研究生: |
張春梅 |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
東方哲學在凱吉(John Cage)作品中的實踐:以《變化的音樂》(Music of Changes)為例 |
指導教授: | 羅基敏 |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
民族音樂研究所 Graduate Institute of Ethnomusicology |
論文出版年: | 2008 |
畢業學年度: | 96 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 103 |
中文關鍵詞: | 凱吉 、變化的音樂 、易經 、禪 |
英文關鍵詞: | John Cage, Music of Changes, Book of Changes, Zen |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:1081 下載:256 |
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凱吉(John Cage, 1912-1992)是二次世界大戰後最重要的前衛作曲家之一。他早期音樂作品的特色,係拓展其師荀白克(Arnold Schönberg, 1874-1951)的十二音列(12-note serialism)作曲手法。1946年開始,受到印度哲學的影響,凱吉培養出對東方哲學的興趣,並發展出其獨特的美學觀,在1950年代早期,又受到禪宗哲學的洗禮,促使凱吉使用「偶然操作」(chance operations)於音樂創作上,以《易經》卜卦方式完成的《變化的音樂》(Music of Changes, 1951),成為凱吉機遇音樂(aleatory music)的代表作。本論文即以《變化的音樂》為重心,探討東方哲學在凱吉音樂作品中的實踐。
論文在第二章首先研究凱吉接觸東方哲學的歷史脈絡,第三章討論凱吉為此作品事先設計好的五類參數之特徵,以及節奏結構型態,第四章則探討這些參數是如何透過《易經》卜卦的方式組合起來,以探討凱吉實際音樂創作與東方哲學之間的關係。
一、外文資料(依作者姓氏字母順序排列)
(一)書籍:
Barrett, William, ed. Zen Buddhism: selected writings of D. T. Suzuki. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, 1956.
Beindle, Reginald Smith. The New Music: The Avant-Grade since 1945, 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
Bernstein, David W., and Christopher Hatch, eds. Writings Through John Cage’s Music, Poetry, and Art. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2001.
Blyth, Reginald Horace. Zen in English Lliterature and Oriental Classics. New York: Dutton, 1960.
Cage, John. Silence: Lectures and Writings. Hanover: Wesleyan University Press, 1961.
______. “Foreword” (1961), in Silence: Lectures and Writings. Hanover: Wesleyan University Press, 1961, ix-xi.【縮寫為1961a】
______. “Composition as Process: I. Changes” (1958), in Silence: Lectures and Writings. Hanover: Wesleyan University Press, 1961, 18-34.【縮寫為1961b】
______. “Composition: To Describe the Process of Composition used in Music of Changes and Imaginary Landscape No. 4” (1952), in Silence: Lectures and Writings. Hanover: Wesleyan University Press, 1961, 57-59.【縮寫為1961c】
______. “Lecture on Nothing” (1961), in Silence: Lectures and Writings. Hanover: Wesleyan University Press, 1961, 109-127.【縮寫為1961d】
______. A Year from Monday: New Lectures and Writings. Hanover: Wesleyan University Press, 1967.
______. M: Writings '67-'72. Hanover: Wesleyan University Press, 1973.
______. Empty Words Writings '73-'78. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 1979.
______. X: Writings '79-'82. Hanover: Wesleyan University Press, 1983.
______. I-VI. Hanover: Wesleyan University Press, 1990.
______. Composition in Retrospect. Cambridge: Exact Change, 1993.
______. John Cage: Writer. Edited by Richard Kostelanetz. New York: Cooper Square Press, 2000.
______. Anarchy. Wesleyan University Press, 2001.
Cage, John, and Daniel Charles. For the Birds: John Cage in Conversation with Daniel Charles. New Hampshire: Marion Boyars Publishers, 1981.
Cage, John, R. Andrew Maass, and Irwin Kremen. The Black Mountain Connection: John Cage, Merce Cunningham, Irwin Kremen, M.C. Richards: The Tampa Museum of Art, September 13-November 22, 1992. Tampa: The Museum, 1992.
