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研究生：	應充慧 Ruby Chung-hui Ying
論文名稱：	英文帶稿演講中的贅詞與同步口譯 Redundant Elements in Prepared Speeches and Simultaneous Interpretation
指導教授：	張郇慧 Chang, Hsun-Huei
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	翻譯研究所 Graduate Institute of Translation and Interpretation
論文出版年：	2001
畢業學年度：	89
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	99
中文關鍵詞：	贅詞、同步口譯、重起開頭語、重複語、插入語、填充語、帶稿演講
英文關鍵詞：	redundant elements, simultaneous interpretation, false starts, repetitions, parenthetic remarks, fillers, prepared speech, type-token ratio
論文種類：	學術論文
相關次數：	點閱：170 下載：24
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本文旨在探討英文帶稿演講中的贅詞以及以英語為母語和不以英語為母語的講者，在使用贅詞時有何不同的傾向。本文以十篇正式會議中的講稿為分析對象。文中所分析的四種贅詞包括重起開頭語（false starts）、重複語（repetitions）、插入語（parenthetic remarks）、和填充語（fillers）。此外本文對講稿的TTR亦有分析，以檢視書面講稿中的字彙多樣性。本文的主要結論為：1)帶稿演講的字彙多樣性並不如書面文件一般高；2)在技術類演講中，講者會使用較多的重複語及插入語以利聽眾及口譯員的理解；3)在帶稿演講中重起開頭語和填充語出現的頻率較低，這是因為講者大都照本宣科。

This study examines the redundant elements in English speech texts that are written before a conference and delves into the differences in the use of redundant elements by native and non-native speakers when preparing speech texts. Analysis of this study is based on a corpus consisting of ten authentic speeches. The four redundant elements identified in this study include false starts, repetitions, parenthetic remarks, and filler. The type-token ratio of the speech texts is also analyzed in order to shed light on vocabulary diversity in written texts. Major conclusions of this study include: 1) When interpreting a prepared speech, the workload for the interpreter, especially the memory load associated with high vocabulary diversity, is not as heavy as interpreting a written document; 2) In speeches that feature technical nature, the speaker would help to make the interpreter’s job easier by repeating the keywords or inserting paraphrases of some sentence. 3) Fillers and false starts are less prevailing than repetitions and parenthetic remarks in prepared speech as all the speaker would reads the text verbatim.

Acknowledgement      i
Abstract              ii
Table of Content     iii
List of Tables       vi
List of Figures      vii
Chapter I Introduction                                    1
1.1  Simultaneous Interpretation and its
         Intricacies                                    2
1.2  Research Background                         3
1.3  Approach of the Study                       5
1.4  Scope of the Study      6
1.5  Thesis Outline                               7
Chapter II Written and Spoken Language vs. Translation and Interpretation                                             9
     2.1 Differences in Translation and Interpretation 9
        2.1.1 Time Span                                     10
                2.1.2 Language Accuracy                            11
        2.1.3 Medium                                12
     2.2 Variation Across Written and Spoken Language  13
        2.2.1 Formality                                     13
        2.2.2 Complexity                           14
        2.2.3 Function                                      15
     2.3 Simultaneous Interpretation with Text           16
        2.3.1 Sight Translation                            16
        2.3.2 Simultaneous Interpretation                 17
        2.3.3 SI with Text                         19
     2.4 Written and Spoken Linguistic Features in SI
             with Text                                       20
        2.4.1 Linguistic Features in Speech Text          21
        2.4.2 Linguistic Features in Interpretation    22
     2.5 Redundant Elements in Written Texts Being Read 24
        2.5.1 False Starts                          25
        2.5.2 Repetitions                           25
        2.5.3 Parenthetic Remarks                  26
        2.5.4 Fillers                                        27
        2.5.5 Analysis of Redundant Elements      28
     2.6 Other Features of Written Texts Being Read    29
        2.6.1 Lexical Density                               29
        2.6.2 Sentence Structure                            31
        2.6.3 Departures from the Written Text and
                  Omissions                                 35
        2.6.4 Pauses                                35
        2.6.5 Speed                                 36
Chapter III Research Nature and Calculation of Frequency Counts      38
     3.1 Nature of the Study                       38
     3.2 Corpus Description                        39
        3.2.1 Source of the Corpus                40
        3.2.2 Speakers’ Background               41
        3.2.3 Topics of the Speeches              41
        3.2.4 Length/Speed of the Speeches       42
        3.2.5 Validity of the Data                43
     3.3 Frequency Counts of Redundant Elements          44
     3.4 Computing of TTR                          45
Chapter IV Research Findings                       47
     4.1 Overall Results                           48
     4.2 TTR                                         49
        4.2.1 General Trend                        49
        4.2.2 Discussion                           50
        4.2.3 Implications for Interpreters      52
     4.3 False Starts                                        53
        4.3.1 General Trend                        54
        4.3.2 Discussion                           55
        4.3.3 Implications for Interpreters      56
     4.4 Repetitions                                58
        4.4.1 General Trend                        58
        4.4.2 Discussion                           59
        4.4.3 Implications for Interpreters      62
     4.5 Parenthetic Remarks                       64
        4.5.1 General Trend                        64
        4.5.2 Discussion                           66
        4.5.3 Implications for Interpreters      67
     4.6 Fillers                                    68
        4.6.1 General Trend                        68
        4.6.2 Discussion                           69
        4.6.3 Implications for Interpreters      71
     4.7 Suggestions                                71
Chapter V Conclusion                                 74
     5.1 Research Limitations                               75
        5.1.1 Representativeness of the Corpus            75
        5.1.2 Missing Interpreters                 76
        5.1.3 Lack of Nonverbal Analysis                   77
        5.1.4 Other Limitations                             78
     5.2 Major Conclusions                          79
     5.3 Implications for Future Studies                   82
References                                            84
Appendix A                                            91
Appendix B                                            96
Appendix C                                                 99
                                

