研究生: |
葉佳恩 Jia-En Yeh |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
針對美國華裔學生之漢字教學與行動研究 An Action Research on Teaching Chinese Characters to Chinese Heritage Students from the United States |
指導教授: |
信世昌
Hsin, Shih-Chang |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
華語文教學系 Department of Chinese as a Second Language |
論文出版年: | 2016 |
畢業學年度: | 104 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 146 |
中文關鍵詞: | 漢字教學 、課程設計 、華裔學生 、教學策略 |
英文關鍵詞: | teaching of Chinese characters, curriculum design, heritage students, teaching strategy |
DOI URL: | https://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202204738 |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:224 下載:51 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
近年來,全球興起華語熱,其中華裔學習者為數不少,針對傳承語 言學生的教學方式及內容逐漸受到學者們重視。華裔學習者普遍聽說能 力優於讀寫能力,漢字教學並為針對華裔學習者之教學重點之一,但是 相關研究仍缺乏。本研究之重點在於透過適性的教學模式,設計出一套 具針對性且適性華裔學習者之漢字教學課程,以提升學習者之漢字讀寫 能力。
本研究是以成長於美國地區,18歲至25歲來台學習中文之華裔學習 者為研究對象進行之行動研究,旨在針對華裔學生特殊的漢字學習需求 設計漢字教學課程。研究過程中,首先根據研究者先前之教學經驗並針 對華裔學習者的特徵及學習困難蒐集文獻資料並分析,其次通過問卷調 查、測驗與訪談,以了解華裔學習者之漢字學習需求。接著依照分析進 行課程試驗並實施教學課程,最後再針對課程試驗結果進行分析討論。
根據試驗教學評估顯示,研究者使用所發展的教學策略於課程中確 實改善華裔學習者之漢字教學能力。本研究並根據教學成效提出了幾點 教學建議:(一) 針對中級程度華裔學習者之漢字教學策略方面:1.教學應 以「溝通」為首要目的,並融入與生活相關之真實材料,與實際生活結 合。2.課程中,應融入漢字筆畫與筆順之教學,以增進華裔學習者之漢字 寫作能力,並減少漢字寫作上之偏誤。3.針對華裔學習者之漢字教學應以 詞彙為單位進行教學。4.應重視部件教學,並於課程中加入更多相似部件 的分析與比較之教學內容。(二)針對華裔班之教學建議:1.做好學習者之需 求分析。2.課堂中及課後,應給予學習者更多個別指導的時間,以改善班 級中學習者差異大之問題。3.教學應以溝通為目的並將目的語生活環境中 之實物融入教學,如時間允許,可讓學生進行實地練習。4.熟悉教材及準備補充教材。5.充分瞭解語言中心之課程規劃,並善加規劃課程。
Learning Chinese has become a trend in recent years; with the majority of students being heritage learners. Most of the Chinese heritage students perform better on Chinese listening and speaking than on reading and writing. Many scholars believe that teaching Chinese characters is one of the main points in teaching Chinese heritage students. However, compared to the relevant studies about second language learners, the relevant studies concerning heritage students are only a few. Therefore, the main purpose of the study is to explore how to harness the linguistic advantages of heritage learners, and through appropriate teaching models, further enhance their Chinese character reading and writing skills.
This study conducts an action research using subjects that are 18 to 25 year-old Chinese heritage learners from America. The main purpose of the study is to design a most suitable and effective curriculum of teaching Chinese characters according to the special needs concerning Chinese character reading and writing of these heritage students. Based on the previous teaching experiences, first of all, information and previous studies on the characteristics of heritage learners and their learning difficulties are gathered and examined. Second, through questionnaires, writing tests and interviews, we analyze the special needs of the heritage learners. Based on the analysis results, a teaching curriculum suited to the needs of heritage students can then be designed and implemented.
Under this pilot teaching assessment, properly designed teaching strategies will indeed improve the Chinese character reading and writing ability of the Chinese heritage learners. This study proposes the following suggestions with regard to teaching: 1) Teaching Chinese characters to middle-level Chinese heritage students from America: (a) “Communication” should be the first priority concerning teaching; realia should be employed in teaching materials in order to combine teaching with real life; (b) Implementing teaching contents of basic and combined strokes of Chinese characters as well as Chinese stroke order to improve learners’ Chinese character writing ability; (c) Employ vocabularies and phrases as teaching units rather than single Chinese characters; (d) Implement more teaching on comparisons of similar Chinese character components as well as the components themselves; (e) In order to motivate learners’ learning interest as well as enhance the learning effect, choose properly and conduct some Chinese character games in teaching; 2) Concerning the teaching of Chinese heritage students: (a) Do need analysis of students; (b) During class and after class, individualize teaching in order to eliminate the difficulty raised by mixed classes of various learning backgrounds; (c) If there is enough class hour, take students to field trips to practice learning; (d) Prepare extra teaching materials; (e) Schedule teaching according to teaching schedules of every individual institution.
