本研究依據Tansey與Burke(1989/2002)的反移情階段處理模式之理論概念，意圖瞭解在面對家庭暴力個案時，心理治療者的早年家庭暴力經驗與創傷修通對其效能的影響。研究對象為臺灣本地以諮商或治療取向和個案進行固定頻率深度會談的心理治療者，並由治療者邀請具有家庭暴力經驗的成年個案配對參與研究，填寫的問卷包括測量早年家庭暴力經驗的「知覺父母婚姻暴力經驗量表」與「早年兒童虐待經驗量表」，代表修通指標的「問題解決指標」、「符合父母期望量表」與「互惠性孝道信念量表」，以及代表效能指標的「助人工作者職業倦怠量表」、「工作同盟量表-短版」及「晤談感受量表」。蒐集的資料以階層迴歸分析的方法進行統計分析。

研究結果顯示：
一、治療者的早年家庭暴力經驗無法直接預測對其效能的影響；
二、治療者的創傷修通與其效能有正向相關；
三、治療者早年家庭暴力經驗與創傷修通的交互作用，對其效能具有影響：
(1)早年家庭暴力經驗程度較低的治療者在面對家庭暴力個案時，若其互惠孝道信念愈高，職業倦怠的程度愈高；
(2)早年家庭暴力經驗較高的治療者在面對家庭暴力個案時，若其互惠孝道信念愈高，自評的同理心效能亦愈高。
最後依據研究結果加以討論，並提出建議以供未來研究及諮商實務應用的參考。

Following Tansey and Burke’s Countertransference Stage model (1989/2002), the present investigate whether therapists' effectiveness can be predicted by their early domestic violence experience and trauma working-through. Participants completed the Perceived Childhood Abuse Scale, Perceptive Experience of Parental Marital Violence Scale, Problem Resolution Index, Living up to Parental Expectation Scale, Reciprocal Filial Piety Scale, Helping Profession Burnout Inventory, Working Alliance Inventory- Short Form, and Empathy Scale. The data was analyzed with hierarchical regression analysis.

The results suggest that
(1) therapists' early domestic violence experience cannot predict their effectiveness working with domestic violence clients.
(2) therapists' working-through of domestic trauma and their effectiveness working with domestic violence clients have positive relations.
(3) the interaction of therapists' early domestic violence experience and trauma working-through affect their effectiveness:
(a) For those who have fewer early domestic violence experience, when facing domestic violence clients, the more they value the reciprocal filial piety, the higher their burnout score were.
(b) For those who have more early domestic violence experience, when facing domestic violence clients, the more they value the reciprocal filial piety, the higher they rated their own empathy level as well.
Based on these findings, suggestions for further research as well as implementation are discussed.

一、中文部份
方紫薇，馬宗潔等（譯）（民90）。Irvin D. Yalom。團體心理治療的理論與實務。台北市：桂冠。
內政部(民94)：內政部各縣市家庭暴力防治中心統計資料。載於內政部家庭暴力及性侵害防治委員會與各縣市家庭暴力防治中心網站。
王智璿(民89)：家庭因素、負向特質與自殺危險性關係之研究－以國中生為例。國立政治大學心理學研究所碩士論文。
李慧潔(民87)：自我注意，正負向情緒，差距現象對憂鬱大學生之社交表現的影響探討。國立政治學心理學系碩士論文。
何友暉、陳淑娟、趙志裕(民90)：「關係取向：為中國社會心理方法論求答案」「中國人的心理與行為」，49-63，台北：桂冠。
吳明隆(民95)：SPSS統計應用學習實務：問卷分析與應用統計(三版)。台北市：知城。
吳秋月(民88)：子女知覺父母婚姻暴力經驗、社會支持及共依附之相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學研究所碩士論文。
林明雄、林秀慧(譯) (民93）：Tansey, M. J., Burke, W. F.著。認識反轉移關係—由投射性的認同到神入。台北：遠流。
邱皓政(民91)：量化研究與統計分析：SPSS中文視窗版資料分析範例解析(二版)。台北市：五南。
周婉湘（民89）：父母以負向言語管教之情境與孩子的因應策略：大學生的回溯性文字報告。國立台灣大學心理學研究所碩士論文。
洪雅鳳(民86)：當事人依附、工作同盟與晤談感受之相關研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
洪儷瑜(民74)：輔導員的同理心、心理需求與輔導關係、當事人的自我探索及情緒改變之研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學研究所碩士論文。
姜琴音(民94)：婚姻暴力中目睹暴力成年子女心理經驗－故事取向的初步探討。東吳大學社會工作學研究所碩士論文。
康琇喬(民92)：早年家庭暴力經驗、孝道與心理健康相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學研究所碩士論文。
張明敏(民82)：諮商員的原生家庭經驗對其諮商專業影響之研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文
張怡敏(民94)：一個諮商師的親子關係經驗對其諮商專業影響之自我敘說研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學研究所碩士論文。