Essays
Anderson, Linda. (1994). Simultaneous Interpretation: Contextual and Translation Aspects. In Bridging the Gap: Empirical Research in Simultaneous Interpretation, ed. by Sylvie Lambert and Barbara Moser-Mercer. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 101-120.
Al-Khanji, Rajai, Said El-Shiyab, and Riyadh Hussein. (2000). On the Use of Compensatory Strategies in Simultaneous Interpretation. Meta, XLV, 3.
Baddely, Allen. (1997). Simultaneous Interpretation and Working Memory. Interviewed by Ingrid Kurz. Jerome Quarterly, 12-4, 13-14.
Baddely, Allen, and G. Hitch. (1974). Working Memory. Recent Advances in Learning and Motivation, Vol.8, New York: Academic Press.
Barik, Henri C. (1994). A Description of Various Types of Omissions, Additions, and Errors of Translation Encountered in Simultaneous Interpretation. In Bridging the Gap: Empirical Reaserch in Simultaneous Interpretation, ed. by Sylvie Lambert and Barbara Moseedr-Mercer. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 121-137.
Barik, Henri.C. (1973). Simultaneous Interpretation: Temporal and Quantitative Data. Language and Speech, 16, 237-270.
Chang, H.H. (1997). Written and Spoken Linguistic Features in Interpretation. Paper presented at the 1st International Symposium on Translation and Interpretation, Jan. 1997.
Daró, Valeria (1995). Memory in Conference Interpretation. A Cognitive Approach to Interpreter Training, ed. by Sylvie Lambert. Amsterdam: John Benjamins
Daró, Valeria. (1997). Experimental Studies on Memory in Conference Interpretation. Meta, XLII, 4.
Gile, Daniel. (1990). Research Proposals for Interpreters. Aspects of Applied and Experimental Research on Conference Interpretation, ed. by Laura Gran and Christopher Taylor. Udine: Campanotto Editore. 226-235.
Gile, Daniel. (1991). Methodological Aspects of Translation (and Interpretation) Research. Target 3:2. 153-174.
Gile, Daniel. (1997). Conference Interpreting as a Cognitive Management Problem. Cognitive Processes in Translation and Interpreting, ed. by J.H. Danks, G.M. Shreve, G.M. Fountain and M.K. McBeath. London: Sage Publication. 196-214.
Gile, Daniel. (1998). Observational Studies and Experimental Studies in the Investigation of Conference Interpreting. Target 10:1 69-93.
Her, Emily. (1997). Binary Error Analysis of Sight Interpretation from English into Chinese and Its Pedagogical Implications. Studies of Interpretation and Translation, No.2. Association of Interpretation and Translation, ROC. 111-135.
Kourganoff, Vladimir. (1980). Quelques traquenards du theme scientifique anglais. Traduire N.103. 4-6.
Lee, Tae-hyung. (1999). Simultaneous Listening and Speaking in English into Korean Simultaneous Interpretation. Meta, XLIV, 4.
Messina, Alessandro. (1998). The Reading aloud of English Language Texts in Simultaneously Interpreted Conference. Interpreting Vol.3(2), 1998. 147-161.
Migueléz, Cynthia. (2000). Translating for Interpreters. ATA Chronicle, February 2000.
Moser-Mercer, Barbara, Alexander Kunzli, and Marina Korac (1998). Prolonged Turns in Interpreting: Effects on Quality, Physiological and Psychological stress (Pilot study). Interpreting Vol. 3(1), 47-64.
Weber, W.K. (1990). The Importance of Sight Translation in an Interpreter Training Program. Interpreting- Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow, ed. by D.M. Bowen. American Translators Association Scholarly Monograph Series Vol. IV. New York: State University of New York at Binghamton. 44-52.

