本研究採用質性研究法，研究針對養殖漁業者(生產者) 、消費者與專家學者三者之間對海鮮（此指貝類）含有塑膠微粒認知行為來作探討。為確保能深度探索塑膠微粒此一議題對於三者族群之差異性，將採用深度訪談法，訪談對象為在台灣研究塑膠微粒專家學者、以規模作區分北中南養殖貝類漁戶之看法，並以簡易問卷了解一般消費者之想法，以個案三角定錨交叉比對分析找出其意義及差異，深入了解生產者、專家和消費者對於塑膠微粒的知識、態度、行為模式。

This study used qualitative research methods to discuss on views of seafood (this refers to shellfish) contain microplastic among fish farmers (producers), consumers, and experts＆scholars. In order to ensure in-depth exploration of the differences between the ideas of microplastics compared to the three ethnic groups, in-depth interviews will be adopted in this research. The interviewees included experts & scholars doing the research related to plastic microparticles and shellfish farmers in Taiwan. Simple questionnaires are used to understand general consumer thoughts. The results can be found through the triangular anchored cross-comparison analysis of individual cases, and in-depth understanding of the knowledge, attitudes and behavior model of producers, experts and consumers regarding the issues of microplastic.

ㄧ、中文文獻:
台灣塑膠微粒（民108）。國內自來水、海水、沙灘砂礫與貝類中微型塑膠
現況調查。民108年3月，取自中華民國環境工程電子報https://www.cienve.org.tw/EPaper/108_1/tech3.aspx
全球範圍內存在塑膠微粒禁令的國家或地區。民109年5月。柔珠，取自
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/塑料微珠
李淑清（2002）。家庭因素對家庭綠色消費傾向影響之研究-以鳳山市家計單位為對象。義守大學管理科學研究所碩士論文，高雄市。 取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/htrk37
李家慶（2006）。從策略行銷規劃探討高雄縣高中職校青少年愛滋病防治宣導策略。國立中山大學高階公共政策碩士班碩士論文，高雄市。 取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/equ68s
李明儒，許世芸，蘇智鈴，陳元陽（2007）。休閒潛水者對潛水風險的認知與損害之研究，運動與遊憩研究I (3)，第14-33頁
李政賢譯（2014）。質性研究：從開始到完成 (頁：8-9) (原作者: Robert K. Yin)。台北市: 五南。（原著出版年: 2014）
李慧美（2012）。雲林縣國小教師對雲林縣環境議題的環境覺知與環境行為之研究。環球科技大學環境資源管理所碩士論文，雲林縣。 取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/4a4562
李奇勳 (2007) 。知覺風險對消費者知覺價值之形成所扮演角色的探討, 管理學報, 24 (2), 167-190. 李明樺, 劉宗哲 (2006), 服務品質.
行政院體系組織圖。取自https://www.ey.gov.tw/Page/62FF949B3DBDD531
吳姿諭（2014）。民眾對加油站環境風險認知之研究─以桃園縣為例。國立臺灣師範大學地理學系碩士論文，台北市。 取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/4ybe7k
林筱昀（2015）。一般網路使用者對網購醫療器材之知識、態度與行為之研究。國立中山大學企業管理學系醫務管理碩士班碩士論文，高雄市。 取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/dmjzdg
庫麥, 潘中道, 胡龍騰, & 黃瑋瑩. (2000). 研究方法: 步驟化學習指南: 學富文化.