Cage, John, and Joan Retallack. Musicage: Cage Muses on Words, Art, Music. Hanover: Wesleyan University Press, 1996.
Coomaraswamy, Ananda K. The Transformation of Nature in Art. New York: Dover Publications, 1934.
Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki. Studies in Zen. New York: Philosophical Library, 1955.
______. Zen and Japanese Culture. New York: Princeton University Press, 1959.
______. Manual of Zen Buddhism. New York: Grove Press, 1960.
______. Essays in Zen Buddhism: First Series. New York: Grove Press, 1961.
______. An Introduction to Zen Buddhism. New York: Grove Press, 1964.
______. What is Zen? New York: Perennial Library, 1972.
______. The Zen Doctrine of No-Mind: The Significance of the Sūtra of Hui-neng(Wei-lang). York Beach, Maine: Samuel Weiser, 1972.
______. Essays in Zen Buddhism: Second Series (The Zen Koan as a Means of Realizing Enlightenment). Boston: Charles E. Tuttle Company, Inc., 1994.
Dickinson, Peter. CageTalk: Dialogues with and about John Cage. New York: University of Rochester Press, 2006.
Duckworth, William. Talking Music: Conversations with John Cage, Philip Glass, Laurie Anderson, and Five Generations of American Experimental Composers. New York: Schirmer Books, 1995.
Everett, Yayoi Uno, and Frederick Lau, eds. Locating East Asia in Western Art Music. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 2004.
Ewen, David. Composers of Tomorrow's Music: A Non-Technical Introduction to the Musical Avant-Garde Movement. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1980.
Fetterman, William. John Cage's Theatre Pieces: Notations and Performances. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1996.
Fleming, Richard, and William Duckworth, eds. John Cage at Seventy-Five. Lewisburg: Associated University Presses, 1989.
Gann, Kyle. American Music in the Twentieth Century. New York: Schirmer Books1997.
Holmes, Thomas B. Electronic and Experimental Music: Pioneers in Technology and Composition, 2th ed. New York & London: Routledge, 2002.
Johnson, Steven, ed. The New York Schools of Music and Visual Arts. New York: Routledge, 2002.
Kostelanetz, Richard, ed. John Cage: An Anthology. New York: Da Capo Press, 1991.
______. John Cage (Ex)plain(ed). New York: Schirmer Books, 1996.
______, ed. Conversing with Cage, 2nd ed. New York & London: Routledge, 2003.
Nicholls, David. American Experimental Music, 1890-1940. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
______, ed. American Music. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
______, ed. The Cambridge Companion to John Cage. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Nyman, Michael. Experimental Music: Cage and Beyond. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Patterson, David W., ed. John Cage: Music, Philosophy, and Intention, 1933-1950. New York: Routledge, 2002.
Perloff, Marjorie, and Charles Junkerman, eds. John Cage: Composed in America. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994.
Pritchett, James. The Music of John Cage. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Revill, David. The Roaring Silence: John Cage, a Life. New York: Arcade Publishing, 1992.
Saffle, Michael, ed. Perspectives on American Music, 1900-1950. New York: Garland, 2000.
Samuels, Robert, ed. The Boulez-Cage Correspondence: Documents Collected, Edited and Introduced by Jean-Jacques Nattiez with Francoise Davoine, Hans Oesch and Robert Piencikowski. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
Watts, Alan Wilson. The Spirit of Zen: A Way of Life, Work, and Art in the Far East. New York: Grove Press, 1960.
Wilhelm, Richard, and Cary F. Baynes, The I Ching or Book of Changes, With Forward by Carl G. Jung, 3rd ed.. New York: Bollingen Foundation Inc., 1967. (1st ed. 1950)
(二)論文:
Nelson, Mark Douglas. “Quieting the mind, manifesting mind: The Zen Buddhist roots of John Cage's early chance-determined and indeterminate compositions (with); Motion Alarm I Ching.” Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 1995.
