本研究以生涯發展理論為基礎，探討大專運動員在社會支持、生涯信念、生涯自我效能與生涯發展之現況、比較不同背景變項大專運動員在社會支持、生涯信念、生涯自我效能與生涯發展之認知差異情形、分析大專運動員社會支持、生涯信念、生涯自我效能與生涯發展之相關性，以及驗證大專運動員社會支持、生涯信念、生涯自我效能與生涯發展之線性結構模式為主要研究目的。本研究分為兩大階段進行，首先以參加101年全國大學校院運動會公開組之650名運動員為研究對象，透過｢大專運動員社會支持、生涯信念、生涯自我效能與生涯發展調查問卷｣進行調查，共獲得551份有效問卷，並以描述統計、單因子變異數分析、典型相關分析及結構方程模式進行資料分析；其後，再透過立意抽樣方式選取6名大專運動員為研究對象，以深度訪談方式瞭解大專運動員社會支持、生涯信念、生涯自我效能與生涯發展之現況與重要影響因素；最後，綜整量化與質性研究結果，獲致以下結論與建議：
一、大專運動員在社會支持方面，對於隊友支持的感受最為強烈。在生涯信念方面，對工作價值的知覺情形最高。在生涯自我效能方面，以目標選擇決定的自我效能最佳，蒐集職業資料的自我效能最低。在生涯發展方面，在生涯探索與生涯定向的知覺情形頗為均衡。
二、大專運動員之性別會影響對社會支持、生涯信念、生涯自我效能與生涯發展的認知程度；大專運動員之年級會影響對生涯信念、生涯自我效能與生涯發展認知程度。
三、大專運動員社會支持與生涯信念、生涯自我效能、生涯發展具典型相關；大專運動員生涯信念與生涯自我效能、生涯發展具典型相關；大專運動員生涯自我效能與生涯發展具典型相關。
四、大專運動員社會支持、生涯信念、生涯自我效能與生涯發展之結構方程模式各估計參數路徑達顯著效果，顯示社會支持越高則會產生更積極的生涯信念以及更高的生涯自我效能，進而影響生涯發展；大專運動員缺乏具體實質的支持，加上來自於家人、隊友等人的支持與高度期待所產生的心理壓力，致使社會支持對生涯發展無顯著影響。
基於上述研究結論，政府相關部門與學校除建構完善的大專運動員社會支持體系，培養正向的生涯信念外，更要提升其生涯規劃相關能力的自信心，方能對大專運動員的生涯發展有所助益。而針對未來研究方面，建議未來可針對其他層級運動員，以及運動員的家長、教練等進行研究，藉以進行更廣泛的討論，當可獲得更寶貴的研究成果；此外，可採縱貫面的多年期追蹤調查研究，亦可在多年期研究過程中介入相關輔導機制，探討相關輔導策略所帶來的影響與效益，如此將可更深入地剖析運動員在本研究各研究變項上的表現與轉變。

This study based on the career development theory and designed to examine the relationship among social support, career beliefs, career self-efficacy, and career development of college athletes. The study was divided into two stages: in the first stage, the researcher took 650 college athletes as the subjects to distribute the questionnaires, 551 of which were valid. With the dada collected from the questionnaires, descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, canonical correlation analysis and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) were performed for data analysis. Then, through in-depth interviewing with 6 college athletes, qualitative information was collected. After combining statistics and qualitative data, the main conclusions and suggestions were derived as following:
1. Most of the college athletes perceived more social support from their teammates, had better perception on work value dimension of career beliefs, reflected more confidence in goals selection dimension of career self-efficacy, and the lowest cognitions toward occupational information gathering, career exploration and career orientation were identical.
2. Both gender and grade would affect the score of college athletes’ social support, career beliefs, career self-efficacy and career development.
3. College athletes’ social support had canonical correlation with career beliefs, career self-efficacy and career development; career beliefs had canonical correlation with career self-efficacy and career development; career self-efficacy had canonical correlation with career development.
4. There was a cause-effect relationship among the social support, career beliefs, career self-efficacy and career development of college athletes. The career beliefs and career self-efficacy have direct impact on career development while social support have direct impact on career development through career beliefs and career self-efficacy. However, College athletes lack of substantial support and rather receive much expectation which resulted in stress from parents and teammates. Therefore, the social support does not have direct impact on career development.
Above all, if the administrative units of education want to improve college athletes’ career development, they should not only increase social support, cultivate positive career beliefs, but also strengthen college athletes’ confidence in career planning.

毛菁華、周富美、許鶯珠 (2008)。技職院校女大學生生涯發展歷程模式之研究。諮商輔導學報，19，105-139。
王秀紅、吳淑如、劉雅瑛 (2003)。利用統合分析法檢視社會支持與健康結果的相關性。高雄醫學科學雜誌，19(7)，345-351。
王孟佳 (2011)。應用計畫行為理論探討體育班學生學習行為與生涯發展之研究 (未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。

行政院 (2008，8月28日)。體委會報告我國參加2008北京奧運省思與前瞻行政院院長提示事項。取自行政院網址http://gazette.nat.gov.tw/EG_File Manager/eguploadpub/eg014171/ch09/type9/gov01/num19/Eg.htm

行政院新聞局 (2008，8月26日)。2008北京奧林匹克運動會中華代表團返國歡迎餐會行政院院長致詞稿。取自行政院新聞局網址http://info.gio.gov.tw/fp.asp? xItem=42820&ctNode=3764&mp=1

