過去的研究指出態度、知覺行為控制與主觀規範是影響行為的重要因素，但也有許多研究指出，知識可能也會影響行為。然而，知識是否會影響行為，在過去一直存在著正反兩面爭議。Ajzen認為與行為本身有關的知識才會影響行為，也推論可能僅有特定行為才能看出知識對行為的影響。因此本研究將行為區分為五種環境行動：生態管理、消費行為、說服行為、法律行動與政治行動，知識分為兩種，一種是海洋環境科學知識，另一種是海洋環境負責任行為知識，而後者也分為這五種環境行動的面向，欲探討是否與行為有關的知識才會影響行為，且想了解針對不同的行為，知識對於行為的相關性。再者，過去的研究指出，性別對於行為也會有顯著差異，但針對性別如何影響行為的研究較為稀少，而少部分研究認為，態度可能是性別與行為的中介變項，因此本研究欲探討性別對於知識與行為的差異，並進一步分析其中介關係。最後，本研究想探討知識、態度、知覺行為控制與主觀規範對於行為的整體影響程度。本研究利用問卷調查，分析了共151位國立臺灣師範大學學生的數據。結果發現：

一、海洋環境科學知識與海洋環境負責任行為意圖並無顯著相關。
二、僅有說服行為的行為知識與說服行為的行為意圖有顯著相關，其餘如生態管理、消費行為、法律行動與政治行動的行為知識，與其對應的行為意圖沒有顯著相關。
三、在海洋環境科學知識中，男性顯著高於女性；在生態管理與消費行為的海洋環境負責任行為意圖方面，女性顯著優於男性；而說服行為、法律行動與政治行動在性別方面未看出顯著差異。
四、在生態管理與消費行為中，態度是性別與行為意圖之間的完全中介變項。
五、在生態管理與說服行為方面，主觀規範對於行為意圖有顯著影響；而消費行為、法律行動與政治行動方面，主觀規範則與行為意圖無顯著影響。
我們發現僅與環境事實有關的知識，確實與海洋環境負責任行為意圖無顯著相關。然而，在與行為本身有關的知識方面，僅有說服行為的行為知識與海洋環境負責任行為意圖有達到顯著相關，而我們認為，這可能跟「犧牲知覺」有關，我們推測說服行為是犧牲程度最小的。性別在知識與行為方面達到顯著差異，但女性在生態管理與消費行為的行為意圖則顯著高於男性，因此我們可以針對男性給予更多的關懷與教育，以期望促進學生形成更積極的海洋環境負責任行為。

Past research has indicated that attitude, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms are significant factors influencing behavior. However, many studies have also pointed out that knowledge might impact behavior. Yet, there has been ongoing debate about whether knowledge affects behavior. Ajzen suggests that knowledge related to the behavior itself is what influences behavior and hypothesizes that only specific behaviors might reveal the impact of knowledge on behavior. Therefore, this study distinguishes behaviors into five types of environmental actions: ecomanagement, consumerism, persuasion, legal action, and political action. Knowledge is categorized into two types: marine scientific knowledge and marine responsible behavior knowledge. This study aims to explore whether knowledge related to the behavior itself affects behavior and to understand the relevance of knowledge to behavior across different types of actions. Additionally, past research has pointed out significant gender differences in behavior, but studies on how gender affects behavior are relatively sparse. Few studies suggest that attitude might mediate the relationship between gender and behavior. Thus, this study seeks to investigate gender differences in knowledge and behavior and further analyze the mediating relationships. Finally, the study examines the overall impact of knowledge, attitude, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms on behavior. Using a survey, data from 151 students at National Taiwan Normal University were analyzed. The results found:
1. There was no significant correlation between marine scientific knowledge and the marine responsible behavior.
2. Only the behavior knowledge related to persuasion behavior was significantly correlated with the intention to engage in persuasion behavior, while the behavior knowledge for ecomanagement, consumerism, legal action, and political action did not show significant correlation with their respective behaviors.
