country study. International Journal of Information Management, 71, 102647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102647
Kumar, N., & Che Rose, R. (2012). The impact of knowledge sharing and Islamic work ethic on innovation capability. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 19(2), 142–165. https://doi.org/10.1108/13527601211219847
Kumar, R. (2014). Research methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners. SAGE Publications Limited.
Le, Q. N., & Tuamsuk, K. (2021). Motivational factors promoting knowledge sharing in the non-profit sector in Thailand. Information Development, 39(2), 333–343. https://doi.org/10.1177/02666669211047914
Lee, D.-J., & Ahn, J.-H. (2007). Reward systems for intra-organizational knowledge sharing. European Journal of Operational Research, 180(2), 938–956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2006.03.052
Lee, Y., Tao, W., Li, J. -Y.Q., & Sun, R. (2021). Enhancing employees’ knowledge sharing through diversity-oriented leadership and strategic internal communication during the COVID-19 outbreak. Journal of Knowledge Management, 25(6), 1526–1549. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-06-2020-0483
Liao, S., Fei, W.-C., & Chen, C.-C. (2007). Knowledge sharing, absorptive capacity, and innovation capability: An empirical study of Taiwan’s knowledge-intensive industries. Journal of Information Science, 33(3), 340–359. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551506070739
Lin, H. -F. (2007). Effects of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation on employee knowledge sharing intentions. Journal of Information Science, 33(2), 135–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551506068174
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. SAGE.
Majid, M. A., Othman, M., Mohamad, S. F., Lim, S. A., & Yusof, A. (2017). Piloting for interviews in qualitative research: Operationalization and lessons learnt. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(4). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v7-i4/2916
McLarnon, M. J. W., R. Gellatly, I., A. Richards, D., & Arazy, O. (2022). Knowledge sharing processes and the role of attachment patterns. Journal of Knowledge Management, 27(5), 1343–1365. https://doi.org/10.1108/jkm-08-2021-0622
Memon, M. A. B. (2018). A qualitative research on individual barriers to knowledge sharing: Causes and remedies A health-care sector based study. IBT Journal of Business Studies, 14(2), 77–89. https://doi.org/10.46745/ilma.jbs.2018.14.02.07
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2015). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. John Wiley & Sons.
Mertens, D. M. (2014). Research and evaluation in education and psychology: Integrating diversity with quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. SAGE Publications.
Mohd Rasdi, R., & Tangaraja, G. (2020). Knowledge-sharing behaviour in public service organisations: Determinants and the roles of affective commitment and normative commitment. European Journal of Training and Development, 46(3/4), 337–355. https://doi.org/10.1108/ejtd-02-2020-0028
Muhammed, S., & Zaim, H. (2020). Peer knowledge sharing and organizational performance: The role of leadership support and knowledge management success. Journal of Knowledge Management, 24(10), 2455–2489. https://doi.org/10.1108/jkm-03-2020-0227
Muqadas, F., Rehman, M., Aslam, U., & Ur-Rahman, U.-. (2017). Exploring the challenges, trends and issues for knowledge sharing. VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems, 47(1), 2–15. https://doi.org/10.1108/vjikms-06-2016-0036
Natu, S., & Aparicio, M. (2022). Analyzing knowledge sharing behaviors in virtual teams: Practical evidence from digitalized workplaces. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 7(4), 100248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2022.100248
Navanithikul, P., & Chaemchaeng, V. (2023, May 9). Aviation laws and regulations Thailand 2023. International Comparative Legal Guides International Business Reports. https://iclg.com/practice-areas/aviation-laws-and-regulations/thailand
Nonaka, I. (1994). A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation. Organization Science, 5(1), 14–37. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.5.1.14
Nonaka, I., & Konno, N. (1998). The concept of “ba”: Building a foundation for knowledge creation. California Management Review, 40(3), 40–54. https://doi.org/10.2307/41165942
Nonaka, I., & Takeuchi, H. (2019). The Wise Company: How Companies Create Continuous Innovation. Oxford University Press, USA.
Nonaka, I., & Takeuchi, H. (1995). The knowledge-creating company. Oxford University Press.