行政院體育委員會 (1999)。中華民國體育白皮書。臺北市：作者。

行政院體育委員會 (2007)。中華民國體育白皮書初稿。臺北市：作者。

何光明、楊玲惠 (2011)。餐飲技職教育學生學習滿意度與生涯自我效能對職涯選擇影響之研究-大同技術學院餐飲管理系為例。運動休閒餐旅研究，6(2)，80-107。

何光明、楊玲惠、吳柏萱 (2011)。實習環境知覺、實習滿意度與生涯自我效能的關係探討-大同技術學院餐飲管理系的個案研究。國立金門大學學報，2，157-178。

余鑑 (譯) (1999)。終生之生涯輔導與諮商。臺北市：國立編譯館。(Herr, E. L., & Cramer, S. H., 1992)。

吳明隆 (2003)。SPSS統計運用學習實務：問卷分析與應用統計。臺北市：知城。

吳明隆 (2007)。結構方程模式-AMOS的操作與應用。臺北市：五南。

吳明隆 (2009)。SPSS操作與應用：問卷統計分析實務(二版)。臺北市：五南。
吳明隆、涂金堂 (2005)。SPSS與統計應用分析。臺北市：五南。

吳芝儀 (1991)。五專五年級學生生涯信念、情境、特質焦慮與生涯決定行為之研究-以國立台北商專五專五年級學生為例 (未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。

吳芝儀 (譯) (1997)。生涯發展理論與實務。臺北市：揚智。(Zunker, V. G., 1996)。

吳淑卿、解春德 (2007)。大專甲組運動員的訓練、學業與生涯規劃。嶺東體育暨休閒學刊，5，1-8。

呂君榮 (2000)。大學體育科系學生生涯信念與生涯發展阻隔因素之調查研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立體育學院，桃園縣。

李再長、李俊杰、曾雅芬 (2005)。大型企業組織生涯管理、個人生涯規劃、個人人格特質與工作滿意度之關聯研究。人力資源管理學報，5(1)，53-76。

李欣靜 (2006)。大學校院甲組桌球選手生涯發展與生涯輔導需求之研究 (未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。

李茂興 (譯) (1998)。生涯諮商：理論與實務。臺北市：揚智。(Richard, S. S., 1997)。

李素箱、許吉越、許昭雅、楊種發 (2010)。我國高中柔道選手社會支持與流暢體驗之實證研究。運動與遊憩研究，5(2)，31-49。

李韻如 (2002)。一個優秀運動員的養成模式 (未出版碩士論文)。國立交通大學，新竹市。

李詠秋 (2002)。原住民大學生生涯發展狀況、生涯自我效能與其生涯阻礙因素之關係研究 (未出版碩士論文)。國立新竹教育大學，新竹市。

汪佳佩 (2007)。台北縣市技專校院二技部應屆畢業生生涯自我效能、自我認定狀態與生涯承諾之相關研究 (未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。

辛秋菊 (1993)。生涯發展、離職傾向及其相關之研究-以製造業及服務業為研究對象 (未出版碩士論文)。淡江大學，臺北縣。

周文祥 (1996)。運動員的生涯規劃。國民體育季刊，3 (2)，60-68。
周惠如 (2008) 。臺北市公立高中職體育班學生課業壓力、學校適應與社會支持之研究 (未出版碩士論文)。臺北市立體育學院，臺北市。

季力康 (2000)。應重視對大學學生運動員之輔導工作。大專體育，47，3-4。

周文欽、歐滄和、許擇基、盧欽銘、金樹人、范德鑫 (1999)。心理與教育測驗。臺北市：心理出版社。

林正洲 (2005)。臺北市高中體育班學生生涯信念與生涯發展之研究 (未出版碩士論文)。臺北市立體育學院，臺北市。

林幸台 (1987)。生計輔導的理論與實施。臺北市：五南。

林幸台、田秀蘭、張小鳳、張德聰 (2003)。生涯輔導。臺北縣：國立空中大學。

林幸台、林恭煌、許永昌 (2001)。生涯規劃。臺北市：三民。

林敬豐 (2010)。社會支持、知覺自由對於志工參與組織承諾與參與利益之研究-以福智文教基金會為例 (未出版碩士論文)。國立雲林科技大學，雲林縣。

邱美華、董華欣 (1997)。生涯發展與輔導。臺北市：心理。

邱皓政 (2004)。量化研究與統計分析。臺北市：五南。

金樹人 (1986)。生計發展理論的新大陸-生計發展的認知發展理論。諮商與輔導，5，24-28。

金樹人、許宏彬 (2000)。國中學生生涯建構與生涯發展之研究。教育心理學報，31，23-66。

洪子晴 (2011)。臺灣大專甲組跆拳道運動員生涯自我效能與生涯輔導需求之研究 (未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。

洪立 (2003)。大學體育科系學生生涯發展狀況與生涯阻隔之研究 (未出版碩士論文)。臺北市立體育學院，臺北市。

洪煌佳 (2010)。影響高中體育班學生的生涯發展之因素研究。休閒與社會研究，2，15-26。
洪煌佳 (2012)。社會支持與生涯信念對高中職體育班學生生涯發展之影響。成大體育學刊，44(1)，17-33。

洪煌佳、陳癸享 (2010)。聽障選手的社會支持及參與動機之關係研究。成大體育學刊，42 (1)，1-18。

洪聰敏 (2003)。學生運動員生涯規劃之探討。北體學報，11，181-192。

紀俊吉、蘇慧慈 (2006)。運動員應有的生涯規劃。大專體育，86，127-132。

夏林清、王芳萍、冷尚書 (1995)。石化業勞工生涯策略探討：策略行動的案例研究。臺灣社會研究季刊，18，71-124。
徐耀輝 (2003)。從社會學觀點談台灣女性與運動。國民體育季刊，32(1)，7-11。
袁志晃 (1997)。生涯信念量表的內涵及其在諮商上的用途。輔導季刊，33(2)，8-18。