3. In marine scientific knowledge, males scored significantly higher than females; in terms of marine environment responsible behaviors for ecomanagement and consumerism, females scored significantly higher than males; however, there were no significant gender differences in persuasion, legal action, and political action.
4. In ecomanagement and consumerism, attitude fully mediated the relationship between gender and behavior intention.
5. For ecomanagement and persuasion, subjective norms had a significant impact on behavior; however, for consumerism, legal action, and political action, subjective norms did not have a significant impact on behavior.
We found that knowledge specifically related to environmental facts does not significantly correlate with marine responsible behavior. However, among knowledge related to the behavior itself, only persuasion knowledge significantly correlated with marine responsible behavior. We suggest this may be related to "perceived sacrifice," as persuasion behavior involves the least sacrifice. Gender differences in knowledge and behavior were significant, with females showing higher intentions for ecomanagement and consumerism than males. Therefore, we recommend providing more care and education to males to promote more proactive marine responsible behaviors among students.

Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 50(2), 179-211.
Ajzen, I. (2014). Attitude structure and behavior Attitude structure and function (pp. 241-274): Psychology Press.
Ajzen, I., Joyce, N., Sheikh, S., & Cote, N. G. (2011). Knowledge and the prediction of behavior: The role of information accuracy in the theory of planned behavior. Basic and applied social psychology, 33(2), 101-117.
Ajzen, I., & Madden, T. J. (1986). Prediction of goal-directed behavior: Attitudes, intentions, and perceived behavioral control. Journal of experimental social psychology, 22(5), 453-474.
Andrady, A. L. (2011). Microplastics in the marine environment. Marine pollution bulletin, 62(8), 1596-1605.
Andrews, P. H. (1987). Gender differences in persuasive communication and attribution of success and failure. Human Communication Research, 13(3), 372-385.
Arcury, T. (1990). Environmental attitude and environmental knowledge. Human organization, 49(4), 300-304.
Arcury, T. A., & Johnson, T. P. (1987). Public environmental knowledge: A statewide survey. The Journal of Environmental Education, 18(4), 31-37.
Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta‐analytic review. British journal of social psychology, 40(4), 471-499.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of personality and social psychology, 51(6), 1173.
Barone, C. (2011). Some things never change: Gender segregation in higher education across eight nations and three decades. Sociology of education, 84(2), 157-176.
Baskett, M. L., & Barnett, L. A. (2015). The ecological and evolutionary consequences of marine reserves. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 46, 49-73.
Biswas, A., & Roy, M. (2015). Green products: an exploratory study on the consumer behaviour in emerging economies of the East. Journal of cleaner production, 87, 463-468.
Bonnell, A. (2015). Consumer attitudes toward green brands reach all-time high. Retrieved from Market Research: https://blog. marketresearch. com/sustainability-in-america-consumer-attitudes-toward-green-brands-reach-all-time-high.
Borden, R. J., & Schettino, A. P. (1979). Determinants of environmentally responsible behavior. The Journal of Environmental Education, 10(4), 35-39.
Caro, T. M., Pelkey, N., & Grigione, M. (1994). Effects of conservation biology education on attitudes toward nature. Conservation Biology, 8(3), 846-852.
Chen, C.-L., & Tsai, C.-H. (2016). Marine environmental awareness among university students in Taiwan: a potential signal for sustainability of the oceans. Environmental Education Research, 22(7), 958-977.
Chen, Y. S., & Chang, C. H. (2012). Enhance green purchase intentions: The roles of green perceived value, green perceived risk, and green trust. Management decision, 50(3), 502-520.
Chwialkowska, A., & Flicinska‐Turkiewicz, J. (2021). Overcoming perceived sacrifice as a barrier to the adoption of green non‐purchase behaviours. International journal of consumer studies, 45(2), 205-220.
Conner, M., & Armitage, C. J. (1998). Extending the theory of planned behavior: A review and avenues for further research. Journal of applied social psychology, 28(15), 1429-1464.
Dagher, G., Itani, O. S., & Kassar, A. N. (2015). The impact of environment concern and attitude on green purchasing behavior: Gender as the moderator. Contemporary Management Research.