一、中文部分
王愛平(2000)。東南亞華裔學生的文化認同與漢語學習動機。華僑大學學報,3,67-71。
王振亞(2005)。以跨文化交往為目的的外語教學。北京:北京語言大學出版社。
方虹婷、郭芳君(2006)。短期華裔班課程的發展要項與實施─以僑務委員會海外華裔青年語文研習班為例。第四屆台灣華語文教學討論會論文集。
239-250。
石定果(1997)。 漢字研究與對外漢語教學。語言教學與研究。1。
朱仲謀譯(2004)。行動研究原理與實作。台北:五南出版社。
朱媞媞(2007)。華裔學生學習漢語的心理特徵與文化關鍵期問題。華僑大學學報,4,117-122。
朱志平(2009)。美國華裔學生在漢語課堂中的優勢和問題。北京師範大學學報,6,98-104。
李培元、任遠(1986)。漢字教學簡述。第一屆國際漢語教學討論會論文選。北京:北京語言學院出版社。
李嘉郁(2000)。華裔學生歷史文化教育方法淺談。華文教學與研究,1,62-65。
李連珠(2006)。全語言教育。臺北:心理出版社。
李曉琪(2006)。對外漢語教學口語教學研究。北京:商務印書館。
李淑珍,蕭惠帆(2010)。101個教中文的實用妙點子。台北:聯經。
李定勇(2009)。美國加州地區中文學校調查研究。國立臺灣師範大學華語文教學研究所碩士論文,台北。
李玉芬(1997)。康乃爾大學華裔子弟班之課程設計,第五屆世界華語文教學研討會論文集,教學與應用組。台北。
吳明清(1991)。教育研究。台北市:五南。
呂必松(1993)。對外漢語教學研究。北京:北京大學出版社。
呂必松(2006)。漢語和漢語做為第二語言教學。北京:北京大學出版社。
何寶璋(2000)。美國大學華裔子女漢語教學課程探討,第六屆世界華語文研討會論文集,教學與應用組,台北。
宋業瑾、賈嬌燕(2003)。對外漢語詞彙及詞彙教學研究。北京:商務。
孟慶明(2005)。華裔初級閱讀課之教學策略。二十一世紀華語機構經營策略與教學國際研討會論文集。台北:台灣師範大學。
孟慶明(2007)。在美國非華語環境下中文教學策略之行動研究。國立台灣師範大學華語文教學研究所碩士論文,台北。
施正宇(1999)。外國留學生形符書寫偏誤分析。北京大學學報,4,147-153。
施正宇(2008)。詞、語素、漢字教學初探。世界漢語教學,2,109-118。
夏林清譯(1997)。行動研究方法導論—教師動手做研究。台北:遠流。
夏明菊(2003)。華裔學生漢語學習動機分析。烏魯木齊成人教育學院學報,4,46-47。
陳佩正(2000)。從「心」教學─行動研究與教師專業成長。台北:心理出版社。
畢念平(2000)。閱讀試題的種類與分析—華裔子弟之需求。第六屆世界華語文教學研討會論文集,教學與應用組第三冊,台北。
畢念平(2006)。有背景學生的初級漢語課程與《中文聽說讀寫》。載於姚道中等編,中文教材與教學研究。P137-148, 北京:北京語言大學。
孫懿芬(2007)。強化閱讀和寫作的線上輔助教學課程設計與實驗—以 Chinese as a Heritage Language 學習者為對象。2007年第五屆全球華文網路教學研討會論文集。台北。
孫懿芬(2008)。華語讀寫課程設計與實踐—針對歐美華裔學生之行動研究。國立臺灣師範大學華語文教學研究所碩士論文,台北。
張朋朋(2001)。集中識字。北京:華語教學出版社。
張朋朋(2004)。談文字的本質。漢字文化。3。
張欣怡(1998)。針對中級華語學習者之漢字課程設計。國立臺灣師範大學華語文教學研究所碩士論文,台北。
張靜賢(2004)。漢字教程。北京:北京語言大學出版社。
許擇昌(2001)。從留學生到美籍華人─以廿世紀中葉台灣留美學生為例。
台北:財團法人海華文教基金會。
許依菡(2010)。初中級華語寫作教材設計研究--以華裔學生為對象。國立臺灣師範大學華語文教學研究所碩士論文,台北。
黃沛榮(2003)。漢字教學的理論與實踐。台北市:樂學書局有限公司。
黃富玉(2009)。文化導向之中級華裔華語教材設計研究—以在台學習者為例。國立臺灣師範大學華語文教學研究所碩士論文,台北。
葉德明(1990)。漢字認知基礎。台北:師大書苑。
葉德明(1999)。華語文教學規範與理論基礎。台北:師大書苑。
萬業馨(2004)。從漢字研究到漢字教學。世界漢語教學。2,40-48。
鄭繼娥(2001)。漢字認知心理研究成果與漢字教學。成都教育學院學報,2,39-41。
劉莉(2006)。華裔學生中文教學特點—兼談配合《中文聽說讀寫》而做的補充閱讀材料的編寫和使用。載於姚道中等編,中文教材與教學研究,P148-163。北京:北京語言大學。
鄭敏、陳鳳蘭(2000)。教學行動研究在閱讀教學中的應用。外語教學與研究,6,北京。
戴汝潛、謝錫金、郝嘉杰、祝新華、李輝等(1999)。漢字教與學。濟南:山東教育出版。
魏獻俊(1990)。美國華裔子女學習中國語文之障礙與困難。第二屆世界華文研討會論文集教學與應用(下冊)。71-82。
譚玲(2010)。淺談對外漢語口語教學中任務型教學的嘗試。中國校外教育中旬刊。89。
羅敏誠(2011)。針對泰國大學生之漢字部件教學研究。國立臺灣師範大學華語文教學研究所碩士論文,台北。