袁志晃 (2005)。制握控傾向大學生的生涯發展阻力因素與個人生涯決策行為之關係探討。智慧科技與應用統計學報3(1)，133-158。

高強華 (1993)。論信念的意義、結構與特性。現代教育，8(2)，74-89。

高淑芳 (2004)。社會支持的概念與延伸。精神心理衛生照護。空大學訊，325，64-66。

張小鳳、林蔚芳 (1996)。大臺北地區青少年生涯信念初探研究。測驗年刊，43，153-172。

張宏亮 (1995)。大學運動績優保送生之學校適應因應策略。中華體育，9(2)，21-27。

張宏亮(1996)。運動績優保送生學習困擾及求助對象現況調查。大專體育，28，91-96。

張佩娟 (2004)。國中輔導教師社會支持與其輔導角色實踐相關之研究 (未出版碩士論文)。國立高雄師範大學，高雄市。

張芳全 (2010)。論文就是要這樣寫 (二版)。臺北市：心理。

張春興 (1998)。教育心理學-三化取向的理論與實踐。臺北市：東華。

張家銘、邱思慈、陳文英 (2011)。國內大學運動員之運動自信心來源量表編製研究。輔仁大學體育學刊，10，66-81。
張添洲 (1993)。生涯發展與規劃。臺北市：五南。

張碧娟 (2010)。臺灣地區高中職體育班學生的生涯信念與生涯發展之相關研究 (未出版碩士論文)。國立臺東大學，臺東市。

張韻瑋 (2010)。南部地區高中音樂資優生生涯自我效能與生涯發展及學校教師同儕角色影響之研究 (未出版碩士論文)。國立高雄師範大學，高雄市。

許健民 (1998)。運動績優保送生的角色衝突。中華體育，12(2)，10-14。

許淑穗、張德榮 (1999)。生涯自我效能及其相關因素對大學生生涯選擇影響之徑路分析。長榮學報，3(1)，117-137。

許雅嵐 (2007)。技職校院應外系學生工作價值觀、生涯自我效能與生涯定向之相關研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立雲林科技大學，雲林縣。

許碧章 (2006)。臺北縣國民小學手球團隊學童運動參與動機與社會支持之研究 (未出版碩士論文)。臺北巿立體育學院，臺北市。

許慧香 (2007)。大專應屆畢業生生涯自我效能與就業服務需求關係之研究-以雲嘉南地區為例 (未出版碩士論文)。國立高雄師範大學，高雄市。

許瀞心 (2003)。運動員的生涯規劃。大專體育，66，105-110。

郭玟嬨 (2003)。科技大學學生生涯決策自我效能、工作價值觀與未來進路調查之研究 (未出版碩士論文)。國立高雄師範大學，高雄市。

郭哲君 (2009)。體育志工社會支持、工作滿意對幸福感之影響研究-以2010年全國大學校院運動會志工為例 (未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。

郭靜姿、林美和、張靖卿、胡寶玉、簡維君、謝佳男、周佩蓉 (2007)。高中資優班畢業女性談資優教育之影響。特殊教育學報，29，87-110。

陳又琪 (2008)。運動績優保送大學非體育科系女性排球選手學校適應與生涯發展之敘說研究 (未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。

陳志睿、林如瀚 (2010)。生涯自我轉化對運動選手的重要意涵。中華體育季刊，24(3)，124-130。
陳佩雯 (2005)。技職校院學生生涯自我效能、生涯阻礙因素與其生涯發展狀況之關係研究 (未出版碩士論文)。銘傳大學，臺北市。

陳其昌 (1996)。運動傷害所造成的心理情緒困擾及其因應對策。大專體育，27，78-82。

陳忠強、紀力康、江衍宏 (2007)。高中教練之教練效能、社會支持與身心倦怠之相關研究。國立體育學院論叢，18(1)，1-12。

陳癸享 (2009)。2008年全國身心障礙國民運動會聽障參賽選手社會支持及參與動機之研究 (未出版碩士論文)。國立臺東大學，臺東市。

陳聖芳 (1997)。走在挑戰極限的路上-我國運動員的生活、學業和出路問題 (未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣大學，臺北市。

陳鈺欣 (2010)。原住民高中職學生生涯發展與生涯自我效能之相關研究 (未出版碩士論文)。國立臺東大學，臺東市。

陳麗娟 (1992)。新制師院生職業認定和生涯成熟的輔導效果研究及其相關因素之探討。初等教育學報，5，123-178。

章宏智 (2007)。國家運動選手訓練中心選手運動社會支持因素對運動價值觀之影響。北體學報，15，29-39。

單小琳 (1988)。國中導師專業倦怠與工作壓力社會支持調適的相關研究 (未出版碩士論文)。國立政治大學，臺北市。
彭滋萍、張高賓 (2010)。高中職生家庭環境、生涯自我概念與生涯自我效能之研究。家庭教育與諮商學刊，9，33-60。
彭慧玲 (2003)。大專體育資優生認知團體輔導效果之實驗研究。2002年國科會研究計畫成果報告 ( NSC91-2413-H-141-002)。

