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研究生：	鍾欣戎 Hsin-Jung Chung
論文名稱：	翻譯記憶軟體對軟體本土化業者及自由譯者雙方關係之影響－以台灣軟體本土化產業之TRADOS為例 The Impacts of Translation Memory on the Buyer-Supplier Relationship – A Case Study of TRADOS in Taiwan's Software Localization Industry
指導教授：	陳子瑋 Chen, Tze-Wei
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	翻譯研究所 Graduate Institute of Translation and Interpretation
論文出版年：	2005
畢業學年度：	93
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	228
中文關鍵詞：	軟體中文化、翻譯記憶 (TM) 、TRADOS 、買方、供應方、買方與供應方之關係
英文關鍵詞：	software localization, translation memory (TM), TRADOS, buyers, suppliers, buyer-supplier relationships
論文種類：	學術論文
相關次數：	點閱：432 下載：21
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有鑑於翻譯記憶軟體（TM）改變了譯者的工作方式，本研究旨在檢視TRADOS作為一種工具及科技發明，是否影響了臺灣軟體本土化產業中，軟體本土化業者（採購者）及使用TRADOS之自由譯者（供應者）間的議價力量，及整體買賣雙方之關係。本研究以Porter（1985）之部份五力模型及Ramsay（1995）之資源依賴論作為研究架構。研究調查方式為訪談，共收集七位軟體本土化業者及七位TRADOS自由譯者之資料。研究發現，決定買方議價力量較高之八項條件中，只有四項適用於軟體本土化業者。就資源依賴論而言，雖然軟體本土化業者所提供之價格無法吸引TRADOS自由譯者，但業者充份了解市場及供應商表現，可藉以獲得議價能力。而TRADOS自由譯者方面，決定供應方議價力量較高之六項條件中，三項適用於TRADOS自由譯者。根據資源依賴論，譯者之翻譯總成本偏低及翻譯速度快，則讓譯者擁有一些議價力量。整體而言，軟體本土化業者及TRADOS自由譯者之議價力量皆為中等，而譯者之產品對業者有吸引力，但業者之價格不一定吸引譯者。

In view of the changes brought by translation memory (TM) in the way translators work, the researcher aims to examine whether TRADOS, as a tool and technological innovation, affects the bargaining power of the software localization vendors and freelance TRADOS translators as buyers and suppliers in Taiwan's software localization industry, as well as the buyer-supplier relationship as a whole. The research is based upon the extracts of Porter's (1985) Five Forces Model and Ramsay's (1995) resource exchange theory. Seven software localization vendors and seven freelance TRADOS translators are interviewed in total. The research findings show that four out of eight criteria for a powerful buyer group are verified for the software localization vendors. Looking from the aspect of resource exchange theory, although the attractiveness of money offered by the vendors is not high, vendors possess full information of the market and suppliers' performance, which gives them the power to bargain. Regarding the freelance TRADOS translators, three out of six conditions determining a powerful supplier group are verified. Translators' low total cost of translating and fast delivery of translation give them some bargaining power, according to resource exchange theory. In general, both groups possess medium bargaining power. However, while the product of translators appeals to the vendors, the money offered by the vendors is not necessarily attractive to the translators.