Davidson, D. J., & Freudenburg, W. R. (1996). Gender and environmental risk concerns: A review and analysis of available research. Environment and behavior, 28(3), 302-339.
de Nooijer, J., Lechner, L., & De Vries, H. (2003). Social psychological correlates of paying attention to cancer symptoms and seeking medical help. Social science & medicine, 56(5), 915-920.
DiClemente, R. J. (1989). Prevention of human immunodeficiency virus infection among adolescents: the interplay of health education and public policy in the development and implementation of school-based AIDS education programs. AIDS Education and Prevention.
Diekmann, A. (1992). und Preisendörfer, P.(1992). Persönliches Umweltverhalten: Diskrepanzen zwischen Anspruch und Wirklichkeit. Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, 44 (2), 226-251.
DUNLAP, R. E. (1983). Male-female differences in concern for environmental quality. International journal of Women's Studies, 6(4), 291-301.
Erdogan, M., Akbunar, S., Asik, U. O., Kaplan, H., & Kayir, C. G. (2012). The effects of demographic variables on students' responsible environmental behaviors. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 3244-3248.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1977). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research.
Fisher, J. D., & Fisher, W. A. (1992). Changing AIDS-risk behavior. Psychological bulletin, 111(3), 455.
Fliegenschnee, M., & Schelakovsky, M. (1998). Umweltpsychologie und Umweltbildung: eine Einführung aus humanökologischer Sicht (Wien, Facultas Universita ̈ts Verlag). Kollmuss, A., Agyeman, J.(2002). Mind the gap: Why do people act environmentally, and what are the barriers to pro-environmental behaviour, 239-260.
Friestad, M., & Wright, P. (1999). Everyday persuasion knowledge. Psychology & Marketing, 16(2), 185-194.
Gendall, P., Smith, T. W., & Russell, D. (1995). Knowledge of scientific and environmental facts: a comparison of six countries. Marketing bulletin, 6, 65-74.
Gilligan, C. (1993). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women’s development: Harvard university press.
Godin, G., & Kok, G. (1996). The theory of planned behavior: a review of its applications to health-related behaviors. American journal of health promotion, 11(2), 87-98.
Griskevicius, V., Tybur, J. M., & Van den Bergh, B. (2010). Going green to be seen: status, reputation, and conspicuous conservation. Journal of personality and social psychology, 98(3), 392.
Halpern, B. S., Walbridge, S., Selkoe, K. A., Kappel, C. V., Micheli, F., d'Agrosa, C., . . . Fox, H. E. (2008). A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems. science, 319(5865), 948-952.
Hayes, B. C. (2001). Gender, scientific knowledge, and attitudes toward the environment: A cross-national analysis. Political research quarterly, 54(3), 657-671.
Hines, J. M., Hungerford, H. R., & Tomera, A. N. (1987). Analysis and synthesis of research on responsible environmental behavior: A meta-analysis. The Journal of Environmental Education, 18(2), 1-8.
Hungerford, H. R., & Peyton, R. B. (1980). A paradigm for citizen responsibility: Environmental action. Current Issues VI, 400(166), 0-0.
Hungerford, H. R., & Volk, T. L. (1990). Changing learner behavior through environmental education. The Journal of Environmental Education, 21(3), 8-21.
Hyde, J. S., & Mertz, J. E. (2009). Gender, culture, and mathematics performance. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 106(22), 8801-8807.
Jarman, H. K., Marques, M. D., McLean, S. A., Slater, A., & Paxton, S. J. (2021). Motivations for social media use: Associations with social media engagement and body satisfaction and well-being among adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 50(12), 2279-2293.
Jones, M. P. (1997). Legislator gender and legislator policy priorities in the Argentine Chamber of Deputies and the United States House of Representatives. Policy Studies Journal, 25(4), 613-629.
Jonsson, J. O. (1999). Explaining sex differences in educational choice an empirical assessment of a rational choice model. European sociological review, 15(4), 391-404.
Kaiser, F. G., Wölfing, S., & Fuhrer, U. (1999). Environmental attitude and ecological behaviour. Journal of environmental psychology, 19(1), 1-19.