曾文正 (2002)。就業前景大調查：十大最難找頭路的科系。時報週刊，1292，93-97。

曾逸誠 (2005)。大學體保生其生活適應與生涯發展關係之研究 (未出版碩士論文)。國立臺中教育大學，臺中市。

黃芳銘 (2006)。結構方程模式理論與應用 (第四版)。臺北市：五南。

黃俊英 (2004)。多變量分析 (初版)。臺北市：華泰書局。

黃惠惠 (2006)。邁向成熟：青年的自我成長與生涯規劃。臺北市：張老師。

黃瑞琴 (1991)。質的教育研究方法。臺北市：心理。

黃瑛祺、連廷嘉、鄭承昌 (2006)。生涯輔導課程方案對高三學生生涯自我效能及生涯定向之效果研究。諮商輔導學報，14，36-63。

黃慧森、廖鳳池 (2008)。高中生共許生涯願景的故事-敘事取向生涯探索團體之研究。諮商輔導學報，18，55-88。

黃寶園 (2004)。結合統合分析與結構方程模式之理論驗證：以壓力調節反應模式之建立與驗證為例 (未出版博士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。

楊珮琳、林靜萍 (2009)。師範校院體育系學生生涯發展與生涯阻隔。體育學報，42(2)，67-80。

楊淑珍 (1997)。生涯信念量表之編製。測驗年刊，44(1)，185-208。

楊淑萍 (1995)。自我效能在認知技巧學習和生涯發展上的應用 (上)。諮商與輔導，110，20-25。

楊朝祥 (1989)。生計輔導：終生的輔導歷程。臺北市：行政院青年輔導委員會。

葉素汝 (2004)。以優秀學生運動員個案為例探討其心理困擾與輔導方向。諮商與輔導，217，31-37。

葉麗琴 (2002)。一位運動員成長經歷與運動員認同的影響。國民體育季刊，31(1)，27-32。

詹俊成、陳素青 (2013)。落實運動員生涯輔導策略之探討。中華體育季刊，27(1)，31-38。

過修齊 (2004)。國民小學教師生涯承諾、生涯自我效能與生涯協助需求相關之研究 (未出版碩士論文)。國立臺中師範學院，臺中市。

趙麗雲 (2001)。大家來為運動員喝采加油！。取自財團法人國家政策研究基金會，網址http://www.npf.org.tw monthly/00109/theme-215.htm

劉育靜 (2005)。大學運動員之運動員認同與生涯阻隔之研究 (未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。

劉明秋 (1988)。生計決策理論與實徵研究之分析。臺南師院學報，22，109-133。

劉泰一、彭慧玲 (2009)。大專運動員之生涯輔導-畢業後該何去何從。諮商與輔導，277，40-44。

劉雅惠 (1997)。國小教師生涯信念、生涯自我效能與生涯發展狀況相關之研究 (未出版碩士論文)。國立臺北師範學院，臺北市。

劉翠薇、黃淑貞 (1999)。臺北縣某商專學生運動行為極其影響因素之研究。學校衛生，34，1-32。

厲瑞珍 (2002)。南部地區大學應屆畢業生自我統合危機與生涯自我效能之相關研究 (未出版碩士論文)。國立高雄師範大學，高雄市。

潘姿吟 (2008，8月15日)。單車國手創品牌。蘋果日報，B6頁。

潘國峰 (2008) 。社會支持對高中優秀運動員持續參與競技運動意圖之效應-以壓力緩衝模式為基礎 (未出版碩士論文) 。國立體育大學，桃園縣。

蔣宜玫 (2009)。高中生家庭支持、親子依附與生涯自我效能之研究－以嘉南地區普通高中為例 (未出版碩士論文)。國立嘉義大學，嘉義市。
蔡馨任、季力康、游鎮安 (2012)。青少年不同運動階段中社會支持的差異：來源與形式的探討。體育學報45(1)，31-41。
鄭志富 (2010)。臺灣優秀運動員生涯輔導模式建置與實證研究。2010年國科會研究計畫期中成果報告( NSC 99 -2410-H-003-135)。

黎天生、李光武、黃崇儒、陳建利、陳堅錐 (2007)。探討協助學生運動員生涯發展的可行方向。北體學報，15，214-222。

盧俊宏、廖主民、季力康(2007)。運動社會心理學。臺北市：師大書苑。

賴文仁 (2008)。國民小學教師生涯自我效能、社會支持與生涯承諾之相關研究 (未出版碩士論文)。雲林科技大學，雲林縣。

賴曉庭 (2008)。音樂相關學系學生生涯發展狀況與生涯自我效能研究 (未出版碩士論文)。臺北市立教育大學，臺北市。

薛凱方 (2010)。生涯自主動機歷程與生涯定向、學習投入之模式驗證-以自我決定理論之觀點（未出版博士論文）。國立政治大學，臺北市。

謝佳男 (2001)。運動之路的起伏與調適-八位體育保送生的經驗 (未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。

謝雅棻 (2009)。高中職獨生子女學生知覺父母支持、生涯自我效能、自我認定與生涯決定之研究 (未出版碩士論文)。國立彰化師範大學，彰化市。

鍾志強 (2000)。大學生之運動社會支持研究。體育學報，28，101-110。

簡維君、郭靜姿、林美和 (2005)。婚姻與家庭的影響：高中美術資優班畢業女性生涯發展之助力與阻力。資優教育研究，5(1)，1-20。

藍唯語 (2011)。大學體育科系學生生涯自我效能與生涯發展狀況之研究 (未出版碩士論文)。臺北市立教育大學，臺北市。

闕美華 (2000)。國中小教師情緒智慧、社會支持與工作滿意之研究 (未出版碩士論文)。國立彰化師範大學，彰化市。

羅文基、朱湘吉、陳如山（1991）。生涯規劃與發展。國立空中大學：臺北市。

羅明屏 (2011)。臺北市高中 (職) 體育班學生社會支持、學習適應與課程學習滿意度之研究 (未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。