嚴棉(1985)。華僑與非華僑在「聽」「說」「讀」「寫」教學之比較研究。第一屆世界華文研討會論文集,教材教法組B,P721-725。台北。
蘇培成(2001)。現代漢字學綱要。北京:北京大學出版社。
顧穎、楊文惠(2006)。筆位變體與筆畫教學。雲南師範大學學報,5。
15-17。
二、英文部分
Bailey,K. (1986). Class Lecture. Spring 1986. Monterey Institute of International Studies.
Breen, M. P., Hird, B., Milton, M., Oliver, R., & Thwaite, A. (2001). Making sense of language teaching: Teachers' principles and classroom practices. Applied linguistics, 22(4), 470-501.
Brown, H. D. (1994). Teaching by principles: An interactive approach to language pedagogy (Vol. 1): Prentice Hall Regents New Jersey.
Christensen, M., & Wu, X. (1993). An Individualized Approach for Teaching False Beginners. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, 28(2),91-100.
Dai & Zhang. (2008). What Are the CHL Learners Inheriting? In Chinese as a Heritage Language: Fostering Rooted world Citizenry. 37-51. National Foreign Language Resource Center, University of Hawaii Press.
Ellis, R. (1994). The study of second language acquisition: Oxford University Press.
Froese, V. (Ed.). (1996) Whole Language- Practice and Theory. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Gallagher, M. W. (1996). Optimizing unique opportunities for learning. A View from Within: A case study of Chinese heritage community language schools in the United States. Washington, DC: National Foreign Language Center.
Gambhir, S. (2001). Truly less commonly taught languages and heritage language learners in the United States. Heritage languages in America: Preserving a national resource, 207-228.
Goodman, K. S. (1986). What’s whole in whole language? Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
Giles, H., & Byrne, J. L. (1982). An intergroup approach to second language acquisition. Journal of Multilingual & Multicultural Development, 3(1), 17-40.
Hendryx, J. D. (2008). The Chinese heritage language learners' existing linguistic knowledge and abilities. Chinese as a heritage language: Fostering rooted world
citizenry, 53-66.
Kachru, B. (1977) New Englishes and Old Models. English Language Forum, July.123-125.
Ke, C. (1998). Effects of language background on the learning of Chinese characters among foreign languages students. Foreign Language Annals, 31(1), 91-100.
