研究生: |
張淑華 |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
應用跨理論模式於臺北縣某技術學院學生運動行為之研究 Application of the transtheoretical model to exercise behavior among the students of the institute of technology |
指導教授: | 呂昌明 |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
健康促進與衛生教育學系 Department of Health Promotion and Health Education |
論文出版年: | 2008 |
畢業學年度: | 96 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 123 |
中文關鍵詞: | 跨理論模式 、運動行為 、技術學院學生 、運動行為改變階段 |
英文關鍵詞: | transtheoretical model, exercise behavior, the students of the institute of technology, stage of change for exercise |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:189 下載:20 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
本研究旨在應用跨理論模式瞭解技術學院學生運動行為之現況,並進一步探討個人背景因素、運動社會心理變項與其運動行為改變階段之間的關係。以台北縣某技術學院學生為研究對象,採分層隨機抽樣法進行抽樣,並利用自填式問卷進行資料收集,有效樣本513人,回收率為93.6%。所得資料以百分率、平均值、卡方檢定、t檢定、單因子變異數分析、單因子多變項變異數分析、薛費氏事後比較等統計方法進行分析。重要結果歸納如下:
一、研究對象的運動行為階段以準備期最多(58.5%),其次為維持期
(15%)、無意圖期(11.7%)、意圖期(9.0%)、行動期人數最少
(5.8%)。
二、影響研究對象運動行為改變階段的變項包括年齡、性別、自覺健康狀況、
有無參加運動社團等。
三、整體而言,五個不同運動行為改變階段的研究對象,在知覺運動利益、知
覺運動障礙、運動自我效能、運動社會支持和運動享樂感方面,有顯著差
異存在。
四、個別而言,五個不同運動行為改變階段的研究對象,在知覺運動利益方
面,有顯著差異存在,維持期高於準備期、無意圖期。
五、個別而言,五個不同運動行為改變階段的研究對象,在知覺運動障礙方面
有顯著差異存在,無意圖期高於維持期、行動期和準備期;意圖期高於維
持期、行動期;準備期高於維持期。
六、個別而言,五個不同運動行為改變階段的研究對象,在運動自我效能方面
有顯著差異存在,維持期高於準備期、意圖期及無意圖期;行動期高於準
備期、意圖期及無意圖期;準備期高於無意圖期;意圖期高於無意圖期。
七、個別而言,五個不同運動行為改變階段的研究對象,在運動社會支持方面
有顯著差異存在,維持期高於行動期、準備期、意圖期、無意圖期;準備
期高於無意圖期。
八、個別而言,五個不同運動行為改變階段的研究對象,在運動享樂感方面有
顯著差異存在,維持期高於行動期、準備期、意圖期、無意圖期;準備期
高於無意圖期。
依據研究發現,針對教育實務工作與未來研究方向提出建議,以作為提升技術學院學生運動行為改變階段之參考。
The purpose of this study was to investigate the current exercise behavior of the students of the institute of technology in Taipei county, and to explore the relationships among the stage of change for exercise and demographic characteristics, exercise psychosocial variables, through application of the transtheoretical model (TTM). By using a stratified random sampling method, 513 valid samples (response rate 93.6%) were surveyed with a self-administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed with Chi-square test, t-test, One-way ANOVA, One-way MANOVA and Scheffe’s post hoc test. The main results of this research were summarized as follows:
1. The distribution of the stages of change for exercise took the most part in preparation (58.5%). Others were in maintenance (15%), Precontemplation (11.7%), contemplation (9.0%) and the least part in action (5.8%).
2. The subjects have significant differences in age, gender, perceived health condition, sport team participation across the stages of change for exercise.
3. All in all, perceived benefits of exercise, perceived barriers of exercise, self-efficacy for exercise, social support for exercise, and enjoyment for exercise made significant differences to distinguish stage from stage.
4. In perceived benefits of exercise, there are significant differences among subjects of the five stages of change for exercise, that is, Maintenance > Preparation, Precontemplation.
5. In perceived barriers of exercise, there are significant differences among subjects of the five stages of change for exercise, that is, Precontemplation > Maintenance, Action, Preparation. Contemplation > Maintenance, Action. Preparation > Maintenance.
6. In self-efficacy for exercise, there are significant differences among subjects of the five stages of change for exercise, that is, Maintenance > Preparation, Contemplation, Precontemplation. Action > Preparation, Contemplation, Precontemplation. Preparation > Precontemplation. Contemplation > Precontemplation.
7. In social-support for exercise, there are significant differences among subjects of the five stages of change for exercise, that is, Maintenance > Action, Preparation, Contemplation, Precontemplation. Preparation > Precontemplation.