Pritchett, James William. “The Development of Chance Techniques in the Music of John Cage, 1950-1956.” Ph.D. diss., New York University, 1988.
Thorman, Marc. “Speech and Text in Compositions by John Cage, 1950-1992 [and] I Am Right. You Are Wrong (William S. Burroughs, Original composition).“ D.M.A. thesis, City University of New York, 2002.
(三)期刊
Barbara, Joan La. “Voice is the Original Instrument.” Contemporary Music Review 21 (2002): 35-48.
Bernstein, David W. “Techniques of Appropriation in Music of John Cage.” Contemporary Music Review 20 (2001): 71-90.
Cardew, Cornelius. “John Cage-Ghost or Monster?” Leonardo Music Journal 8 (1998): 3-4.
Carroll, Noël. “Cage and Philosophy.” The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 52 (1994): 93-98.
Cross, Lowell. “Reunion: John Cage, Marcel Duchamp, Electronic Music and Chess.” Leonardo Music Journal 9 (1999): 35-42.
Davidian, Teresa. “From Crawford to Cage: Parallels and Transformations.” Musical Quarterly 84 (2000): 664-695.
Dokic, Jérôme. “Music, Noise, Silence: Some Reflections on John Cage.” Angelaki: Journal of the Theoretical humanities 3 (1998): 103-112.
Hollander, John. “Silence.” Perspectives of New Music 1 (1963): 137-141.
Jones, Caroline A. “Finishing School: John Cage and the Abstract Expressionist Ego.” Critical Inquiry 19 (1993): 628-665.
Kobler, John. “Everything We Do is Music.” Saturday Evening Post 241 (1968): 46-94.
Kotz, Liz. “Post-Cagean Aesthetics and the ‘Event’ Score.” October 95 (2001): 54-89.
Levitz, Tamara. “Syvilla Fort’s Africanist Modernism and John Cage’s Gestic Music: The Story of Bacchanale.” The South Atlantic Quarterly 104 (2005): 123-149.
Miller, Leta E. “Henry Cowell and John Cage: Intersections and Influences, 1933-1941.” Journal of the American Musicological Society 59 (2006): 47-111.
Miller, Leta E. “Cage, Cunningham, and Collaborators: The Odyssey of Variations V.” Musical Quarterly 85 (2001): 545-567.
Parsons, Michael. “The Scratch Orchestra and Visual Arts.” Leonardo Music Journal 11 (2001): 5-11.
Perry, Jeffrey. “Cage’s Sonatas and Interludes for Prepared Piano: Performance, Hearing and Analysis.” Music Theory Spectrum 27 (2005): 35-66.
Pritchett, James. “David Tudor as Composer/Performer in Cage’s Variations II.” Leonardo Music Journal 14 (2004): 11-16.
Shaw-Miller, Simon. “”Concerts of Everyday Living’: Cage, Fluxus and Barthes, Interdisciplinarity and Inter-Media Events.” Art History 19 (1996): 1-25.
Weisser, Benedict. “John Cage: ‘...The Whole Paper Would Potentially be Sound’: Time-Brackets and the Number Pieces (1981-92).” Perspectives of New Music 41 (2003): 176-225.