梁珪瑜（民85）：父母說負向言語之動機及影響：父母與國中生之觀點的差異比較。國立台灣大學心理學研究所碩士論文。
黃梅琪(民94)：母親後設情緒理念與兒童情緒適應之分析研究。臺中師範學院諮商與教育心理研究所碩士論文。
楊大和(譯) (民84)：Herman, J.著。創傷與復原。台北市：時報文化。(原著出版年：1992年)
楊明磊(民90)：資深諮商工作者的專業發展－詮釋學觀點。彰化師範大學輔導與諮商學系博士論文。
楊佳雯(民89)：父母說負向言語、孩子覺知父母態度與孩子自尊之關係。國立臺灣大學心理學研究所碩士論文。
楊國樞(民91)：華人心理的本土化研究。台北市：桂冠。
劉丁瑋(民91）：台灣大學生對他人情緒的評估與社會關係。台灣大學心理學研究所碩士論文。
劉于華(民92)：「家暴施暴者」：家庭危機裡的堅強小孩？國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學研究所碩士論文。
劉淑慧(民76)：助人工作者職業倦怠量表之編製與調查研究。國立臺灣教育學院輔導研究所碩士論文。
鄭麗芬(民82)：國中輔導人員工作環境、專業心理需求與工作倦怠之相關研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
謝延仁(民93)：兒童保護案件中施虐父親其父職角色之研究-以身體虐待或疏忽者。東海大學社會工作研究所碩士論文。
謝珮玲(民92)：心理治療師在心理治療歷程之反移情經驗研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學研究所博士論文。
韓孝婷(民93)：臺灣閩南諺語反應的親子文化。國立中山大學中國文學系碩士在職專班碩士論文。
二、英文部份
Benatar, M. (1999). A qualitative study of the effect of a history of childhood sexual abuse on therapists who treat survivors of sexual abuse. Dissertation Abstracts International, 60(05), 1765.
Bordin, E. S. (1979). The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 16, 252-260.
Busseri, G.. M. & Tyler, J. D. (2003). Interchangeability of the working alliance inventory and working alliance inventory, short form. Psychological Assessment, 15 (2), 193-197.
Cain, N. R. (2000). Psychotherapists with personal histories of psychiatric hospitalization: Countertransference in wounded healers. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 24(1), 22-28.
Collins, S., & Long, A. (2003). Too tired to care? The psychological effects of working with trauma. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 10, 17-27.
Corey, G. (1996). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy (5th ed.). Pacific, Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Cutler, R. L. (1958). Countertransference effects in psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 22, 349-356.
Dawes, R. M. (1993). Prediction of future versus an understanding of the past: A basic asymmetry. American Journal of Psychology, 106, 1-24.
De Araujo, M. P. (2002). Don't ask, don't tell: Licensed therapists' and intern therapists' experiences of disclosing their personal histories of childhood sexual abuse to supervisors, professors, and colleagues. Dissertation Abstracts International, 63(10), 4895.
Dunkle, J. H., & Friedlander, M. L. (1996). Contribution of therapist experience and personal characteristics to the working alliance. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43(4), 456-460.
Elliott, D. M., & Guy, J. D. (1993). Mental health professionals versus non-mental-health professionals: Childhood trauma and adult functioning. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 24, 83-90.
Emery, R., & Laumann-Billings, L. (1998). An overview of the nature, causes, and consequences of abusive family relationships: Toward differentiating maltreatment and violence. American Psychologist, 53, 121-135.
Fiedler, F. E. (1951). On different types of countertransference. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 7, 101-107.
Freud, S. (1910). The future prospects of psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Standard edition, 11, 141-151). London: Hogarth Press, 1953.