Table of Contents
English Abstract    i
Chinese Abstract    ii
Acknowledgement    iv
List of Tables    xiii
List of Figures    xvi
Chapter 1 Introduction    1
1.1 Research motivation    1
1.2 Research background    2
1.3 Research objectives    4
1.4 Research structure    5
Chapter 2 Literature Review    7
2.1 Software localization industry status quo    7
2.1.1 International localization industry    7
2.1.1.1 Market size    8
2.1.1.2 Industry participants    8
2.1.3 Software localization industry in Taiwan    10
2.1.3.1 Market size    10
2.1.3.2 Software localization    11
2.2 Translation memory overview    12
2.2.1 Definition    12
2.2.2 Creation    14
2.2.3 Functions    15
2.2.3.1 Pre-translation    15
2.2.3.2 Fuzzy matching    15
2.2.3.3 Text segmentation    16
2.2.3.4 Translation alignment    16
2.2.3.5 Integrated terminology repositories    17
2.2.3.6 Concordance search    18
2.2.3.7 Peripheral functionality    18
2.2.4 Two approaches to TM    18
2.2.4.1 Sentence-level processing    19
2.2.4.2 Character-string-within-a-bitext (CSB)-based approach    20
2.2.5 Benefits    22
2.2.5.1 Consistency    22
2.2.5.2 Speed    22
2.2.5.3 Quality of translation experience    23
2.2.5.4 Other benefits    23
2.2.6 Drawbacks    23
2.2.6.1 Limited applicability    24
2.2.6.2 Limited real gains in productivity    24
2.2.6.3 Risk of losing the original formatting    24
2.2.6.4 Affected translation process    25
2.2.6.5 Pricing issue    25
2.2.6.6 Other disadvantages    25
2.2.7 TRADOS    26
2.3 Buyer-supplier relationships    29
2.3.1 Porter's Five Forces Model    29
2.3.1.1 Buyer-Supplier relationship in this research    32
2.3.1.2 Buyer's power    35
2.3.1.3 Supplier's power    37
2.3.1.4 Technological innovation    39
2.3.1.5 Technology and buyer power    39
2.3.1.6 Technology and supplier power    40
2.3.2 Resource exchange and power    40
2.3.2.1 Resource attractiveness    42
2.3.2.2 Money    42
2.3.2.3 Determinants of money attractiveness    43
2.3.2.4 Products    44
2.3.2.5 Determinants of product attractiveness    44
2.3.2.6 Resource availability    45
2.5 Research questions    45
Chapter 3 Methodology    47
3.1 Research focus    47
3.2 Research framework    48
3.3 Research subjects    53
3.3.1 Software localization vendors in Taiwan    53
3.3.2 Freelance translators using TRADOS    54
3.4 Collection of data    55
3.4.1 Survey design    55
3.4.2 Survey questions for software localization vendors    56
3.4.3 Survey questions for freelance TRADOS translators    62
3.5 Data analysis procedures    66
Chapter 4 Results    67
4.1 Background information of the respondents    67
4.1.1 Software localization vendors    69
4.1.2 Freelance TRADOS translators    72
4.2 Responses from software localization vendors    74
4.2.1 Cost-related questions    74
4.2.2 Product-related questions    87
4.2.3 Information-related questions    100
4.2.4 Other questions    107
4.3 Responses from freelance TRADOS translators    112
4.3.1 Cost-related questions    112
4.3.2 Product-related questions    119
4.3.3 Buyer-related questions    128
4.3.4 Other questions    132
4.4 Summary of the results    133
Chapter 5 Analyses    137
5.1 The power of the software localization vendors and freelance TRADOS translators    137
5.1.1 Concentration of the software localization vendors and freelance TRADOS translators    137
5.1.2 Purchase volume of the software localization vendors    138
5.1.3 Total cost of the software localization vendors    140
5.1.4 Switching costs for the software localization vendors    141
5.1.5 Product differentiation    142
5.1.6 Substitute product    142
5.1.7 Important business input to the software localization vendors    143
5.1.8 Information possessed by the software localization vendors    143
5.1.9 Threat of backward integration posed by the software localization vendors    144
5.1.10 Total cost of product provided by the freelance TRADOS translators    145
5.1.11 Fast delivery of product provided by the freelance TRADOS translators    145
5.1.12 Switching costs for the freelance TRADOS translators    146
5.1.13 Attractiveness of price offered by the software localization vendors    147
5.1.14 Threat of forward integration posed by the freelance TRADOS translators    147
5.2 General examination of the buyer group and supplier group    147
5.3 Summary    150
Chapter 6 Conclusions    153
6.1 Summary of the research    153
6.2 Research findings    155
6.3 Summarized research findings    157
6.3.1 Software localization vendors – medium bargaining power    157
6.3.2 Freelance TRADOS translators – medium bargaining power    158
6.3.3 Attractiveness of money    159
6.3.4 Attractiveness of translation output    159
6.3.5 Overall relationship    159
6.4 Limitations    160
6.4.1 Population – unclear population of the buyer side    160
6.4.2 Population problem – unclear population of the supplier side    160
6.4.3 Lack of heterogeneous samples of experienced freelance TRADOS translators    161
6.4.4 Lack of heterogeneous samples of members of software localization industry    161
6.4.5 Viewpoint of the vendors    162
References    163
Appendix A  Interview questions for software localization vendors (Chinese)    169
Appendix B  Interview questions for software localization vendors (English)    172
Appendix C  Interview questions for freelance TRADOS translators (Chinese)    175
Appendix D  Interview questions for freelance TRADOS translators (English)    178
Appendix E  Interview results for software localization vendors (Chinese)    181
Interview results for software localization vendors: Respondent A    182
Interview results for software localization vendors: Respondent B    185
Interview results for software localization vendors: Respondent C    187
Interview results for software localization vendors: Respondent D    192
Interview results for software localization vendors: Respondent E    195
Interview results for software localization vendors: Respondent F    199
Interview results for software localization vendors: Respondent G    201
Appendix F  Interview results for freelance TRADOS translators (Chinese)    203
Interview results for freelance TRADOS translators: Respondent A    204
Interview results for freelance TRADOS translators: Respondent B    205
Interview results for freelance TRADOS translators: Respondent C    207
Interview results for freelance TRADOS translators: Respondent D    208
Interview results for freelance TRADOS translators: Respondent E    210
Interview results for freelance TRADOS translators: Respondent F    211
Interview results for freelance TRADOS translators: Respondent G    212