Ulrich Beck ; 孫治本(譯)，1999，《全球化危機：全球化的形成、風險與機會》，台北：臺灣商務
洪鴻智. (2005). 科技鄰避設施風險知覺之形成與投影: 核二廠. 人文及社會科學集刊, 17(1), 33-70. ISO 690
郭仁杰（2005）。台灣地區文蛤養殖生產技術效率分析。國立臺灣海洋大學應用經濟研究所碩士論文，基隆市。取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/x7c79
陳依琳（2007）。台灣優良水產養殖場發展策略之分析。國立臺灣海洋大學環境生物與漁業科學學系碩士論文，基隆市。 取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/egmu6s
張莉莉（2007）。國小教師綠色消費認知、態度與行為之研究-以南部四縣市為例。立德大學資源環境研究所碩士論文，台南市。 取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/m6n5xf
張靜宜（2011）。家庭廢棄藥品處置與環境風險認知之研究—以台灣南部民眾為例。國立屏東科技大學環境工程與科學系所碩士論文，屏東縣。 取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/7rz35t
張敬佳（2012）。飲料店從業人員對健康化飲料知識、態度與行為之研究。東海大學餐旅管理學系碩士論文，台中市。 取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/355424
黃懿慧（1994）。科技風險與環保抗爭─台灣民眾風險認知個案研究。臺北市：五南圖書出版公司
葉俐嫻（2004）。消費者支持水產品HACCP認證與願付價格之研究。國立臺灣海洋大學海洋資源管理研究所碩士論文，基隆市。 取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/whwzus
蔡政霖（2004）。台灣牡蠣養殖產業之經濟分析。國立臺灣海洋大學水產養殖學系碩士論文，基隆市。 取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/4x9af9
劉錦添（1992）。台灣地區民眾對環境風險的認知與面臨環境風險下的行為分析–台北及高雄地區。臺北：行政院環境保護署。
劉欽蓮 (2002) 。焚化爐附近居民與一般民眾的風險知覺研究，中國醫藥學院環境醫學研究所，台中。
鄧家駒（2002）。風險管理。台北市：華泰。
廖盛斌（2011）。消費者對食品添加物之認知、態度及食品消費行為之關係。康寧大學食品餐飲管理研究所碩士論文，台南市。 取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/76gtjw
漁業統計年報（2017）。貝類產量，取自https://www.fa.gov.tw/cht/PublicationsFishYear/index.aspx
謝曉非、徐聯倉（1995）。風險認知研究概況及理論架構。中國科學院心理研究所，3(2)，17-22。
環署廢字第1060059207號 公告（2007）https://oaout.epa.gov.tw/law/LawContent.aspx?id=GL006976#lawmenu
二、英文文獻：
Andrady, A. L. (2011). Microplastics in the marine environment. Marine pollution bulletin, 62(8), 1596-1605.
Azzarello, M. Y., & Van Vleet, E. S. (1987). Marine birds and plastic pollution. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 37(2/3), 295-303.
Barnes, D. K. A., Galgani, F., Thompson, R. C., & Barlaz, M. (2009). Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 364(1526), 1985-1998. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0205
Baztan, J., Carrasco, A., Chouinard, O., Cleaud, M., Gabaldon, J. E., Huck, T., .Paillard, C. (2014). Protected areas in the Atlantic facing the hazards of micro-plastic pollution: first diagnosis of three islands in the Canary Current. Marine pollution bulletin, 80(1-2), 302-311.
Beck, C. A., & Barros, N. B. (1991). The impact of debris on the Florida manatee. Marine pollution bulletin, 22(10), 508-510. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(91)90406-I
Bjorndal, K. A., Bolten, A. B., & Lagueux, C. J. (1994). Ingestion of marine debris by juvenile sea turtles in coastal Florida habitats. Marine pollution bulletin, 28(3), 154-158. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(94)90391-3
Bodin, N., Abarnou, A., Fraisse, D., Defour, S., Loizeau, V., Le Guellec, A. M., & Philippon, X. (2007). PCB, PCDD/F and PBDE levels and profiles in crustaceans from the coastal waters of Brittany and Normandy (France). Marine pollution bulletin, 54(6), 657-668. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.01.018
Boucher, J., & Friot, D. (2017). Primary microplastics in the oceans: a global evaluation of sources: IUCN Gland, Switzerland.
Brahney, J., Hallerud, M., Heim, E., Hahnenberger, M., & Sukumaran, S. (2020). Plastic rain in protected areas of the United States. Science, 368(6496), 1257-1260. doi:10.1126/science.aaz5819
Browne, M. A., Galloway, T., & Thompson, R. (2007). Microplastic—an emerging contaminant of potential concern? Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 3(4), 559-561. doi:10.1002/ieam.5630030412
Carpenter, E. J., Anderson, S. J., Harvey, G. R., Miklas, H. P., & Peck, B. B. (1972). Polystyrene spherules in coastal waters. Science, 178(4062), 749-750.
Chu, F.-L. E., Soudant, P., & Hale, R. C. (2003). Relationship between PCB accumulation and reproductive output in conditioned oysters Crassostrea virginica fed a contaminated algal diet. Aquatic toxicology, 65(3), 293-307.
