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研究生: Sagar Talekar 德卡
論文名稱: 禪 與 道 對 20世紀抽象畫的影響--兼論研究者的體驗與表現
“Zen and Taoism Influence on 20th Century Abstract Painting -- and Researcher's Art Creation Experience”
指導教授: 蘇憲法
學位類別: 博士
Doctor
系所名稱: 美術學系
Department of Fine Arts
論文出版年: 2013
畢業學年度: 101
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 146
中文關鍵詞: 佛教冥想抽象表現主義
英文關鍵詞: Zen, Taoism, Buddhism, Meditation, Abstract Expressionism
論文種類: 學術論文
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  • 緒論聚焦於東西方觀點下的禪與道,對其哲學及其對東西方藝術的影響進行相關文獻探究。縱然許多東西方藝術家的創作觀均深受禪與道的思想影響,將二者相互聯結的相關文獻卻極為不足。關於本研究的重要文獻均在此被詳盡地檢視。
    第二章研究背景建構在二十世紀受禪與道的哲學觀影響的藝術家,他們對於呈現物質的外在表象不感興趣,而關注於其內在精神性,此即無限的中心。因之,本章在西方部分研究西方藝術家的涉入與觀點,東方部分則僅限於台灣及印度的藝術作品之探究。
    第三章重要性與預期結果主要焦注於禪與道的多樣色彩及抽象形式,例如:円相(Ensoえんそう日文音譯)、陰陽、圓、三角形、四方形 及螺旋或拙火(Kundalini梵文)。因此,本章透過不同藝術家作品的線條、書法、色彩、技法及風格來建構其所受到的禪與道之哲學性影響。
    第四章是以我個人的藝術經驗、禪與道的內涵及二十世紀抽象藝術家的影響作為基礎。我的藝術學養師承自蘇憲法及蕭瓊瑞二位教授,而集體潛意識此傳承自全人類的原型及來自情感、內在行為的象徵型態引領我向更高境界,而更深層的抽象藝術創作則受到禪與道的哲學觀激發。
    第五章主要為對此研究的分析探討。二十世紀美國的藝術家研究書法的筆畫,透過聚焦於禪與道常見的書法作品及直接行動,而走向通往抽象繪畫的路徑。美國藝術家不自限於本身的文化而積極行動,於此期間,書道即為啟發為數不少的抽象表現主義藝術家的靈感源頭。
    日本藝術與禪宗居主要影響性地位,肇因於美國的政治及經濟在歷史因素上與日本緊緊相繫,而中國或印度則相對影響性低。特別是歐洲藝術家多受此哲學觀激發,他們的作品構成仰賴瞬間偶然與隨機性,或即興式的手法,以期達到自過去經驗、學院式的窠臼及想像力受意識控制的限制中全然解脫。
    二十世紀的眾多抽象藝術其根源是精神性的, 而其ㄧ則包含了神智學運動,
    可從本章比較東方性靈系統的許多技法,到比較禪與道的不同冥思技法得知。
    結論歸結於禪的無色相與道的放空,因此本研究聚焦於哲學觀的比較與畫作研究觀點而非宗教性的觀點。

    First chapter focused on the introduction of Zen and Taoism philosophy by Eastern and Western viewpoints. Second part of this chapter investigates the literature review by number of books, novels, research papers, articles of Zen and Taoism philosophy, art influence on east and west. However, several painters from East and West have deeply influenced by this philosophy but there is very less information available about painting and philosophy connection. Some of literature are very important for this research and had details examination in this chapter.
    Second chapter Research background is constructed on Twentieth century artists, who can be safely said to be influenced by Zen and Taoism philosophy, were not interested in a photographic representation of an object but in interpreting its spirits. It has been Cosmo centric. Therefore this chapter examines western artists and their involvement and viewpoints and for Eastern mainly concern on Taiwanese and Indian artists works.
    Third chapter of significance and expected outcomes mainly focused on varied colors and abstract forms of Zen and Tao such as Enso, Yin-Yang, circle, square, triangular, spiral or (Kundalini). Therefore this Chapter is constructed on philosophical influence of Zen and Taoism by basic of line, calligraphy, color, techniques and styles by various artists.
