本研究欲針對幼兒在作業情境中之欺騙策略的表現與對於錯誤相信理解之情形，據以分析幼兒本身與對他人心智理解的概況，透過作業施測的方式，探究幼兒內在建構的過程，並檢視不同變項對於幼兒在不同作業中之心智理解表現之影響。
研究方法主要蒐集幼兒在作業情境中表現的欺騙策略類型與行為解釋之口語資料，探討幼兒在欺騙作業與錯誤相信作業表現之間的關係，針對個別幼兒採取ㄧ對ㄧ作業施測方式，本研究對象為台北市某私立幼稚園之三、四、五歲幼兒，共計60名（各年齡層20名）。
在進行心智作業施測之前，參與本研究之全體幼兒均接受「學前兒童語言障礙評量表」檢測個人語言理解及口語表達之狀況，針對幼兒語言能力做初步的篩選；心智作業包括「欺騙作業」可分為合作與競爭情境，以藏找遊戲方式進行，分別以3題錯誤相信問題作為幼兒通過作業與否的評分標準，於該作業中還可蒐集幼兒不同類型欺騙策略之表現，作為探知幼兒內在想法的參考依據；「錯誤相信作業」包含「未預期移位作業」與「未預期內容作業」，分別以5題錯誤相信問題作為幼兒通過作業與否的評分標準，並檢視幼兒在作業中表現的心智理解能力。
研究結果發現，在控制語言能力於一定標準的情況下，「年齡」變項對於本研究幼兒之心智作業表現具有最顯著影響，幼兒三到四歲之間，心智理解能力具有明顯的提昇變化，其表現在作業的通過率、欺騙策略的多樣性與自發性、以及幼兒對於自己或他人錯誤相信之想法與行動的解釋觀點；「性別」因素對於本研究三至五歲幼兒心智作業的理解情形並無顯著影響，與先前文獻所述，女性幼兒可能具有性別優勢的結果並不一致。
在比較各作業通過人數時發現，幼兒在欺騙作業的通過情形，優於錯誤相信作業，此結果符合Sullivan和Winner（1993）之主張，其認為三歲幼兒在被要求主動欺騙對手時，能表現出較佳的錯誤相信推理能力，在嵌有欺騙的脈絡情境中，幼兒的心智理解表現較佳。

The purpose of this study was to explore the relation of young children’s understanding of mind and the use of strategies of deception. Subjects of the research were three to five years old and came from a private kindergarten located in Taipei city.
By collecting the children’s explanations about their adopting of deceptive strategies and the responses to the false-belief questions, researcher tried to examine the effect of age and gender variables to their performances in different theory-of-mind tasks, including deceptive tasks and false-belief tasks.
The results showed that under controlling the standard of preschoolers’ language ability, the age variable had the significant effect. The three-year-olds performed worsely then the four- and five-, it had a positive slope curve during three to four years old. But the gender variable did not show great influence on the difference of children’s answering.
Comparing the passing number of tasks, the children performed better under the situations with deceptive contexts. It was consisting with the conclusion of Sullivan & Winner (1993), suggesting that three-year-olds had better understanding of mind in actively deceptive motions.

一、中文部分
王晴瑩（2002）。三歲兒童欺騙能力之研究。台北市立師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北市。
林翠湄等譯，Shaffer, D. R.著（2002）。發展心理學。台北：學富。
保心怡（2003）。幼兒對於心智理解相關作業的理解情形及運用故事介入的效果研究。國立台灣師範大學人類發展與家庭學系博士論文，未出版，台北市。
張欣戊（1997）。騙與受騙：學前兒童的欺瞞能力。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告（NSC-81-0301-H-002-004）。
黃秋華（2005）。幼兒欺騙行為形成機制之實驗研究。國立屏東科技大學幼兒保育系碩士論文，未出版，屏東市。
楊宗仁（1997）。自閉症研究的新趨勢。特教新知通訊。5（5），116-118。
蔡佩珊（2003）。犯罪少年與非犯罪少年說謊行為與動機之比較研究。國立中正大學犯罪防治研究所碩士論文，未出版，嘉義縣。
蔡豐如（2005）。幼兒錯誤信念與欺騙能力之研究—年齡與作業型態上的差異。台北市立師範學院國民教育研究所幼兒教學碩士學位班碩士論文，未出版，台北市。