Books
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 2000.
Biber, Douglas. 1988. Variation across Speech and Writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Déjean Le Féal, K. 1978. Lectures et improvisations : Incidences de la forme de lenonciation sur la traduction simultanee. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Universite de la Sorbonne Nouvelle, Paris.
Dillinger, Michael L. 1989. Component Processes of Simultanious Interpreting. Ph.D. dissertation, McGill University, Montreal.
Gile, Daniel. 1995a. Basic Concepts and Models for Interpreter and Translator Training. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Gile, Daniel. 1995b. Regards sur la recherché en interprétation de conference. Lille: Presses Universitaires de Lille.
Halliday, M.A.K. 1989. Spoken and Written Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jones, Roderick. 1998. Conference Interpreting Explained. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.
Lamber, Sylvie, and Barbara Moser-Mercer (eds). 1994. Bridging the Gap: empirical research in simultaneous interpretation. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Lederer, M., and Danica Seleskovitch. 1984. Interpreter pour Traduire. Paris: Didier Erudition.
Marquez, Alex and Marta Marquez. 1987. The New Interpreters Handbook. Anaheim, California: Iberia Language Press.
Morreale, Sherwyn P., and Courtland L. Bovée. 1998. Excellence in Public Speaking. Orlando, FO: Harcourt Brace & Company.
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Seleskovitch, Danica. 1978. Interpreting for International Conference. Washington D.C.: Pen and Booth.
Websites
http://papyr.com/hypertextbooks/engl_126/complex.htm
http://greywww.kub.nl:2080/greyfiles/itk/1994/doc/52.pdf
http://midwich.reading.ac.uk/calc/unit3.htm
http://home.plex.nl/~jgraus/thesis/content/ch4.htm
CD-ROM
World Conference on Information Technology 2000 Commemorative CD-ROM.

期刊
李長栓（1998）英漢同聲傳譯的技巧。中國翻譯，1998年第六期。頁12-15。
陳彥豪（1997）口譯如何傳達並行語言的訊息。翻譯學研究集刊，第三輯。中華民國翻譯學學會。頁167-176。
黃素月（1996）從比較語言學來探討口譯的問題。翻譯學研究集刊，創刊號。中華民國翻譯學學會。頁91-102。
湯麗明（1996）大學口譯「入門課程」英譯中視譯練習之運用與教學建議。翻譯學研究集刊，創刊號。中華民國翻譯學學會。頁141-161。
鮑川運（1998）同步口譯的過程及分神能力的訓練。翻譯學研究集刊，第三輯。中華民國翻譯學學會。頁21-36。
書
李佩芝（2000）逐步口譯筆記之研究—學生學習行為探討。國立台灣師範大學翻譯研究所碩士論文。
周兆祥（1997）專業翻譯。香港：商務印書館。
胡龍騰、黃瑋瑩、潘中道合譯（2000）Ranjit Kumar原著。研究方法－步驟化學習指南。台北：學富文化。
楊承淑（2000）口譯教學研究：理論與實踐。台北：輔仁大學
劉宓慶（1993）當代翻譯理論。台北：書林。
劉靖之（1993）翻譯論集。台北：書林。

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