8. In enjoyment for exercise, there are significant differences among subjects of the five stages of change for exercise, that is, Maintenance > Action, Preparation, Contemplation, Precontemplation. Preparation > Precontemplation.
According to the finding of this study could present as references for improving school health practice to promotion the stage of change for exercise among the students of the institute of technology and further research in this field.
ㄧ、中文部份
方進隆(2001)。學生體適能的理念與期望。學校體育雙月刊,11(7),2-3。
方進隆(1992)。估計運動時所消耗之能量。運動與健康─減肥健身與疾病的運動處方。(頁173-185),台北市:漢文。
方進隆(1993)。健康體能的理論與實務─健康體能評量。台北市:漢文。
行政院衛生署(1996)。台灣地區公共衛生概況。台北:行政院衛生署。
行政院衛生署(2000)。衛生白皮書-跨世紀衛生建設。台北:行政院衛生署。
行政院衛生署(2001年5月3日)。2001新計畫:今天您運動了沒!。台北:行政院。2006年3月6日,取自:http://www.doh.gov.tw/newverprog/dg/910306_42.htm。
行政院衛生署(2002年7月25日)。「九十一年全民體能檢測活動」記者會。台北:行政院。2006年3月6日,取自:http://www.doh.gov.tw/Newverprog/dg/910725-2.htm。
行政院衛生署(2008)。中華民國九十六年死因統計記者會發布資料。2006年6月12日,取自:
http://www.doh.gov.tw/statistic/data/衛生統計叢書2/96/記者會專區/表4.xls
行政院衛生署國民健康局(2003)。衛生白皮書-- 跨世紀衛生建設第二篇推行國民保健普醫療康源。網址: http://www.bhp.tw/news/doc
何佩玲(2004)。臺北市某完全中學學生運動行為及其相關因素之研究。國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
呂昌明、李明憲、楊啟賢(1997)。都市學童規律運動行為及其影響因素之研究。衛生教育論文集刊,10,53-65。
呂昌明、李明憲、陳錫琦(2000)。都市國小學身體活動及其影響因素之研究。衛生教育論文集刊,14,95-111。
呂昌明、卓俊辰、黃松元(2002)。應用跨理論模式促進青少年身體活動之研究。(行政院國家科學委員會補助專題研究計畫,計畫編號:NSC90-2413-H-003-057)。
呂昌明、林旭龍、黃奕清、李明憲(1999) 。體能活動自我報告量表之效度及信度的研究。行政院國科會專題研究計畫成果報告(NSC88-2413-H-003-040)。
呂昌明、林旭龍、黃奕清、李明憲、王淑芳(2000)。身體活動自我報告量表之效度及信度的研究-以Polar Vantage NV 心搏率監測器為效標。衛生教育學報,14,33-48。
呂昌明、林旭龍、黃奕清、李明憲、王淑芳(2001)。身體活動自我報告量表之效度及信度的研究-以TriTrac-R3D三度空間加速器為效標。衛生教育學報,10,95-111。
呂昌明、郭曉文、王淑芳、林旭龍、李碧霞(2003)。應用跨理論模式於學童母親運動行為之研究。衛生教育學報,19,57-70。
呂淑美(2005)。大學生運動行為及其相關因素之研究-以國立宜蘭大學學生為例。國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
李明憲(1998)。國小、國中生身體活動、健康體能相關影響因素之調查研究—以花蓮縣宜昌國小、宜昌國中為例。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所博士論文。
李思招(2000)。護理學生規律運動行為相關因素研究---以台北護理學院學生為例。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
李彩華(1998)。台北市國中生身體活動量及其影響因素研究。國立台灣師範大學體育研究所碩士論文。
李彩華、方進隆(1998)。國中學生身體活動量及其影響因素研究。體育學報,25,139-148。
李碧霞(2001)。中年人運動階段、身體活動及其影響因素之研究一以臺北市中山區居民為例。國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育學系博士論文。
卓玉蓮(2001)。應用跨理論模式促進國中學生身體活動:認知一行為教育介入。國立臺灣師範大學體育學系碩士論文。
林旭龍(2000)。應用跨理論模式於大學女生身體活動之主客觀評價的研究。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所博士論文。
林靖斌(2001)。國中學生規律運動及其影響因素之研究-以宜蘭縣文化國中為例。國立臺灣師範大學體育學系碩士論文。
林麗鳳(2004)。大學生運動行為改變之研究:跨理論模式之追蹤應用。國立台灣師範大學衛生學系博士論文。
林寶珍(2001)。國中生災後壓力、人格特質、社會支持、因應策略與心理健康之研究---以南投災區國中生為例。靜宜大學青少年兒童福利研究所碩士論文。