Kalafatis, S. P., Pollard, M., East, R., & Tsogas, M. H. (1999). Green marketing and Ajzen’s theory of planned behaviour: a cross‐market examination. Journal of consumer marketing, 16(5), 441-460.
Karim, F., Oyewande, A. A., Abdalla, L. F., Ehsanullah, R. C., & Khan, S. (2020). Social media use and its connection to mental health: a systematic review. Cureus, 12(6).
Kellert, S. R., & Berry, J. K. (1987). Attitudes, knowledge, and behaviors toward wildlife as affected by gender. Wildlife Society Bulletin (1973-2006), 15(3), 363-371.
Kemp, S. (2020). Digital 2020: Global digital overview. from https://datareportal.com/
Kempton, W., Boster, J. S., & Hartley, J. A. (1996). Environmental values in American culture: mit Press.
Kollmuss, A., & Agyeman, J. (2002). Mind the gap: why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers to pro-environmental behavior? Environmental Education Research, 8(3), 239-260.
Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). An application of hierarchical kappa-type statistics in the assessment of majority agreement among multiple observers. Biometrics, 363-374.
Laroche, M., Bergeron, J., & Barbaro‐Forleo, G. (2001). Targeting consumers who are willing to pay more for environmentally friendly products. Journal of consumer marketing, 18(6), 503-520.
Law, K. L. (2017). Plastics in the marine environment. Annual review of marine science, 9(1), 205-229.
Likert, R. (1932). A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of psychology.
Lim, H. J., Bong, M., & Woo, Y.-K. (2015). Reading attitude as a mediator between contextual factors and reading behavior. Teachers College Record, 117(1), 1-36.
Lin, Y.-C., Liu, G.-Y., Chang, C.-Y., Lin, C.-F., Huang, C.-Y., Chen, L.-W., & Yeh, T.-K. (2021). Perceived behavioral control as a mediator between attitudes and intentions toward marine responsible environmental behavior. Water, 13(5), 580.
MacKinnon, D. P., & Dwyer, J. H. (1993). Estimating mediated effects in prevention studies. Evaluation review, 17(2), 144-158.
Mahon, D., Cowan, C., & McCarthy, M. (2006). The role of attitudes, subjective norm, perceived control and habit in the consumption of ready meals and takeaways in Great Britain. Food quality and preference, 17(6), 474-481.
Manaktola, K., & Jauhari, V. (2007). Exploring consumer attitude and behaviour towards green practices in the lodging industry in India. International journal of contemporary hospitality management, 19(5), 364-377.
Määttä, Y. (1996). Ympäristökysymysten rationaalinen arvottaminen. Analyysi ihmisten ympäristötietoisuuden yhteiskunnallisuudesta. Suomen ympäristökeskus, Finland (In Finnish).
Mostafa, M. M. (2007). Gender differences in Egyptian consumers’ green purchase behaviour: the effects of environmental knowledge, concern and attitude. International journal of consumer studies, 31(3), 220-229.
Oguguo, B. C., Ajuonuma, J. O., Azubuike, R., Ene, C. U., Atta, F. O., & Oko, C. J. (2020). Influence of Social Media on Students' Academic Achievement. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 9(4), 1000-1009.
Pagiaslis, A., & Krontalis, A. K. (2014). Green consumption behavior antecedents: Environmental concern, knowledge, and beliefs. Psychology & Marketing, 31(5), 335-348.
Pavlou, P. A. (2002). WHAT DRIVES ELECTRONIC COMMERCE? A THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR PERSPECTIVE. Paper presented at the Academy of management proceedings.
Payne, D. L., & Marrero, M. E. (2022). Ocean literacy: The essential principles and fundamental concepts of ocean sciences for learners of all ages. Mediterr Mar Sci, 23(2), 270-276.
Pura, M. (2005). Linking perceived value and loyalty in location‐based mobile services. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 15(6), 509-538.
Quintal, V. A., Lee, J. A., & Soutar, G. N. (2010). Risk, uncertainty and the theory of planned behavior: A tourism example. Tourism management, 31(6), 797-805.