Fussel, F. W., & Bonney, W. C. (1990). A comparative study of childhood experiences of psychotherapy and physicists: Implications for clinical practice. Psychotherapy, 27, 505-512.
Gelso, C. J., & Carter, J. (1994). Components of the psychotherapy relationship: Their interaction and unfolding during treatment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41, 296-306.
Gelso, C. J.& Hayes, J. A. (1998). The Psychotherapy Relationship. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc..
Gelso, C. J., & Hayes, J. A. (2002). Countertransference management. Psychotherapy, 28, 418-422.
Hayes, J. A. (1995). Countertransference in group psychotherapy: Waking a sleeping dog. International Journal of Group Psyhcotherapy, 45, 521-535.
Hayes, J. A. (2003). Good Grief: Investigating the Wounded Healer Concept Among Bereavement Counselors. Unpublished manuscirpt.
Hayes, J. A. (2004). The inner world of the psychotherapist: A program of research on countertransference. Psychotherapy Research, 14, 21-36.
Hayes, J. A., & Gelso, C. J. (2001). Clinical implications of research on countertransference: Science informing practice. Journal of Clinical Psychology/In session,, 57, 1041-1051
Hayes, J.A., Gelso, C. J., Van Wagoner, S. L., & Diemer, R. A. (1991). Managing countertransference: what the expert think. Psychological Reports, 69, 139-148.
Heimann, P. (1950). On countertransference. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 31, 81-84.
Henry, W. P., Schacht, T. E., Strupp, H. H., Butler, S. F., & Binder, J. L. (1993). Effects of training in time-limited dynamic psychotherapy: Mediators of therapists’ responses to training. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 441-447.
Heppner, P. P., Heppner, M. J., Lee, D., Wang, Y., Park, H., & Wang, L. (2006). Development and validation of a collectivist coping styles inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology. 53(1), 107-125.
Hinshelwood, R. D. (1999). Countertransference. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 80, 797-817
Horvath, A. O. (1994). Empirical validation of Bordin’s pantheoretical model of the alliance: The Working Alliance Inventory perspective. In A. O. Horvath & L. S. Greenburg (Eds.), The working alliance: Theory, research, and practice. New York: Wiley.
Horvath, A. O. & Greenberg, L. S. (1989). Development and validation of the Working Alliance Inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36(2), 223-233.
Horvath, A. O. & Symonds, B. D. (1991). Development and validation of the Working Alliance Inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36, 223-233.
Jacobs, T. J. (1999). Countertransference past and present: a review of the concept. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 80, 575-594.
Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma. New York: Free Press.
Jenkins, S. R. & Baird, S. (2002). Secondary traumatic stress and vicarious trauma: a validational study. Journal of traumatic stress. 15(5):423-432.
Johnson, M. E., Campbell, J. L., & Masters, M. A. (1992). Relationship between family-of-origin dynamics and psychologist’s theoretical orientation. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 23, 119-122.
Joireman, J., Parrott, L.,& Hammersla, J. (2002). Empathy and the self-absorption paradox: support for the distinction between self-rumination and self-reflection. Self and Identity, 1, 53-65.
Kernberg, O. F. (1965). Notes on countertransference. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 13, 38-56.
Lawson, D. M., & Brossart, D. F. (2003). Link among therapist and parent relationship, working alliance, and therapy outcome. Psychotherapy Research, 13(3), 383-394.
Levensohn, C. (2005). Female social work clinicians with a history of childhood sexual abuse and their ability to maintain empathy in working with female adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse, Dissertation Abstracts International, 66(01), 347.
Lichter, E. L. & McCloskey, L. A.(2004). The effects of childhood exposure to marital violence on adolescent gender-role beliefs and dating violence. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28 (4), 344-
Little, L. & Hamby, S. L. (1996). Impact of a clinician's sexual abuse history, gender, and theoretical orientation on treatment issues related to childhood sexual abuse. Professional Psychology - Research & Practice. 27(6):617-625.
Mander, G. (2004). The selection of candidates for training in psychotherapy and counseling. Psychodynamic Practice, 10 (2), 161-172.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1994). Culture and the self：Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1986). MBI: Maslach Burnout Inventory; Manual Research Edition. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press.
McCann, L., & Pearlman, L. A. (1990). Vicarious traumatization: A framework for understanding the psychological effects of working with victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3, 131-149.