Kondo, K. (1999). Motivation bilingual and semibilingual university students of Janpanese: An analysis of language learning persistence and intensity
among students from immigrant background. Foreign Language Annual, 32(1), 77-88.
Krashen, S. D. (1980). The input hypothesis. In J. E. Alatis (Ed.), Current issues in bilingual education: Georgetown University Round Table on Language and
Linguistics. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. 168-180.
Krashen, S. D. (1981). Second language acquisition and second language learning.Oxford: Pergamon.
Lambert, W. E. (1972). Language, psychology, and culture (Vol. 5): Stanford University Press.
Li, Duanduan &Patricia A. Duff. (2008). Issues in Chinese Heritage Language Education and Research at the Postsecondary Level. In He, Agnes Weiyun & Xiao, Yun (Eds.), Chinese as a Heritage Language: Fostering Rooted
World Citizenry(pp. 13-33). National Foreign Language Resource Center,University of Hawaii at Manao.
Lu, Xuehong and Guofang Li. (2008).Motivation and Achievement in Chinese Language Learning: A Comparative Analysis. In In He, Agnes Weiyun & Xiao, Yun (Eds.), Chinese as a Heritage Language: Fostering Rooted World Citizenry. National Foreign Language Resource Center,University of Hawaii at Manao.
Lukmani, Y. M. (1972). Motivation to learn and language proficiency. Language learning, 22(2), 261-273.
McGinnis, S. (1996). Teaching Chinese to the Chinese: The development of an assessment and instructional model. Patterns and policies: The changing demographics of foreign language instruction, 107-121.
Pattison, P. (1987). Developing communication skills. Cambridge. Cambridge University.
Schumann, J. H. (1986). Research on the acculturation model for second language acquisition. Journal of Multilingual & Multicultural Development, 7(5), 379-392.
Shen, H. (2003). A comparison of written Chinese achievement among heritage learners in homogeneous and heterogeneous groups. Foreign Language Annals, 36(2), 258-266.
Skehan, P. (1998). A cognitive approach to language learning: Oxford University Press.
Spolsky, B. (1969). Attitudinal aspects of second language learning. Language learning, 19, 271-283.
Tse, L. (2000). The Effects of Ethnic Identity Formation on Bilingual Maintenance and Development: An Analysis of Asian American Narratives. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 3,3, 185-200.
Wang, S. C. (1999). Teacher training: Meeting the needs of the field. In M. Chu (Ed.), Mapping the Course of the Chinese Language Field (Chinese Language Teachers Association Monograph Series, Volume III, pp.25-36).Kalamazoo, MI: Chinese Language Teachers Association.
Wang, S.C. & Green, N. (2001). Heritage Language Students in the K-12 education system. In J.K. Peyton, D.A. Ranard, S. McGinnis (Ed.) Heritage Language in America, Preserving a National Resource .(P167-196). IL:Delta Publishing Company.
Weaver, C.Stephens, D.& Vance, J. (1990). Understanding whole language: From principles to practice: Heinemann Portsmouth, NH.
Weger-Guntharp, H. (2006). Voices from the margin: Developing a profile of Chinese heritage language learners in the FL classroom. Heritage Language Journal, 4(1),29-46.
Wu, S. M. (2007). Robust learning for Chinese heritage learners: Motivation, linguistics and technology. Teaching Chinese, Japanese, and Korean heritage language students: Curriculum needs, materials, and assessment, 271-297.
三、網路資源
謝天蔚(2004)。美國大學中文教學與中學銜接問題。2012年4月30日,取自: http://csulb.edu/~txie/papers。
黃沛榮(2005)。漢字教學的字形工具。第四屆全球華文網路教育研討會網站論文集。2006 年4 月11 日,取自:http://edu.ocac.gov.tw/discuss/academy/netedu04/ICICE2005/about.htm。
四、教材部分
國立台灣師範大學國語教學中心主編(2010)。實用中文讀寫一。台北:正中書局。
國立台灣師範大學國語教學中心主編(2010)。實用中文讀寫二。台北:正中書局。
國立臺灣師範大學國語教學中心主編(2008)。Advanced A Plus Chinese 1。台北:聯經。
國立臺灣師範大學國語教學中心主編(2009)。Advanced A Plus Chinese 2。台北:聯經。
劉珣主編(2008)。新實用漢語課本第一冊。北京:北京語言大學。
劉珣主編(2008)。新實用漢語課本第二冊。北京:北京語言大學。