蘇明月 (2006)。高雄市國中、國小學校專任行政人員生涯信念之研究 (未出版碩士論文)。國立高雄師範大學，高雄市。

蘇美雪 (1998)。運動員的生涯規劃。臺灣體育，98，7-10。

蘇鈺婷 (2002)。在學青少年生涯發展之相關因素研究 (未出版碩士論文)。國立成功大學，臺南市。

Albrecht, T. L., & Adelman, M. B. (1987). Communicating social support. Newbury Park, CA: Sega Publications.
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structure equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 411-423.

Anderson, S. L., & Betz, N. E. (2001). Sources of social self-efficacy expectations: Their measurement and relation to career development. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58, 98-117.

Arulmani, G., & Nag, S. (2008). The career belief patterns scale (2nd ed.). Bangalore, India: The Promise Foundation.

Austin, R. K., Wagner, B., & Dahl, D. (2003). Reducing negative career thoughts in adults. International Journal of Disability Community and Rehabilitation 2. Retrieved from http://www.ijdcr.ca/VOL02_02_CAN/articles/austin.shtml

Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structure equation models. Academic of Marketing Science, 16(1), 76-94.

Bandura, A. (1986). A social foundations of thought and action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Bandura, A. (1977a). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Bandura, A. (1977b). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavior change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215.

Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY: Freeman.

Bentler, P. M., & Wu, E. J. C. (1993). EQS for windows user’s guide. Los Angeles, CA: BMDP Statistical Software.

Betz, N. E. (1992). Counseling uses of career self-efficacy theory. The Career Development Quarterly, 41, 22-26.

Betz, N. E., & Hackett, G. (1986). Applications of self-efficacy theory to understanding career choice behavior. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 4, 279-289.

Blustein, D. L., Prezioso, M. S., & Schultheiss, D. P. (1995). Attachment theory and career development: Current status and future directions. The Counseling Psychologist, 23(3), 416-432.

Bratton, M. (1997). The academic experiences, career self-efficacy, performance, and self-esteem of female and male doctoral students in counseling psychology. Pro Quest Files. (ProQuest Dissertation Abstraction Item: 9719306).

Brown, C., Glastetter-Fender, C., & Shelton, M. (2000). Psychosocial identity and career control in college student-athletes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56, 53-62.

Bryman, A., & Cramer, D. (1997). Quantitative data analysis with SPSS for windows. London, UK: Routledge.

Caplan, G. (1974). Support systems and community mental health consultation. New York, NY: Basic Books.

Carron, A. V., Hausenblas, H. A., & Mack, D. (1996). Social influence and exercise: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18,1-16.

Clarkson, P. (2003). How to overcome your secret fear of failure. London, UK: Vega.

Cohen, S., & Syme, S. L. (1985). Issues in the study and application of social support. In S. Cohen, & L. S. Syme (Eds.), Social support and health (pp.3-22). New York, NY: Academic Press.

DeFreese, J. D., & Smith, A. L. (2013). Teammate social support, burnout, and self-determined motivation in college athlete. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14, 258-265.

DeVellis, R. F. (1991). Scale development: Theory and application. Newbury Park, CA: Sega Publications.

Drosos, N. (2011). Career maturity and career decision making of adolescents from different cultural backgrounds.(Unpubilished doctoral dissertation ). University of Athens, Athens, Greece.

Drosos, N., & Kassotaki, F. (2005). Educational and career choices of Greek and non-Greek students who attend Greek schools in relation with their self-esteem and their country of origin. Review of Counseling and Guidance, 72-73, 47-62.

Ellis, A. (1962). Reason and emotion in psychotherapy. Secaucus, NJ: Lyle Stuart.

Enright, M. S. (1996). The relationship between disability status, career beliefs, and career indecision. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 40(2), 134-152.

Erpič, S., Wylleman, P., & Zupančič, M. (2004). The effect of athletic and non-athletic factors on the sports career termination process. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 5(1), 45-59.

Farmer, H. S. (1985). Model of career and achievement motivation for women and men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 32, 363-390.

Fawcett, L. M., Garton, A. F., & Dandy, J. (2009). Role of motivation, self-efficacy and parent support in adolescent structured leisure activity participation. Australian Journal of Psychology, 61(3), 175-182.

Felner, R. D. (1984). Vulnerability in childhood: A preventative framework for understanding children’s effort to cope with life stress and transitions. Prevention of Problems in Childhood. New York, NY: John Wiley.

Felsman, D., & Blustein, D. L. (1999). The role of peer relatedness in late adolescent career development. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54, 279-295.

Fisher, T. A., & Padmawidjaja, I. (1999). Parental influences on career development perceived by African American and Mexican American college students. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 27, 136-152.

Flouri, E., & Buchanan, A. (2002). The role of work-related skills and career role models in adolescent career maturity. Career Development Quarterly, 51(1), 36-43.

Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39-50.

Frost, R. O., & Marten, P. A. (1990). Perfectionism and evaluative threat. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14(6), 559-572.

Furman, W., & Buhrmeister, D. (1992). Age and sex differences in perceptions of networks of personal relationships. Child Development, 63, 103-115.

Gainor, K. A. (2006). Twenty-five years of self-efficacy in career assessment and practice. Journal of Career Aeesssment, 14(1), 161-178.