Claessens, M., De Meester, S., Van Landuyt, L., De Clerck, K., & Janssen, C. R. (2011). Occurrence and distribution of microplastics in marine sediments along the Belgian coast. Marine pollution bulletin, 62(10), 2199-2204.
Cole, M., Lindeque, P., Fileman, E., Halsband, C., Goodhead, R., Moger, J., & Galloway, T. S. (2013). Microplastic Ingestion by Zooplankton. Environmental science & technology, 47(12), 6646-6655. doi:10.1021/es400663f
Cole, M., Lindeque, P., Halsband, C., & Galloway, T. S. (2011). Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: a review. Marine pollution bulletin, 62(12), 2588-2597.
Cutter, S. L. (1993). Living with risk : the geography of technological hazards. London: Edward Arnold.
de Wit, W., & Bigaud, N. (2019). No plastic in nature: assessing plastic ingestion from nature to people. World Wildlife Fund, Gland, Switzerland.
Derraik, J. G. B. (2002). The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review. Marine pollution bulletin, 44(9), 842-852. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00220-5
Desforges, J.-P. W., Galbraith, M., Dangerfield, N., & Ross, P. S. (2014). Widespread distribution of microplastics in subsurface seawater in the NE Pacific Ocean. Marine pollution bulletin, 79(1), 94-99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.12.035
Dris, R., Gasperi, J., Saad, M., Mirande, C., & Tassin, B. (2016). Synthetic fibers in atmospheric fallout: A source of microplastics in the environment? Marine pollution bulletin, 104(1), 290-293. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.01.006
Endo, S., Takizawa, R., Okuda, K., Takada, H., Chiba, K., Kanehiro, H., .Date, T. (2005). Concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in beached resin pellets: Variability among individual particles and regional differences. Marine pollution bulletin, 50(10), 1103-1114. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.04.030
Eriksen, M., Lebreton, L. C., Carson, H. S., Thiel, M., Moore, C. J., Borerro, J. C., Reisser, J. (2014). Plastic pollution in the world's oceans: more than 5 trillion plastic pieces weighing over 250,000 tons afloat at sea. PloS one, 9(12), e111913.
Estahbanati, S., & Fahrenfeld, N. L. (2016). Influence of wastewater treatment plant discharges on microplastic concentrations in surface water. Chemosphere, 162, 277-284. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.07.083
Europe, P. (2019). Plastic–––The Facts 2019. An Analysis of European Latest Plastics Production, Demand and Waste Data. Available online: https://www.plasticseurope.org/application/files/9715/7129/9584/FINAL_web_version_Plastics_the_facts2019_14102019.pdf. (accessed on 18 February 2020).
Galgani, F., Fleet, D., Van Franeker, J., Katsanevakis, S., Maes, T., Mouat, J., Thompson, R. (2010). Marine Strategy Framework directive-Task Group 10 Report marine litter do not cause harm to the coastal and marine environment. Report on the identification of descriptors for the Good Environmental Status of European Seas regarding marine litter under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Galgani, F., Souplet, A., & Cadiou, Y. (1996). Accumulation of debris on the deep sea floor off the French Mediterranean coast. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 142, 225-234. Retrieved from http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v142/p225-234/
Gallagher, A., Rees, A., Rowe, R., Stevens, J., & Wright, P. (2016). Microplastics in the Solent estuarine complex, UK: an initial assessment. Marine pollution bulletin, 102(2), 243-249.
Garrity, S. D., & Levings, S. C. (1993). Marine debris along the Caribbean coast of Panama. Marine pollution bulletin, 26(6), 317-324.
Gasperi, J., Wright, S. L., Dris, R., Collard, F., Mandin, C., Guerrouache, M., Tassin, B. (2018). Microplastics in air: Are we breathing it in? Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 1, 1-5. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2017.10.002
Gibb, R., Bunce, M., Mee, L., Rodwell, L., & Rewhorn, S. (2017). Sources, fate and effects of microplastics in the marine environment: a global assessment. Global Change Biology, 9(10), 842-852.