二、中文資料(依出版年代排列)
(一)書籍
鈴木大拙。《禪佛教入門》,李世傑 譯。台北市:協志,1970。
______。《禪學隨筆》(Studies in Zen),孟祥森 譯。台北:志文出版,1972。
______。《禪思想‧禪行為‧禪問答》,李岳勳 譯。台北:政大印書館,1975。
______。《禪天禪地》(The Field of Zen),徐進夫 譯。台北:志文出版,1981。
杜默靈 等著。《禪的公案探究》,徐進夫 編譯。台北:武陵出版,1983。
鈴木大拙。《念佛人》,余萬居 譯。台北市:天華,1984。
王正凱 編著。《周易本論》。台北:北開文化,1985。
秋月龍珉 著。《鈴木大拙的生平與思想》。台北:天華,1987。
南懷瑾 講述。《易經雜說(一)—易經哲學之研究》。台北市:古老文化,1987。
張弓長 編輯。《禪與詩》。台北縣:常春樹書坊,1987。
布列斯( Reginald Horace Blyth) 著。《禪與英國文學》(Zen in English Lliterature and Oriental Classics),徐進夫 譯。台北市:幼獅文化,1988。
鈴木大拙 等著。《禪與藝術》,劉大悲 譯。台北:天華,1988。
______。《禪者的思索》,未也 譯。北京市:中國青年出版社,1989。
鈴木大拙、佛洛姆。《禪與心理分析》(Zen Buddhism and Psychoanalysis),孟祥森 譯。台北:志文出版,1989。
鈴木大拙。《禪與生活》(Zen Buddhism),劉大悲 譯。台北:志文出版,1990。
______。《禪與日本文化》(Zen Buddhism and Its Influence on Japanese Culture),陶剛 譯。台北:桂冠圖書,1992。
______。《耶教與佛教的神秘教》(Mysticism: Christian and Buddhist),徐進夫 譯。台北:志文出版,1992。
______。《鈴木大拙禪論集:歷史發展》(Essays in Zen Buddhism),徐進夫 譯。台北:志文出版,1992。
______。《禪學入門》(An Introduction to Zen Buddhism),謝思煒 譯。台北:桂冠圖書,1992。
______。《鈴木大拙禪論集:開悟第一》(Essays in Zen Buddhism),徐進夫 譯。台北:志文出版,1993。
顧偉康。《拈花微笑:禪宗的機鋒》。台北:風雲時代,1993。
張育英。《禪與藝術》。台北:揚智文化,1994。
蘭絲‧羅斯(Nancy Wilson Ross) 編。《禪的世界》(The World of Zen),徐進夫 譯。台北:志文出版,1994。
潘平、明立志 編。《胡適說禪》。台北:九儀,1995。
張善文。《易經初階》。台北:頂淵文化,1996。
李易儒 講解。《易經之道(一)》。台北縣:藍登文化,1999。
余丹紅。《放耳聽世界—約翰‧凱奇傳》。上海:上海音樂出版社,2001。
周裕鍇。《禪宗語言》。台北:世界宗教博物館基金會,2002。
張節末。《禪宗美學》。台北:世界宗教博物館基金會,2003。
曾春海。《易經的哲學原理》。台北:文津出版社,2003。
朱伯崑。《易學基礎教程》。台北:志遠書局,2004。
全佛編輯部。《佛教的宗派》。台北:全佛文化,2004。
宋瑾。《西方音樂:從現代到後現代》。上海:上海音樂出版社,2004。
吳怡。《公案禪語》。台北:東大圖書,2004。
鍾子林。《西方現代音樂概述》。北京:人民音樂,2004。
姜一涵。《易經美學十二講》。台北:典藏藝術家庭,2005。
(二)論文
許萓庭。〈初探美國二十世紀非傳統鋼琴技巧:以柯維爾、凱基、克倫姆之作品為例〉。國立中山大學音樂學系,碩士論文,2004。
顏崇勝。〈機遇音樂探究〉。國立台灣師範大學音樂研究所,碩士論文,2004。
(三)期刊
鈴木大拙 著。〈禪與儒教在日本〉,李孟翰 譯。《新覺生》No. 8: 9(九月號,1970):8-11。
______。〈禪與劍道〉,李孟翰 譯。《新覺生》No. 9: 3(三月號,1971):7-13。
______。〈禪與俳句〉,李孟翰 譯。《新覺生》No. 9: 6(六月號,1971):10-17。
幼獅月刊 編輯。〈鈴木大拙著作目錄〉。《幼獅月刊》No. 223(七月號,1971):44-47。