    Fourth chapter is based on my own art experience and an influence of Zen and Taoism philosophy as well as the influence of abstract painters of 20th century. The guidance of my fine art professor Su Hsian-Fa and Hsiao Chong Ray, about collective unconscious, that all humans have common inherited archetypal and symbolic patterns of emotional and mental behavior which took me to the higher levels and in depth in abstract paintings creation inspired by Zen and Taoism Philosophy.
    Fifth chapter is main analysis of this research. It’s analyzed by number of artist of Europe and America. 20th century’s American artists explored the calligraphic brushstroke, which was an approach to abstract painting that focused on popular writings on Taoism and Zen and its ethics of direct action. American artists were searching beyond the limitations of their culture for motivation. Shodo, in general, served as inspiration to numerous Abstract Expressionist painters of the period.
    Japanese art and Zen Buddhism dominated in part because America’s political and economic ties with Japan were historically stronger than those with China or India.
    Especially European artists inspired by this philosophy and their composition were depending upon chance, random accident or highly improvisational execution, typically hoping to attain freedom from the past, from academic formulas and the limitations placed on imagination by the conscious mind.
    20th century most of abstract art was spiritual in its origin and one of them was theosophy movement, it can compare with many of spiritual techniques in Eastern systems of spirituality, to compare the different meditation techniques of Zen and Taoism in this chapter.
    Conclusion is arrived on Zen Philosophy is constructed on Nothingness whereas Taoist philosophy is constructed on Empty mind therefore this research focused on the aspects of comparative philosophical and painting study and view but not religious view.

    CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION OF ZEN AND TAO PHILOSOPHY BY ART VIEWPOINTS 藝術觀點下的禪與道及文獻回顧------------------------------01 1.1 Motivation and Introduction. 緒論----------------------------------------------------01 1.2 Zen and Taoism Comparisons. 禪宗與道家思想之比較---------------------------01 1.3 Zen and Taoism philosophy in Hinduism by art viewpoints. 從藝術觀點看印度教中的禪與道---------------------------------------------------------02 1.4 Zen and Tao philosophy in Buddhism by art viewpoints. 從藝術觀點看佛教中的禪與道------------------------------------------------------------04 1.5 Zen and Tao philosophy in 20th century by art viewpoints. 藝術觀點下二十世紀的禪與道------------------------------------------------------------09 1.6 Literature review 文獻回顧-------------------------------------------------------------10 1.7 Conclusion: 結語-------------------------------------------------------------------------16 CHAPTER TWO EASTERN AND WESTERN INFLUENCE ON ZEN AND TAO禪與道對東西方藝術的影響-------------------------------------------------------17 2.1 Eastern and Western view on Zen and Tao 禪與道的東方與西方觀點----------17 2.1.1 Zen and Tao influence on Western Art 禪與道對西方藝術之影響-------------17 2.1.2 Zen and Tao influence on Eastern Art 禪與道對東方藝術之影響-------------28 2.1.3 Zen and Taoism influence in Taiwan 禪與道對台灣之影響--------------------30 2.1.4 Zen and Taoism influence in India 禪與道對印度之影響-----------------------34 2.2 Conclusion: 結語-------------------------------------------------------------------------37 CHAPTER THREE GEOMATRIC ELEMENTS, STRUCTURE AND COLOR IN ZEN AND TAOISM禪與道之創作形式:幾何元素、結構及色彩-------------38 3.1 Line: 線條---------------------------------------------------------------------------------38 3.2 Form 形式---------------------------------------------------------------------------------41 3.2.1 Two main forms of symbolism in Zen and Taoism. 禪與道的二種主要象徵形式---------------------------------------------------------------42 3.2.1.1 Tao: 道---------------------------------------------------------------------------------42 3.2.1.2 Zen禪---------------------------------------------------------------------------------43 3.2.2 Circle圓--------------------------------------------------------------------------------43 3.2.3 Triangle三角形-----------------------------------------------------------------------45 3.2.4 Square四方形 ------------------------------------------------------------------------46 3.2.5 Spiral or Kundalini 螺旋或拙火----------------------------------------------------47 3.2.6 Signature style 特徵-------------------------------------------------------------------49 3.3 Space 空間 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------50 3. 