Graham, E. R., & Thompson, J. T. (2009). Deposit- and suspension-feeding sea cucumbers (Echinodermata) ingest plastic fragments. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 368(1), 22-29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2008.09.007
Heskett, M., Takada, H., Yamashita, R., Yuyama, M., Ito, M., Geok, Y. B., Mermoz, J. (2012). Measurement of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in plastic resin pellets from remote islands: Toward establishment of background concentrations for International Pellet Watch. Marine pollution bulletin, 64(2), 445-448. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.11.004
James, M. O., Altman, A. H., Li, C.-L. J., & Schell, J. D. (1995). Biotransformation, hepatopancreas DNA binding and pharmacokinetics of benzo[a]pyrene after oral and parenteral administration to the American lobster, Homarus americanus. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 95(1), 141-160. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2797(94)03355-2
Koelmans, A. A., Mohamed Nor, N. H., Hermsen, E., Kooi, M., Mintenig, S. M., & De France, J. (2019). Microplastics in freshwaters and drinking water: Critical review and assessment of data quality. Water Research, 155, 410-422. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.02.054
Lambert, S., Sinclair, C., & Boxall, A. (2014). Occurrence, degradation, and effect of polymer-based materials in the environment. In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Volume 227 (pp. 1-53): Springer.
Lebreton, L., Slat, B., Ferrari, F., Sainte-Rose, B., Aitken, J., Marthouse, R., Reisser, J. (2018). Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 4666. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22939-w
Li, J., Yang, D., Li, L., Jabeen, K., & Shi, H. (2015). Microplastics in commercial bivalves from China. Environmental pollution, 207, 190-195. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.09.018
Liebezeit, G., & Liebezeit, E. (2013). Non-pollen particulates in honey and sugar. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30(12), 2136-2140. doi:10.1080/19440049.2013.843025
Liebezeit, G., & Liebezeit, E. (2014). Synthetic particles as contaminants in German beers. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 31(9), 1574-1578. doi:10.1080/19440049.2014.945099
Lohmann, R. (2017). Microplastics are not important for the cycling and bioaccumulation of organic pollutants in the oceans—but should microplastics be considered POPs themselves? Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 13(3), 460-465.
Lots, F. A., Behrens, P., Vijver, M. G., Horton, A. A., & Bosker, T. (2017). A large-scale investigation of microplastic contamination: abundance and characteristics of microplastics in European beach sediment. Marine pollution bulletin, 123(1-2), 219-226.
Lusher, A. L., McHugh, M., & Thompson, R. C. (2013). Occurrence of microplastics in the gastrointestinal tract of pelagic and demersal fish from the English Channel. Marine pollution bulletin, 67(1), 94-99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.11.028
Lusher, A. L., Tirelli, V., O’Connor, I., & Officer, R. (2015). Microplastics in Arctic polar waters: the first reported values of particles in surface and sub-surface samples. Scientific Reports, 5(1), 14947. doi:10.1038/srep14947
Mathalon, A., & Hill, P. (2014). Microplastic fibers in the intertidal ecosystem surrounding Halifax Harbor, Nova Scotia. Marine pollution bulletin, 81(1), 69-79. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.02.018
Mato, Y., Isobe, T., Takada, H., Kanehiro, H., Ohtake, C., & Kaminuma, T. (2001). Plastic Resin Pellets as a Transport Medium for Toxic Chemicals in the Marine Environment. Environmental science & technology, 35(2), 318-324. doi:10.1021/es0010498
Maxwell, J. A. (1996). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach. Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications, Inc.
McDevitt, J. P., Criddle, C. S., Morse, M., Hale, R. C., Bott, C. B., & Rochman, C. M. (2017). Addressing the Issue of Microplastics in the Wake of the Microbead-Free Waters Act A New Standard Can Facilitate Improved Policy. In: ACS Publications.
McMahon, C. R., Holley, D., & Robinson, S. (1999). The diet of itinerant male Hooker's sea lions, <emph type="2">Phocarctos hookeri</emph>, at sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island. Wildlife Research, 26(6), 839-846. doi:https://doi.org/10.1071/WR98079
Murray, F., & Cowie, P. R. (2011). Plastic contamination in the decapod crustacean Nephrops norvegicus (Linnaeus, 1758). Marine pollution bulletin, 62(6), 1207-1217. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.03.032
Nor, N. H. M., & Obbard, J. P. (2014). Microplastics in Singapore’s coastal mangrove ecosystems. Marine pollution bulletin, 79(1-2), 278-283.