Rahimah, A., Khalil, S., Cheng, J. M. S., Tran, M. D., & Panwar, V. (2018). Understanding green purchase behavior through death anxiety and individual social responsibility: Mastery as a moderator. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 17(5), 477-490.
Rahman, S., Ramakrishnan, T., & Ngamassi, L. (2020). Impact of social media use on student satisfaction in Higher Education. Higher Education Quarterly, 74(3), 304-319.
Reingold, B. (2003). Representing women: Sex, gender, and legislative behavior in Arizona and California: Univ of North Carolina Press.
Reja, U., Manfreda, K. L., Hlebec, V., & Vehovar, V. (2003). Open-ended vs. close-ended questions in web questionnaires. Developments in applied statistics, 19(1), 159-177.
Roth, R. E. (1969). Fundamental concepts for environmental management education (K-16). Environmental Education, 1(2), 65-74.
Roth, R. E. (1980). The whole earth: An EE perspective (Vol. 12, pp. 1-2): Taylor & Francis.
Schahn, J., & Holzer, E. (1990). Studies of individual environmental concern: The role of knowledge, gender, and background variables. Environment and behavior, 22(6), 767-786.
Segev, S. (2015). Modelling household conservation behaviour among ethnic consumers: The path from values to behaviours. International journal of consumer studies, 39(3), 193-202.
Sia, A. P., Hungerford, H. R., & Tomera, A. N. (1986). Selected predictors of responsible environmental behavior: An analysis. The Journal of Environmental Education, 17(2), 31-40.
Smith-Sebasto, N. J. (1995). The effects of an environmental studies course on selected variables related to environmentally responsible behavior. The Journal of Environmental Education, 26(4), 30-34.
Sánchez, M., López-Mosquera, N., & Lera-López, F. (2016). Improving pro-environmental behaviours in Spain. The role of attitudes and socio-demographic and political factors. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 18(1), 47-66.
Stapp, W. B. (1970). Environmental encounters. Environmental Education, 2(1), 35-41.
Summers, L. H. (2005). Remarks at NBER conference on diversifying the science & engineering workforce. The Office of the President, Harvard University.
Thushari, G. G. N., & Senevirathna, J. D. M. (2020). Plastic pollution in the marine environment. Heliyon, 6(8).
Tikka, P. M., Kuitunen, M. T., & Tynys, S. M. (2000). Effects of educational background on students' attitudes, activity levels, and knowledge concerning the environment. The Journal of Environmental Education, 31(3), 12-19.
Van Vugt, M. (2009). Averting the tragedy of the commons: Using social psychological science to protect the environment. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(3), 169-173.
Wallace, L. S. (2002). Osteoporosis prevention in college women: application of the expanded health belief model. American journal of health behavior, 26(3), 163-172.
White, K., & Simpson, B. (2013). When do (and don't) normative appeals influence sustainable consumer behaviors? Journal of Marketing, 77(2), 78-95.
White, K. M., Thomas, I., Johnston, K. L., & Hyde, M. K. (2008). Predicting attendance at peer-assisted study sessions for statistics: Role identity and the theory of planned behavior. The Journal of social psychology, 148(4), 473-492.
Wrong, D. H. (1963). The oversocialized conception of man in modern sociology.
全國法規資料庫（2017）。環境教育法。
吳懷遠. (1982). 高中學生選組輔導之研究. 輔導月刊, 18(3/4), 25-40.
海洋委員會（2020）。國家海洋政策白皮書。
財團法人臺灣網路資訊中心（2020）。2020臺灣網路報告， 。 https://report.twnic.tw/2020/
教育部（2007）。海洋教育政策白皮書。臺北市: 教育部。
黃姵嫙. (2018). 綠色招募活動對組織人才吸引力之影響: 以個人組織配適知覺為中介變數與個人環保態度為干擾變數.
楊巧玲. (2005). 性別化的興趣與能力: 高中學生類組選擇之探究. 台灣教育社會學研究, 5(2), 113-153.
楊冠政（2002）。環境倫理--環境教育的終極目標。環境教育學刊。