邢光祖。〈鈴木大拙與胡適之〉。《幼獅月刊》No. 223(七月號,1971):28-29。
秋月龍珉 著。〈鈴木大拙之生平〉,邱祖明 譯。《幼獅月刊》No. 223(七月號,1971):20-27。
楊君實。〈胡適與鈴木大拙〉。《幼獅月刊》No. 223(七月號,1971):41-43。
鈴木大拙 著。〈依禪而生〉,李岳勳 譯。《新覺生》No. 11: 1(一月號,1973):11-15。
______。〈依禪而生〉,李岳勳 譯。《新覺生》No. 11: 2/3(三月號,1973):13-18。
______。〈依禪而生〉,李岳勳 譯。《新覺生》No. 11: 5(五月號,1973):20-27。
______。〈依禪而生〉,李岳勳 譯。《新覺生》No. 11: 6(六月號,1973):19-20。
______。〈現代世界與禪的精神〉,李岳勛 譯。《海潮音》No. 54: 8(八月號,1973):19-20。
______。〈依禪而生〉,李岳勳 譯。《新覺生》No. 11: 9(九月號,1973):18-21。
______。〈東洋思想的不二性〉,李岳勛 譯。《海潮音》No. 55: 2(二月號,1974):18-20。
______。〈東洋思想的不二性(續完)〉,李岳勛 譯。《海潮音》No. 55:32(三月號,1974):16-19。
______。〈佛教哲學的根據〉,李日章 譯。《中國佛教》No. 26: 7(四月號,1982):35-46。
______。〈禪的精神之契會〉,徐進夫 譯。《藝壇》No. 200(十一月號,1984):8-14。
傅偉勳。〈胡適‧鈴木大拙‧與禪宗精髓〉。《海潮音》No. 66: 2(二月號,1985):5-17。
鈴木大拙 著。〈論如來〉,孫富支 譯。《獅子吼》No. 30: 10(十月號,1991):19-25。
古田紹欽 著。〈鈴木大拙〉,林慶彰 譯。《國文天地》No. 131(四月號,1996):20-25。
夏灩洲。〈美國樂壇怪杰──約翰‧凱奇(John Cage)其人其作〉。《交響:西安音樂學院學報》No.3(1996):65-67。
余丹紅。〈從預制鋼琴到《4分33秒》〉。《音樂藝術:上海音樂學院學報》No.1(2000): 54-64。
葉維廉。〈道家精神、禪宗與美國前衛藝術:契奇(John Cage)和卡普羅(Allan Kaprow)〉。《中外文學》No.342(十一月號,2000):139-182。
秦就。〈從東方到西方的禪文學〉。《人生雜誌》No. 208(十二月號,2000):16-21。
鄭倩琳。〈胡適與鈴木大拙禪學論諍試探〉。《東方人文學誌》No. 1: 2(六月號,2002):23-37。
郭珍弟。〈John Cage的留白—我的註解,關於《問風》〉。《電影欣賞季刊》No.113(秋季號,2002):19-21。
田藝苗。〈砍柴打水都是道:約翰‧凱奇與東方哲學〉。《音樂愛好者》No.3(2005):40-41。
陳美杏。〈「四分三十三秒」:一件音樂作品的啟發〉。《美育》No.150(三月號,2006):91-96。
三、樂譜
Cage, John. Metamorphosis. New York: Henmar Press of C. F. Peters, 1961.
Cage, John. Music of Changes. New York: Henmar Press of C. F. Peters, 1961.
四、影音資料
Cage, John. Music of Changes. W. Germany, 1988. CD.
五、網路資訊
http://www.wikipedia.org/
http://wordpedia.eb.com/
http://www.grovemusic.com
http://www.akirarabelais.com/i/i.html;摘錄於5 November 2007。
http://xserve.math.nctu.edu.tw/people/cpai/carnival/fibonacci/index.htm;摘錄於15 January 2008。