Possatto, F. E., Barletta, M., Costa, M. F., Ivar do Sul, J. A., & Dantas, D. V. (2011). Plastic debris ingestion by marine catfish: An unexpected fisheries impact. Marine pollution bulletin, 62(5), 1098-1102. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.01.036
Prata, J. C. (2018). Airborne microplastics: Consequences to human health? Environmental pollution, 234, 115-126. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.043
Ribic, C. A., Johnson, S. W., & Cole, C. A. (1997). Distribution, Type, Accumulation, and Source of Marine Debris in the United States, 1989–1993. In J. M. Coe & D. B. Rogers (Eds.), Marine Debris: Sources, Impacts, and Solutions (pp. 35-47). New York, NY: Springer New York.
Rochman, C. M., Brookson, C., Bikker, J., Djuric, N., Earn, A., Bucci, K., Munno, K. (2019). Rethinking microplastics as a diverse contaminant suite. Environmental toxicology and chemistry, 38(4), 703-711.
Rochman, C. M., Kross, S. M., Armstrong, J. B., Bogan, M. T., Darling, E. S., Green, S. J., . . . Veríssimo, D. (2015). Scientific Evidence Supports a Ban on Microbeads. Environmental science & technology, 49(18), 10759-10761. doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b03909
Santos, I. R., Friedrich, A. C., & Ivar do Sul, J. A. (2009). Marine debris contamination along undeveloped tropical beaches from northeast Brazil. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 148(1), 455-462. doi:10.1007/s10661-008-0175-z
Ślusarczyk, B., & Kot, S. (2018). Solution for sustainable development: provisions limiting the consumption of disposable plastic carrier bags in poland. Journal of Security & Sustainability Issues, 7(3). Retrieved from http://findit.lib.ntnu.edu.tw:3210/sfxlcl3?sid=google&auinit=b&aulast=%c5%9alusarczyk&atitle=solution%20for%20sustainable%20development%3a%20provisions%20limiting%20the%20consumption%20of%20disposable%20plastic%20carrier%20bags%20in%20poland.&id=doi%3a10.9770%2fjssi.2018.7.3%287%29
Spangler, M. B. (1982). The Role of Interdisciplinary Analysis in Bridging the Gap Between the Technical and Human Sides of Risk Assessment 1. Risk Analysis, 2(2), 101-114.
Strungaru, S.-A., Jijie, R., Nicoara, M., Plavan, G., & Faggio, C. (2019). Micro-(nano) plastics in freshwater ecosystems: abundance, toxicological impact and quantification methodology. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 110, 116-128.
Sutton, R. I., & Staw, B. M. (1995). What Theory is Not. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40(3), 371-384. doi:10.2307/2393788
Teng, J., Wang, Q., Ran, W., Wu, D., Liu, Y., Sun, S., Zhao, J. (2019). Microplastic in cultured oysters from different coastal areas of China. Science of The Total Environment, 653, 1282-1292. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.057
Townsend, K. R., Lu, H.-C., Sharley, D. J., & Pettigrove, V. (2019). Associations between microplastic pollution and land use in urban wetland sediments. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(22), 22551-22561. doi:10.1007/s11356-019-04885-w
Van Cauwenberghe, L., & Janssen, C. R. (2014). Microplastics in bivalves cultured for human consumption. Environmental pollution, 193, 65-70. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.06.010
Von Moos, N., Burkhardt-Holm, P., & Köhler, A. (2012). Uptake and effects of microplastics on cells and tissue of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis L. after an experimental exposure. Environmental science & technology, 46(20), 11327-11335.
Walker, T., Reid, K., Arnould, J. P., & Croxall, J. (1997). Marine debris surveys at Bird Island, South Georgia 1990–1995. Marine pollution bulletin, 34(1), 61-65.
Winston, J. E. (1982). Drift plastic—An expanding niche for a marine invertebrate? Marine pollution bulletin, 13(10), 348-351. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(82)90038-8
Yang, D., Shi, H., Li, L., Li, J., Jabeen, K., & Kolandhasamy, P. (2015). Microplastic Pollution in Table Salts from China. Environmental science & technology, 49(22), 13622-13627. doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b03163