團體諮商對個人心理健康的改善有其有效性。但鮮少有研究瞭解團體歷程的過程發展。本研究目的為探討團體成員在團體諮商過程中的情緒發展及轉換。本研究以12次的非結構團體團體諮商，選取一共8位年齡介於18至30歲之間的成人為團體成員。以基底情緒結構變化歷程理論為編碼的序列分析來探討團員在團體過程中的情感行為之轉移。研究發現團體前期及團體後期有數個情感行為的轉移， 療效因子會依據研究發現再進行討論。

Group counseling had its effectiveness on improvement for individual’s psychological well-being. However, little was known about what happened within the group process.
Therefore, the purpose of this study was to discover the process of group members’ emotion developed and transitioned throughout the group counseling. Researcher conducted 12 sessions of unstructured group with 8 members. Members’ ages were in between 18 to 30. A sequential analysis with the coding based on Fundamental repetitive and maladaptive emotion structure (FRAMES) helped to identify the change of member’s affective behaviour in the group process. As results shown several transition of affective behaviour in early group stage and late group stage, group therapeutic factors were discussed based on the findings.

Beck, A. P., & Lewis, C. M. (2000). The process of group psychotherapy: Systems for analyzing change. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10378-000
Bakeman, R. & Gottman, J. M. (1997). Observing interaction: An introduction to sequential analysis (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and Loss: Volume I, Attachment (2nd Ed.). BasicBooks.
Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: parent-child attachment and healthy human development. Basic Books.
Davis, P. S., Edwards, K. J., & Watson, T. S. (2015). Using Process-Experiential/Emotion-Focused Therapy Techniques for Identity Integration and Resolution of Grief among Third Culture Kids. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, 54, 170–186. https://doi.org/10.1002/johc.12010
Duarte, M. E. (2017). Counseling and well-being: on the road to realities. British Journal of Guidance & Counseling, 45(5), 508–518. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2017.1309641
Eddington, K. M., Burgin, C.J., Silvial, C. J., Fallah, N., Majestic, C., & Kwapi, T. R.(2017). The Effects of Psychotherapy for Major Depressive Disorder on Daily Mood and Functioning: A Longitudinal Experience Sampling Study. Cogn Ther Res, 41, 266–277.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-016-9816-7
Erford, B. V., Kress, V. E., Giguere, M., Cieri, D., & Erford, B. M. (2015). Meta-analysis: Counseling Outcomes for Youth with Anxiety Disorders. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 37 (1), 63–94. https://doi.org/10.17744/mehc.37.1.mgj66326868u33g2
Frey, D. H., & Raming, H. E. (1979). A Taxonomy of Counseling Goals and Methods. Personnel and Guidance Journal, 58, 26–31.
Girz, L., Driver-Linn, E., Miller, G. A., & Deldin, P. J. (2017). Evaluation of Life Events in Major Depression: Assessing Negative Emotional Bias. Clinical
Psychology and Psychotherapy, 24, 661–669. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2033
Greenberg, L.S. (2002). Integrating an Emotion-Focused Approach to Treatment into Psychotherapy Integration. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration,
12(2), 154–189. https://doi.org/10.1037//1053-0479.12.2.154
Holloway, J. D. (2005). Guilt can do good. Monitor on Psychology, 36(10). https://www.apa.org/monitor/nov05/guilt
Khayyat-Abuaita, U., Paivio, S., Pascual-Leone, A., & Harrington, S. (2019). Emotional Processing of Trauma Narratives Is a Predictor of Outcome in Emotion-Focused Therapy for Complex Trauma. American Psychological Association, 56(4), 526–536. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000238
Li, D., Duys, D. K., & Granelloc, D. H. (2019). Interactional patterns of clinical supervision: using sequential analysis. Asia pacific journal of counseling and psychotherapy, 10(1), 70–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/21507686.2018.1553791
Lin, R. C., & Liu, K. H. (1998). Sequential Analysis Applied to Counseling Process Research: Two Cases Study. Journal of Taiwan Normal University Education, 43(1), 49–86. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-0167.36.3.357
Liu, K. H., & Lu, C. F. (1997). A Study on Counsellor and Client’s Interaction in Counseling Process. Journal of Taiwan Normal University Education, 42, 35–57. https://doi.org/10.3966/2073753X1997104201003
Newsom, C., Schut, H., Stroebe, M. S., Wilson, S., Birrell, J., Moerbeek, M., & Eisma, M. C. (2017). Effectiveness of bereavement counseling through a community‐based organization: A naturalistic, controlled trial. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 24, 1512–1523. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2113
Page, C. R. (1979). Developmental Stages of Unstructured Counseling Groups with Prisoners. Small Group Behavior, 10(2), 271–278. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F104649647901000208
Rose, T., Loewenthal, D., & Greenwoord, D. (2005). Counseling and psychotherapy as a form of learning: some implications for practice. British Journal of Guidance & Counseling, 33(4), 441–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069880500327488
Saman, A., & Bakhtiar, M. I. (2020). The effect of behavioral rehearsal technique through group counseling for overcoming social anxiety of students. The International Journal of Counseling and Education, 5(1), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.23916/0020200525110
Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research. Sage.
Siege, P., & Demorest, A. (2010). Affective scripts: A systematic case study of change in psychotherapy. Journal of the Society for Psychotherapy Research, 20(4), 369-
387. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300903544240
Hoelzer, M. & Dahl, H. (1996). How to find FRAMES. Psychotherapy Research, 6, 177–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300903544240
Strang, R. (1947). Criteria of Progress in Counseling and Psychotherapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 3(2), 18–183. https://doi.org/10.1002/10974679(194704)3:2%3C180::AID-JCLP2270030211%3E3.0.CO;2-1
Toren, Z., & Shechtman, Z. (2010). Association of Personal, Process, and Outcome Variables in Group Counseling: Testing an Exploratory Model. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 14(4), 292–303. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018872
Valeria, L., Sugarman, D. E., Reilly, M. E., Kathryn McHugh, R., Fitzmaurice, G. M.,& Greenfield, S. F. (2018). Group therapy for women with substance use disorders: In-session affiliation predicts women's substance use treatment outcomes. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 94, 60–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2018.08.008
Wampold, B. E., & Kim, K. H. (1989). Sequential Analysis Applied to Counseling Process and Outcome: A Case Study Revisited. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36(3), 357–364. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.36.3.357
Wittenborn, A. K., Liu, T., Ridenour, T. A., Lachmar, E. M., Mitchell, E. A., & Seedall, R. B. (2018). Randomized Controlled Trial of Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy Compared To Treatment As Usual For Depression: Outcomes and Mechanisms of Change. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 45(3), 395–409. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12350
Yalom, I. D., & Leszcz, M. (2015). The theory and practice of group psychotherapy (5th ed.). Basic Books.
Yin, K. Y. (2012). Applications of case study research (3rd ed.). Sage.