Nonaka, I., & Toyama, R. (2005). The theory of the knowledge-creating firm: Subjectivity, objectivity and synthesis. Industrial and Corporate Change, 14(3), 419–436. https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dth058
Nguyen, T.-M., Nham, T. P., Froese, F. J., & Malik, A. (2019). Motivation and knowledge sharing: A meta-analysis of main and moderating effects. Journal of Knowledge Management, 23(5), 998–1016. https://doi.org/10.1108/jkm-01-2019-0029
Oh, J., Han, S.-H., Wang, J., & Yoon, S. W. (2023). The influence of social capital on knowledge sharing: The moderated mediator of perceived supervisor support and psychological ownership. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 44(4), 520–542. https://doi.org/10.1108/lodj-02-2023-0054
Osterloh, M., & Frey, B. S. (2000). Motivation, Knowledge Transfer, and Organizational Forms. Organization Science, 11(5), 538–550. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2640344
Oyemomi, O., Liu, S., Neaga, I., & Alkhuraiji, A. (2016). How knowledge sharing and business process contribute to organizational performance: Using the fsQCA approach. Journal of Business Research, 69(11), 5222–5227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.04.116
Rani, S. (2023). Digitization, knowledge conversion and outcomes: Conceptual study of prospects and paradigms for HEIs. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1108/jarhe-05-2023-0220
Riege, A. (2005). Three‐dozen knowledge‐sharing barriers managers must consider. Journal of Knowledge Management, 9(3), 18–35. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270510602746
Scavarelli, A., Arya, A., & Teather, R. J. (2020). Virtual reality and augmented reality in social learning spaces: A literature review. Virtual Reality, 25(1), 257–277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-020-00444-8
Seba, I., Rowley, J. and Delbridge, R. (2012). Knowledge sharing in the Dubai Police Force, Journal of Knowledge Management, 16(1), 114-128. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673271211198972
Sian Lee, C., & Kelkar, R. S. (2013). ICT and knowledge management: Perspectives from the SECI model. The Electronic Library, 31(2), 226–243. https://doi.org/10.1108/02640471311312401
Singh Sandhu, M., Kishore Jain, K., & Umi Kalthom bte Ahmad, I. (2011). Knowledge sharing among public sector employees: Evidence from Malaysia. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 24(3), 206–226. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513551111121347
Soares, A. de J., Pereira, R. B., Baldam, R. de L., & de Francisco, A. C. (2022). Creation of organizational knowledge through a model of standardization of production systems in the paper industry. Journal of Knowledge Management, 27(2), 426–459. https://doi.org/10.1108/jkm-05-2021-0353
Steffen, M. O., Oliveira, M., & Balle, A. R. (2017). Knowledge sharing among companies in a science and technology park. Business Information Review, 34(2), 101–108. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266382117711331
Suhaimee, S., Abu Bakar, A.Z. and Alias, R.A. (2006). Knowledge sharing culture in Malaysian public institution of higher education: An overview, in Proceedings of the Postgraduate Annual Research Seminar, Skudai, Johor, http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/3367/1/Knowledge_Sharing_Culture_in_Malaysian_Public_Institution_of_Higher.pdf
Swift, M. L., & Virick, M. (2013). Perceived Support, Knowledge Tacitness, and Provider Knowledge Sharing. Group & Organization Management, 38(6), 717–742. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601113507597
Tangaraja, G., Mohd Rasdi, R., Ismail, M., & Abu Samah, B. (2015). Fostering knowledge sharing behaviour among public sector managers: A proposed model for the Malaysian public service. Journal of Knowledge Management, 19(1), 121–140. https://doi.org/10.1108/jkm-11-2014-0449
Teh, P., & Sun, H. (2012). Knowledge sharing, job attitudes and organisational citizenship behaviour. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 112(1), 64–82. https://doi.org/10.1108/02635571211193644
Terrell, S. R. (2022). Writing a proposal for your dissertation: Guidelines and examples. Guilford Publications.
The Dubai Police Force. (n.d.). Overview. Retrieved October 13, 2023, from https://www.dubaipolice.gov.ae/wps/portal/home/aboutus/overview
Titi Amayah, A. (2013). Determinants of knowledge sharing in a public sector organization, Journal of Knowledge Management, 17(3), 454-471. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-11-2012-0369
Tønnessen, Ø., Dhir, A., & Flåten, B.-T. (2021). Digital knowledge sharing and creative performance: Work from home during the COVID-19 pandemic. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 170, 120866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120866
Trade and Industry Department. (n.d.). TID: Our mission and values. Retrieved October 13, 2023, from https://www.tid.gov.hk/english/aboutus/deptprofile/mission.html
Tsai, M.-T., Chang, H.-C., Cheng, N.-C., & Lien, C.-C. (2012). Understanding IT professionals’ knowledge sharing intention through KMS: a social exchange perspective. Quality & Quantity, 47(5), 2739–2753. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-012-9685-4
Vătămănescu, E.-M., Bratianu, C., Dabija, D.-C., & Popa, S. (2022). Capitalizing online knowledge networks: From individual knowledge acquisition towards organizational achievements. Journal of Knowledge Management, 27(5), 1366–1389. https://doi.org/10.1108/jkm-04-2022-0273
Wei Chong, C., Yen Yuen, Y. and Chew Gan, G. (2014). Knowledge sharing of academic staff: A comparison between private and public universities in Malaysia, Library Review, 63(3), 203-223. https://doi.org/10.1108/LR-08-2013-0109
Xu, Z., Hao, R., Lyu, X., & Jiang, J. (2024). More sharing, more engagement? The impact of free knowledge sharing on customer engagement in online health communities. Kybernetes, 28(2). https://doi.org/10.1108/k-12-2023-2562
Yao, J., Crupi, A., Di Minin, A., & Zhang, X. (2020). Knowledge sharing and technological innovation capabilities of Chinese software SMEs. Journal of Knowledge Management, 24(3), 607–634. https://doi.org/10.1108/jkm-08-2019-0445
Yao, L. J., Kam, T. H. Y., & Chan, S. H. (2007). Knowledge sharing in Asian public administration sector: The case of Hong Kong. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 20(1), 51–69. https://doi.org/10.1108/17410390710717138
Yeşil, S., & Hırlak, B. (2019). Exploring knowledge-sharing barriers and their implications. Effective Knowledge Management Systems in Modern Society. 99-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5427-1.ch006
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: design and methods. Sixth edition. Los Angeles, SAGE.
Yu, S., Abbas, J., Álvarez-Otero, S., & Cherian, J. (2022). Green knowledge management: Scale development and validation. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 7(4), 100244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2022.100244
Zawawi, A.A., Zakaria, Z., Kamarunzaman, N.Z., Noordin, N., Sawal, M.Z., Junos, N.M., & Najid, N.S. (2011). The study of barrier factors in knowledge sharing: A case study in public university. Management Science and Engineering, 5(1), 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3968/j.mse.1913035X20110501.007