Gay, L. R. (1992). Education research: Competencies for analysis and application.(4th ed.). New York, NY: Merrill.

Gibson, D. E. (2004). Role model in career development: New directions for theory and research. Jounral of Vocational Behavior, 65(1), 134-156.

Ginzberg, E. (1972). Toward a theory of occupational choice: A restatement.Vocational Guidance Qquarterly, 20, 169-176.

Ginzberg, E., Ginsburg, S. W., Axelrad, S., & Herma, J. (1951). Occupational choice: An approach to a general theory. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

Goldberg, A. D., & Chandler, T. (1995). Sport counseling: Enhancing the development of the high school student-athlete. Journal of Counseling & Development, 74, 39-44.

Greenhaus, J. F., Callanan, G. A., & Godshalk V. M. (2000). Career management (3rd ed.). Sydney, AU: The Dryden Press.

Grove, J. R., Lavallee, D., Gordon, S., & Harvey, J. H. (1998). Account-making: A model for understanding and resolving distressful reactions to retirement from sport. The Sport Psychologist, 12, 52-67.

Guralnick, M. J., Hammond, M. A., Neville, B., & Connor, R. T. (2008). The relationship between sources and functions of social support and dimensions of child and parent-related stress. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 52(12), 1138-1154.

Hackett, G., & Betz, N. E. (1981). A self-efficacy approach to the career development of women. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 18, 326-339.

Hackett, G., Betz, N. E., & Casas, J. M. (1992). Gender, ethnicity, and social cognitive factors predicting the academic achievement of students in engineering. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 39(4), 527-538.

Hall , D. (1976). Career in organizations. Pacific Palisades, CA：Goodyear Publishing.

Harrison, C. K., & Lawrence, S. M. (2003). African American student athletes’ perceptions of career transition in sport: Aquanlitative and visual elicitation. Race Ethnicity and Education, 6(4), 372-394.

Herr, E. L., & Cramer, S. H. (1988). The development of career behavior and choice. In E. L. Herr, & S. H. Cramer (Eds.), Career guidance and counseling through the life span (pp.97-153). London, UK: Harper Collins Publishers.

Hirschi, A., & Lage, D. (2008). Increasing the career choice readiness of young adolescents: An evaluation study. International Journal of Education and Vocational Guidance, 8, 95-110.

Hoff, K. S. (1997). Emerging career development needs as reported by adult students at four Ohio institution of higher education: A qualitative study.(Unpublished doctoral dissertation ). Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH.

House, J. S. (1981). Work stress and social support. Reading Mass, Indiana: Addison-Wesley.

Howard, K. A. S., Ferrari, L., Nota, L., Solberg, V. S. H., & Soresi, S. (2009). The relation of cultural context and social relationships to career development in middle school. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 75,100-108.

Hung, H. C., & Wang. C. C. (2010). The influence of career beliefs on high school students’ career development in the department of physical education [Abstract]. Handbook of the 2nd International Conference for the Sociology of Sport 2010 (pp.56). Taoyuan, Taiwan: Taiwan Society of Sport Sociology.

Isaacson, L. E., & Brown, D. (2000). Career information, career counseling, and career development. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

Jones, B. D., Paretti, M. C., Hein, S. F., & Knott, T. W. (2010). An analysis of motivation constructs with first year engineering students: Relationships among expectancies, values, achievement, and career plans. Journal of Engineering Education, October, 319-336.

Jones, G. C., & Cunningham, G. B. (2008). The impact of sport management students’ perceptions of study abroad programs on their intentions to study abroad. Sport Management Review, 11, 149-163.

Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1989). Lisrel 7: User’s reference guide. Chicago, Illinois: Scientific Software.

Jowett, S., & Cockrill, I. M. (2003). Olympic medallists’ perspective of the athlete-coach relationship. Psychology Sport & Exercise, 4, 313-331.

Juntunen, C. L., Barraclough, D. J., Broneck, C. L., Seibel, G. A., Winrow, S. A., & Morin, P. M. (2001). American Indian perspectives on the career jounary. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 48, 274-285.

Keller, K. E., Biggs, D. A., & Gysbers, N. C. (1982). Career counseling from a cognitive perspective. Persannel and Guidance Journal, 60, 367-371.

Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Kristiansen, E., & Roberts, G. C. (2010). Young elite athletes and social support: Coping competive and organizational stress in Olympic competition. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 20, 686-695.

Krumboltz, J. D. (1983). Private rules in career decision making. Columbus, OH: National Center Research in Vocational Education.

Krumboltz, J. D. (1991). The career beliefs inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists.

Krumboltz, J. D. (1992). Challenging troublesome career beliefs. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED347481)

Krumboltz, J. D. (1994a). The career beliefs inventory. Journal of Counseling and Development, 72, 424-428.

Krumboltz, J. D. (1994b). Potential value of the career beliefs inventory. Journal of Counseling and Development, 72, 432-433.

Leal-Muniz, V., & Constantine, M. G. (2005). Predictors of the career commitment process in Mexican American students. Jounral of Career Assessment, 13, 204-215.

LeBlanc, J. M., & Tulley, C. T. (2001). Deaf and hearing-impaired lesbians and gay males: Perceptions of social support. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 13(3), 57-84.

Lent, R. A., Brown, S. D., Talleyrand, R., Mcpartland, E. B., Davis, T., Chopra, S. B., Alexander, N. S., Suthakaran, V., & Chia, C. M. (2002). Career choice barriers, supports, and coping strategies: College students’ experiences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 60, 61-72.