McClure, B. a., & Hodge, R. W. (1987). Measuring countertransference and attitude in therapeutic relationships. Psychotherapy, 24, 325-335.
McWhirter, B. T., Besett-Alesch, T. M., Horibata, J., & Gat, I. (2002). Loneliness in high risk adolescents: The role of coping, self-esteem, and empathy. Journal of Youth Studies, 5(1), 69-84.
Miller, G. D., & Baldwin, D. C., Jr. (2000). Implications of the wounded healer paradigm for the use of self in therapy. In M. Baldwin (Ed.), The use of self in therapy (2nd ed., pp. 243-361). New York: Haworth.
Norcross, J. C. (2001). Introduction: In search of the meaning and utility of countertransferene. Journal of Clinical Psychology/In session, 57, 981-982.
Orlinsky, D. E., & Howard, K. I. (1986). Process and outcome in psychotherapy. In S. L. Garfield & A. E. Bergin (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (3rd ed., pp. 311-381). New York: Wiley.
Ornduff, S. R., Kelsey, R. M., & O’Leary, D. (2001). Childhood Physical Abuse, Personality, and Adult Relationship Violence. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 71(3), pp.322-331
Paivio, S. C. & Patterson, L. A. (1999). Alliance development in therapy for resolving child abuse issues. Psychotherapy, 36(4), pp.343-354.
Peabody, S. A.,& Gelso, C. J. (1982). Countertransference and empathy: The complex relationship between two divergent concepts in counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 29, 240-245.
Pearlman, L. A.& Ian, P. S.M. (1995). Vicarious traumatization: an empirical study of the effects of trauma work on trauma therapists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 26 (6), 558-565.
Pope, K. S., & Feldman-Somers, S. (!992). National survey of psychologists’ sexual & physical abuse history and their evaluation and competence in these areas. Professional Psychology: Research & Practice, 23, 353-361.
Prodgers, A. (1991). On hating the patient. British Journal of Psychotherapy, 8, 144-154.
Reik, T. (1937). Surprise and the psychoanalyst. New York: Dutton.
Rogers, C. R. (1957). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21, 95-103.
Rosenberg, M. S., & Giberson, R. S. (1991). The child witness of family violence. In R.T. Ammerman & M. Herson(Eds)., Case Studies In Family Violence. New York: Plenum Press.
Tillett, R. (2003). The patient within: psychopathology in the helping professions. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 9, 272-279.
Todaro,F.(1995). The wounded healer: A study of therapist attitudes toward self as measured by selected psycho-social variables. Dissertation Abstracts International , 56(05), 1667.
Tracy, T. J., & Kokotovic, A. M. (1989). Factor structure of the Working Alliance Inventory. Psychological Assessment: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1, 207-210.
Trusty, J., Ng, K.,& Watts, R. E.(1991). Model of effects of adult attachment on emotional empathy of counseling students. Journal of Counseling & Development, 83(1), 66-77.
Umans, L. P. (1998). Countertransference in the treatment of child victims of sexual abuse. Dissertation Abstracts International , 59(03), 960.
Wampold, B. E. (2001). The great psychotherapy debate: models, methods, and findings. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Association, publishers
Wang, L. & Heppner, P. P. (2002). Assessing the impact of parental expectations and psychological distress on Taiwanese college students. The Counseling Psychologist. 30(4), 582-608.
Waring, S. L. (1997). Countertransference reactions with physical child abuse: The influence of tolerance of ambiguity, experience and expression of anger, and childhood history of parental physical abuse among female therapists,. Dissertation Abstracts International, 58(08), 4477.
Widom, C. S., & Shepard, R. L. (!996). Accuracy of adult recollections of childhood victimization: Part 1. Childhood physical abuse. Psychological Assessment, 8, 412-421.
Winnicott, D.(1949). Hate in the Countertransference. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 30, 69-75.
Yeh, K. H. & Bedford, O. (2003). A test of the Dual Filial Piety model. Asian Journal of Social Psychology. 6, 215-228.
Yeh, K. H. & Bedford, O. (2004). Filial belief and parent-child conflict. International Journal of Psychology, 39(2), 132-144.
Yu, E. S. H. (1974). Achievement motive, familism, and hsiao: A replication of McClelland-Winterbottom studies. Dissertation Abstracts International, 35, 593A.