4 Colors色彩-------------------------------------------------------------------------------53 3.4.1 Yellow黃色 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------55 3.4.2 Red 紅色--------------------------------------------------------------------------------57 3.4.3 Green 綠色-----------------------------------------------------------------------------58 3.4.4 Blue 藍色-------------------------------------------------------------------------------58 3.4.5 White and Black 白色與黑色--------------------------------------------------------59 3.5 Conclusion: 結語-------------------------------------------------------------------------62 CHAPTER FOUR ANALYSIS ON ZEN AND TAOIST ISFLUENCE ON ABSTRACT PAINTING 禪與道對抽象藝術的影響---------------------------------64 4.1 Zen and Taoism with Theosophy Movement 神智學運動中的禪與道---------------------------------------------------------------------65 4.2 Zen and Taoism Influence on Semi Abstraction 禪與道對半抽象藝術的影響---------------------------------------------------------------69 4.3 Zen and Taoism Influence with Geometry Abstraction 禪與道對幾何抽象藝術的影響------------------------------------------------------------74 4.4 Zen and Taoism Influence on Freeform Abstraction 禪與道對自由抽象藝術的影響------------------------------------------------------------79 4.5 Zen and Taoism Influences with Empty Color-Field Abstraction 禪與道對色空抽象藝術的影響-----------------------------------------------------------83 4.6 Zen and Taoism Influences with Shodo Calligraphic Abstraction 禪與道對書道抽象藝術的影響-----------------------------------------------------------89 4.7 Conclusion: 結語------------------------------------------------------------------------97 CHAPTER FIVE RESEARCHER’S (Sagar Talekar 德卡) EXPERIENCE WITH ZEN AND TAO研究者 (Sagar Talekar 德卡) 對禪與道之體驗與呈現------------98 5.1 Zen and Taoism influence in my painting禪與道對我的創作之影響------------98 5.1.1 Zen influence in my paintings 禪對我的創作之影響------------------------------99 5.1.1.2 Why Zen Buddhism Came to China from India? 為何佛教從印度來到中國-------------------------------------------------------------------99 5.1.1.3 Birth of Zen; Meditative Flower of Lord Buddha.禪之生;佛拈花微笑----100 5.1.1.4 Yellow in Meditation by Buddha. 在佛的冥想中的黃色-----------------------100 5.1.1.5 Self Realization 自我醒悟----------------------------------------------------------101 5.1.1.6 Zen Riddle; Fish and Bottle 禪宗打謎;魚與瓶--------------------------------102 5.1.1.7 Life is Transient; Zen philosophy of Basso. 生命無常:Basso的禪哲學-----103 5.1.1.8 Anand Shanti 心之平靜 --極樂世界---------------------------------------------103 5.1.1.9 Roop and Swaroop. 真我不生不滅 ----------------------------------------------104 5.1.1.10 Divine Mother is Calling. 聖母在呼喚 -----------------------------------------104 5.1.1.11 Lord Buddha’s Palm; May Coincidence? 如來神掌;是巧合嗎?-------105 5.1.1.12 ‘Sahaj’ means effortlessness or ‘ease’. Sahaj 意思說自在或是解脫------105 5.1.1.13 Untitled Meditation 凝思 ---------------------------------------------------------106 5.1.2 Buddhist Mandala Geometry Abstract Painting Series 2010-12 曼陀羅幾何抽象系列畫作2010-12------------------------------------------------------108 5.1.3 Taoist influence in my paintings 道對我的作品之影響------------------------111 5.1.3.1 Music of the contrast rhythms – Tao 對比律動的和諧曲--道 ---------------111 5.1.3.2 Mystic Supreme Source- Tao 神秘至高的源頭--道----------------------------112 5.1.3.3 Absolute and Eternal Tao 純粹永恆的道----------------------------------------114 5.1.3.4 In the depths of Tao’s selflessness 道深層的無私內涵 -----------------------114 5.1.3.5 Let the ego drown and enter in the mystery 放下自我,潛進奧秘-------------115 5.1.3.6 Perhaps, the Reflection of before God existence 也許,這是存在在神明之前的反映-------------------------------------------------------116 5.1.4 Conclusion: 結語----------------------------------------------------------------------118 CHAPTER SIX CONCLUSION 結論--------------------------------------------------119 PICTURES-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------121 REFERENCES------------------------------------------------------------------------------138

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