Lent, R. W., & Hackett, G. (1987). Career self-efficacy: Empirical status and future directions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 30, 347-382.

Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (1994). Toward a unifying social cognitivetheory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45, 79-122.

Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Larkin, K. C. (1984). Relation of self-efficacy expectations to academic achievement and persistence. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31(3), 356-362.

Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., Nota, L., & Soresi, S. (2003). Testing social cognitive interest and choice hypothesis across Holland types in Italian high school students. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 62, 101-118.

Leonard, W. M. (1984). A sociological perspective of sport (5th ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Alley &Bacon.

Li, Z. (2012). Effects of social supports on the career choice consideration of Chinese farmers: A social cognitive perspective. The Career Development Quarterly, 60, 355-366.

Lien, B. Y. H. (2005). Career development and the needs of young college-educated females in Taiwan. Journal of Career Development, 31(3), 209-223.

Liu, Y. C. (2003). Relationships between career resilience and career beliefs of employees in Taiwan. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas.

Lopez, F. G., Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Gore, P. A. (1997). Role of social cognitive expections in high school students’ mathematics-related interest and performance. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 44, 44-52.
Lucas, M. (1997). Identity development, career development, and psychological separation from parents: Similarities and differences between men and women. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 44, 123-132.

Luzzo, D. A. (1999). Identifying the career decision-making needs of nontraditional college students. Journal of Counseling and Development, 77, 135-140.

Luzzo, D. A., & Day, M. A. (1999). Effects of strong interest inventory feedback on career decision self-efficacy and social cognitive career beliefs. Journal of Career Assessment, 7(1), 1-17.

MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1, 130-149.

Mahadevan, L. (2010). Acculturation and career beliefs inventory. Journal of Counseling & Development, 72, 424-428.

Marland, S. P. (1974). Career education: A proposal for reform. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Matzeder, M. E., & Krieshok, T. S. (1995). Career self-efficacy and the prediction of work and home role salience. Journal of Assessment, 3, 331-340.

Mitchell, A. M., Jones, G. B., & Krumboltz, J. D. (1996). Social learning and career decision making. Cranston, RI: Carrol Press.

Mitchell, L. K., & Krumboltz, J. D. (1984). Social learning approach to career decision making: Krumboltz's theory. In D. Brown, & L. Brooks (Eds.), Career choice and development (pp.145-196). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Mueller, R. O. (1996). Basic principles of structural equation modeling─An introduction to LISREL and EQS. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.

Nathan, R., & Hill, L. (2006). Career counseling. London, UK: Sage.

Nevill, D. D., & Super, D. E. (1988). Career maturity and commitment to work in university students. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 32, 139-151.
Niles, S. G., & Sowa, C. J. (1992). Mapping the nomological network of career self-efficacy. The Career Development Quarterly, 41, 13-21.

Nota, L., Ferrari, L., Solberg, V. S. H., & Soresi, S. (2007). Career search self-efficacy, family support, and career indecision with Italian youth. Journal of Career Assessment, 15(2), 181-193.

Painter, C. A., Prevatt, F., & Welles, T. (2008). Career beliefs and job satisfication in adults with symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Employment Counseling, 45(4), 178-188.

Pajares, M. F. (1992). Teachers’ beliefs and educational research: Cleaning up a messy construct. Review of Educational Research. 62(3), 307-332.

Porfeli, E., & Skorikov, V. B. (2010). Specific and diversive career exploration during late adolescence. Journal of Career Assessment, 18, 46-58.

Prterson, S. L. (1993). Career decision-making self-efface and institutional integration of under prepared college students. Research in High Education, 34, 659-685.

Rees, T., Hardy, L., & Freeman, P. (2007). Stressors, social support, and effects upon performance in golf. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(1), 33-42.

Restubog, S. L. D., Florentino, A. R., Raymund, P., & Garcia, P. R. J. M. (2010). The mediating roles of career self-efficacy and career decidedness in the relationship between contextual support and persistence. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77, 186-195.

Rogers, M. E., & Creed, P. A. (2011). A longitudinal examination of adolescent career planning and exploration using a social cognitive career theory framework. Journal of Adolescence, 34, 163-172.

Rogers, M. E., Creed, P. A., & Glendon, A. I. (2008). The role of personality in adolescent career planning and exploration: A social cognitive perspective. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73, 132-142.

Ryan-Jones, R. E. (1990). The relationship of career indecision, vocational identity and gender to career belief. (Unpubilished doctoral dissertation). The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida.
Sandler, M. E. (1998). Career decision-making self-efficacy and integrated model of student persistence in a continuing higher education adult degree program. (Unpublished doctor dissertation). New York University, New York, NY.

Santos, P. J. (2001). Predictors of generalized indecision among Portuguese secondary school students. Journal of career Assessment, 9, 381-396.

Sarafino, E. P. (2002). Health psychology: Biopsychosocial interactions. New York, NY: Wiley.

Sarason, B. R., Sarason, I. G., & Pierce, G. R. (1990). Traditional view of social support and their impact on assessment. In B. R. Sarason, I. G. Sarason, & G. R. Pierce (Eds.), Social support: An interactional view (pp.9-25). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sans.

Schultheiss, D. E. P. (2003). A relationship approach to career counseling: Theoretical integration and practical application. Journal of Counseling Development, 81, 301-310.

Scott, D., & Willits, F. K. (1998). Adolescent and adult leisure patterns: A reassessment. Journal of Leisure Research, 30(3), 319-330.

Sharf, R. S. (1997). Applying career development theory to counseling. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks / Cole.