List of Tables
Table 3.1  Data to be collected and their details    52
Table 3.2  Powerful buyer group's determinants factors and factors to be examined for buyers    57
Table 3.3  Determinants of attractiveness and attractiveness factors to be examined for products    58
Table 3.4  Factors to be examined for buyers and survey questions    58
Table 3.5  Powerful supplier group's determinant factors and factors to be examined for suppliers    63
Table 3.6  Determinants of attractiveness for money and Attractiveness factors to be examined for money    63
Table 3.7  Factors to be examined for suppliers and survey questions    64
Table 4.1  Respondents – the software localization vendors    69
Table 4.2  Respondents – the freelance TRADOS translators    69
Table 4.3  Background information of respondents – the software localization vendors    71
Table 4.4  Background information of respondents – the freelance TRADOS translators    73
Table 4.5  Answers of software localization vendors for Question No. 3    77
Table 4.6  Answers of software localization vendors for Question No. 5    79
Table 4.7  Answers of software localization vendors for Question No. 6    82
Table 4.8  Answers of software localization vendors for Question No. 13    83
Table 4.9  Answers of software localization vendors for Question No. 14    85
Table 4.10  Answers of software localization vendors for Question No. 15    86
Table 4.11  Answers of software localization vendors for Question No.1    90
Table 4.12  Answers of software localization vendors for Question No. 2    91
Table 4.13  Answers of software localization vendors for Question No. 4    93
Table 4.14  Answers of software localization vendors for Question No. 8    95
Table 4.15  Answers of software localization vendors for Question No. 9    97
Table 4.16  Answers of software localization vendors for Question No. 17    99
Table 4.17  Answers of software localization vendors for question No. 10    102
Table 4.18  Answers of software localization vendors for Question No. 11    104
Table 4.19  Answers of software localization vendors for Question No. 12    107
Table 4.20  Answers of software localization vendors for Question No. 7    109
Table 4.21  Answers of software localization vendors for Question No. 16    111
Table 4.22  Answers of freelance TRADOS translators for Question No. 7    114
Table 4.23  Answers of freelance TRADOS translators for Question No. 10    115
Table 4.24  Answers of freelance TRADOS translators for Question No. 11    117
Table 4.25  Answers of freelance TRADOS translators for Question No. 12    118
Table 4.26  Answers of freelance TRADOS translators for Question No. 15    119
Table 4.27  Answers of freelance TRADOS translators for Question No. 1    122
Table 4.28  Answers of freelance TRADOS translators for Question No. 2    122
Table 4.29  Answers of freelance TRADOS translators for Question No. 4    123
Table 4.30  Answers of freelance TRADOS translators for Question No. 5    125
Table 4.31  Answers of freelance TRADOS translators for Question No. 6    126
Table 4.32  Answers of freelance TRADOS translators for Question No. 13    127
Table 4.33  Answers of freelance TRADOS translators for Question No. 14    128
Table 4.34  Answers of freelance TRADOS translators for Question No. 3    130
Table 4.35  Answers of freelance TRADOS translators for Question No. 9    131
Table 4.36  Answers of freelance TRADOS translators for Question No. 16    131
Table 4.37  Answers of freelance TRADOS translators for Question No. 8    133
Table 5.1  General examination of a powerful buyer group    148
Table 5.2  Attractiveness of money to suppliers    149
Table 5.3  General examination of a powerful supplier group    150
Table 5.4  Attractiveness of products to buyers    150

List of Figures
Figure 2.1  Localization Business Process    12
Figure 2.2  Porter's Five Forces Model    31
Figure 2.3  Buyer-Supplier relationship in this research    35
Figure 2.4  Software localization industry in Taiwan and the focus of this research    46
Figure 3.1  Software localization industry in Taiwan and the focus of this research    48
Figure 3.2  Research Process Flowchart    50
Figure 4.1  Translation experience and TRADOS experience of software localization vendors (except respondent B and C)    72
Figure 4.2  Translation experience and TRADOS experience of freelance TRADOS translators    74
                                

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