二、外文部分
Astington, J. W. (2001). The future of theory-of-mind research: understanding motivational states, the role of language, and real-world consequences. Child Development, 72, 3, 685-687.
Astington, J. W., Harris, P. L., & Olson, D. R.(Eds.). (1988). Developing theories of mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bennet, J. (1990). How to read minds in behavior: A suggestion from a philosopher. In A. Whiten (Eds.), Natural theories of mind. Oxford: Blackwell.
Bjorklund, D. F. (2000). Children’s thinking: developmental function and individual differences. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Bloom, P., & German, T. P. (2000). Two reasons to abandon the false
belief task as a test of theory of mind. Cognition, 77, B25-B31
Broomfield, K. A., Robinson, E. J., & Robinson, W. P. (2001). Children’s understanding about white lies. Child Development, 72, 3, 696-701.
Ceci, S. J., & DeSimone, M. (1992). ”I know that you know that I know that you broke the toy”：A brief report of recursive awareness among 3-year-olds. In S. J. Ceci, M. DeSimon & M. Putnick (Eds.), Cognitive and social factors in early deception (pp.1-9). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Chandler, M., Fritz, A. S., & Hala, S. (1989). Small-scale deceit: deception as a maker of two-, three-, and four-year-olds’ early theories of mind. Child Development, 60, 1263-1277.
Chandler, M. & Hala, S. (1994). The role of personal involvement in the assessment of early false belief skills. In C. Lewis & P. Mitchell (Eds.), Children’s early understanding of mind: Origins and development (pp.403-425). Hillsdale : Erlbaum.
Charman, T., Ruffman, T., & Clements, W.(2002). Is there a gender difference in false belief development? Social Development, 11, 1, p.1-10.
Dunn, J. (1994). Changing minds and changing relationships. In C. Lewis & P. Mitchell (Eds.), Children’s early understanding of mind: Origins and development (pp.297-310). Hillsdale : Erlbaum.
Falvell, J. H. (2000). Development of children’s knowledge about the mental world. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 24, 1, 15-23.
Falvell, J. H. (2004). Theory-of-Mind development: Retrospect and prospect. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 50, 3, 274-290.
Hala, S., Chandler, M., & Fritz, A.S. (1991). Fledging theories of mind: deception as a marker of 3-year-olds’ understanding of false belief. Child development, 62, 83-97.
Hala, S. & Chandler, M. (1996). The role of strategic planning in accessing false-belief understanding. Child development, 67, 2948-2966.
Hala, S. & Russell, J. (2001). Executive control within strategic deception: A window on early cognitive development? Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 80, 112-141.
Hogrefe, G., Wimmer, H., & Perner, J. (1986). Ignorance versus false belief：A developmental lag in attribution of epistemic states. Child Development, 57, 567-582.
Leekam, S. R. (1992). Believing and deceiving：Steps to becoming a good liar. In S. J. Ceci, M. DeSimon & M. Putnick (Eds.), Cognitive and social factors in early deception (pp.1-9). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Leekam, S. R. (1993). Children’s understanding of mind. In M. Bennett (Eds.), The development of social cognition, The child as psychologist (pp.26-61). New York: The Guilford Press.
Leslie, A. M. (1987). Pretense and representation. Psychological Review, 94, 412-426.
Leslie, A. M. (1994). Pretending and believing: issues in the theory of ToMM. Cognition, 50, 211-238.
Lewis, M., Stranger, C., & Sullivan, M.W. (1989). Deception in 3-Year-Olds. Developmental psychology, 25, 3, 439-443.
Newton, P., Reddy, V., & Bull, R. (2000). Children’s everyday deception and performance on false-belief tasks. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 18, 297-317.
Perner, J., Leekam, S. R., & Wimmer, H. (1987). Three-year-olds’ difficulty with false belief：The case for a conceptual deficit. The British Psychological Society, 5, 125-137.
Perner, J. (1991). Understanding the representational mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Povinelli, D. J. & Giambrone, S. (2001). Reasoning about beliefs: a human specialization? Child Development, 72, 3, 691-695.
Rice, C., Koinis, D., Sullivan, K., Tager-Flusberg, H., & Winner, E. (1997). When 3-Year-Olds Pass the Appearance-Reality Test. Developmental Psychology, 33, 1, 54-61.
Premack, D. & Woodruff, G. (1978). Does a chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Science, 1, 515-526.
Ruffman, T., Olson, D. R., Ash, T., & Keenan, T. (1993). The ABCs of deception: Do young children understand deception in the same way as adult? Developmental Psychology, 29, 1, 74-87.
Russell, J., Mauthner, N., Sharpe, S., & Tidswell,T. (1991). The “window task” as a measure of strategic deception in preschoolers and autistic subjects. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9, 331-349.
Russell, J., Jarrold, C., & Potel, D. (1994). What makes strategic deception difficult for children—the deception or the strategy? British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 12, 301-314.
Russell, J., Hala, S., & Hill, E. (2003). The automated window task: the performance of preschool children, children with autism, and children with moderate learning difficulties. Cognitive Development, 18, 111-137.
Scholl, B. J. & Lesile, A.M. (2001). Minds, modules, and meta-analysis. Child Development, 72, 3, 696-701.
Sodian, B. (1991). The development of deception in young children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9, 173-188.
Sodian, B., Tayler, C., Harris, P. L., & Perner, J. (1991). Early deception and the child’s theory of mind: False trails and genuine markers. Child development, 62, 468-483.
Sullivan, K.＆Winner, E. (1993). When 3-year-olds understand ignorance, false belief and representational change. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9, 159-171.
Wellman, H. M. (1990). The child’s theory of mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Wellman, H. M. & Bartsch, K. (1988). Young children’s reasoning about beliefs. Cognition, 30, 239-277.
Wellman, H. M., Cross, D., & Watson, J. (2001). Meta-analysis of theory-of-mind development: The truth about false belief. Child Development, 72, 3, 655-684.
Whiten, A. & Byrne, R. (1988). Tactical deception in primates. Behavioral and Brain Science, 11, 233-273.
Wimmer, H. & Perner, J. (1983). Belief about beliefs: Representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children’s understanding of deception. Cognition, 13, 103-128.