Sheu, H. B., Lent, R.W., Brown, S. D., Miller, M. J., Hennessy, K. D., & Duffy, R. D. (2010). Testing the choice model of social cognitive career theory across Holland themes: A meta-analytic path analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76, 252-264.

Shumaker, S. A., & Brownell, A. (1984). Toward a theory of social support: Closing conceptual gaps. Journal of Social Issues, 40(4), 52.

Sidiropoulou-Dimakakou, D., Argyropoulou, K., Drosos, N., & Terzaki, M. (2012). Career beliefs of Greek and non-Greek vocational education students. Creative Education, 3(7), 1241-1250.

Sigel, I. E. (1985). A conceptual analysis of beliefs . In I. E. Sigel (Ed.), Parental belief systems: The psychological consequences for children (pp.345-371). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associate.

Solon, P. J. (1993).Vicarious learning (daughters’ perceptions of their mothers’ influence) and women’s career self-efficacy expectations [CD-RON]. Abstract from ProQuest Files: Dissertation Abstraction Item: 3928389.

Spokane, A. R., & Oliver, L. W. (1983). Outcomes of vocational intervention In S. H. Osipow, & W. B. Walsh (Eds.), Handbook of Vocational Psychology (pp. 99-136). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Stambulova, N. B. (1994). Developmental sports career investigations in Russia: A post-perestroika analysis. The Sport Psychologist, 8, 221-237.

Stillman, T. F., Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., Lambert, N. M., Fincham, F. D., & Brewer, L. E. (2010). Personal philosophy and personnel achievement: Belief in free will predicts better job performance. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1(1), 43-50.

Stringer, K. J., & Kerpelman, J. L. (2010). Career identity development in college students: Decision making, parental support, and work experience. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research,10, 181-200.

Super, D. E. (1953). A theory of vocational development. American Psychologist, 8, 185-190.

Super, D. E. (1957). The psychology of careers: An introduction to vocational development. New York, NY: Happer & Brothers.

Super, D. E. (1976). Career education and the meaning of work：Monograph on career education. Washington, D C: The Office of Career Education, U.S. Office of Education.

Super, D. E. (1990). A life-span, life-space approach to career development. In D. Brown, L. Brooks, & Associates (Eds.), Career choice development (pp.197-261). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Super, D. E., Savickas, M. L., & Super, C. M. (1996). The life-span, life-space approach to careers. In D. Brown, L. Brooks, & Associates (Eds.), Career choice and development (pp.121-178). San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass.

Swindle, R. W. (1983). Social networks, perceived social support and coping with stress. Preventive psychology: Theory, research and practice in community intervention (pp. 87-103). New York, NY: Pergramon.
Taylor, K. M., & Betz, N. E. (1983). Applications of self-efficacy theory to the understanding and treatment of career indecision. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 22, 63-81.

Taylor, K. M., & Popma, J. (1990). An examination of the relationships among career self-efficacy decision-making, career salience, locus of control, and vocational indecision. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 32, 17-31.

Taylor, S. E., Sherman, D. K., Kim, H. S., Jarcho, J., Takagi, K., & Dunagan, M. S. (2004). Culture and social support: Who seeks it and why? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Health & Medicine, 87, 354-362.

Thompson, A. P. (1976). Client misconceptions in vocational counseling. The Personal and Guidance Journal, 54, 30-33.

Turner, R. J., Frankel, B. C., & Levine, D. (1986). Social support: Conceptualization, measurement and implication for mental health. American Journal of Community Psychology, 17(2), 185-201.

Turner, S. L., & Lapan, R. T. (2002). Career self efficacy and perceptions of parent support in adolescent career development. The Career Development Quarterly, 51(1), 44-55.

Turner, S. L., Steward, J. C., & Lapan, R. T. (2004). Family factors associated with sixth-grade adolescents’ math and science career interests. The Career Development Quarterly, 53, 41-53.

Turner, S., & Lapan, R. T. (2002). Career self-efficacy and perceptions of parents support in adolescent career development. The Career Development Quarterly, 51(1), 44-55.

Vealey, R. S., Hayashi, S. W., Garner-Holman, M., & Giacobbi, P. (1998). Sources of sport-confidence: Cocceptualization and instrument development. Jounral of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 20, 54-80.

Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (1999). Personality and sport. In R. S. Weinberg, & D. Gould (Eds.), Foundations of sport and exercise psychology (pp.25-46). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Weiss, R. S. (1974). The provision of social relationships.In Z. Rubin (Ed.), Doing unto others (pp.17-26). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Wuerth, S., Lee, M. J., & Alfermann, D. (2004). Parensal involvement and athletes’ career in youth sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5, 21-33.

Yeh, L. T., Lee, H. I., Chen, S. P., Yu, L., Cheng, H. S., & Yao, J. W. et al. (2009). Social support and striatal dopaminergic activities: Is there a connection? Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 33, 1141-1146.

Yuen, M., Gysbers, N. C., Chan, R. M. C., Lau, P. S. Y., & Shea, P. M. K. (2010). Talent development, work habits, and career exploration of Chinese middle-school adolescents: Development of the career and talent development self-efficacy scale. High Ability Studies, 21(1), 47-62.

Zourbanos, N., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Goudas, M., Papaioannou, A., Chroni, S., & Theodorakis, Y. (2011). The social side of self-talk: Relationships between perceptions of support received from the coach and athletes’ self-talk. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12, 407-414.

Zunker, V. G. (2006). Career counseling: A holistic approach. (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks-Cole.