林耀豐、丁文琴(2003)。規律運動行為對健康促進效果之影響-以台灣地區論文為析論主體。成大體育,36(3),32-48。
林貴福(2000)。運動、體適能與健康的流行病學與生理機轉。健康促進與疾病防治論壇。台北:國家衛生院。
林曉薇(2003)。應用跨理論模式於台北市高中職學生規律運動行為之探討。陽明大學社區護理研究所碩士論文。
洪翠嬰(2004)。應用跨理論模式於大學女生運動行為之研究。高雄醫學院護理研究所碩士論文。
高毓秀(2002)。職場員工運動行為改變計劃之實驗研究—跨理論模式之應用。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所博士論文。
高毓秀、黃奕清(2000)。成年人運動行為影響因素之徑路分析。護理研究,8(4),435-446。
國立台灣師範大學體育研究與發展中心(2005)。教育部94年各級學校學生運動參與情形調查成果報告書。2006年4月12日,取自:http://www.perdc.ntnu.edu.tw/school/text/pdf/r072.pdf。
張彩秀、姜逸群(1995)。國人運動行為、體適能及主觀健康狀況之研究。學校衛生,26,2-10。
張碧芳(2004)。應用跨理論模式於大專女生運動行為之研究-以臺北縣某技術學院女學生為例。國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育學系碩士論文。
教育部體育司(1999)。提昇學生體適能中程計畫:333計畫。教育部。
教育部體育司(2002a)。提昇學生體適能中程計畫-333計晝。民91年7月7日。取自:http://www.2.edu.tw/physical/sport/333plan/333plarl.htm。
教育部體育司(2002b)。學校體育發展中程計畫。教育部,台(91)體字第91187399 號計畫。
教育部體育司(2007)。快活計畫。2007年9月13日。取自http://epaper.edu.tw/news/960912/273main2_01.doc
教育部體育司網站(2002)。學校體育發展中程計畫。2002年12月5日,取自http://www.edu.tw/edu_web/edu_mgt/physical/edu7663001/ /sport/911122.doc。
曹德弘(2001)。長期規律運動對腹部脂肪分佈與瘦身蛋白的影響。國立台灣師範大學體育學系博士論文。
郭曉文(2000) 。學童母親規律運動行為之相關因素探討。國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育學系碩士論文。
陳秀娟(2006)。運用跨理論模式於屏東縣國中生運動行為之研究。國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
陳芮淇(2001)。新竹市某高職學生運動行為及其影響因素之研究。國立台灣師範大學體育研究所碩士論文。
陳美昭(2005)。台北市某國中學生運動社會心理、身體意象與規律運動行為之相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
陳美莉(2001)。大學生運動行為與體適能狀況調查研究--以臺灣大學為例。臺大體育,38,1-8。
馮木蘭(2002)。女性青少年身體活動狀況及其影響因素之探討-應用健康促進模式。國立台灣師範大學體育學系碩士論文。
黃永任(1998)。運動、體適能與疾病預防。國民體育季刊,27(2),5-13。
黃貝玉(2004)。研究生規律運動行為相關因素之研究-PRECEDE-PROCEED Model之應用。國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
黃奕清、林宗智、高毓秀(2000)。國小學童目標取向與中重度體能活動關係---性別、年級及種族之差異探討。體育學報,29,71-80。
黃奕清、高毓秀(1996)。大一新生之動機、內外控人格特質與運動行為關係之探討。衛生教育論文集刊,9,177-185。
黃婉茹(2003)。應用跨理論模式於職場女性運動行為之研究。國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育學系碩士論文。
黃淑貞、劉翠薇、洪文綺(2002)。影響大學生運動習慣之社會心理因素研究。健康促進暨衛生教育雜誌,22,55-66。
黃毓華、邱啟潤(1997)。高雄地區大學生健康促進生活型態之預測因子。中華衛誌,16(1),24-35。
黃賜福(2004)。應用跨理論模式探討國小教師運動行為之研究-以宜花東地區為例。國立台北師院國教所體育教學碩士論文。
黃耀宗、季立康(2003)。從行為改變的階段探討運動促進策略-跨理論模式的應用。國民體育季刋,137。2006年3月22日,取自:http://www.ncpfs.gov.tw/annualreport/Quarterly137/p2.asp。
劉坤宏(2002)。彰化縣國中生運動行為及其影響因素之研究。國立臺灣師範大學體育學系在職進修碩士班碩士論文。
劉俐蓉(2003)。臺北市立士林國中學生中重度身體活動量、運動階段及其相關因素之研究。國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育學系碩士論文。
劉翠薇(1995)。北縣某商專學生運動行為及其影響因素之研究。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
劉翠薇、黃淑貞(1999)。臺北縣某商專學生運動行為及其影響因素之研究。學校衛生,34,1-32。
潘美玉(1996)。某公司中年白領階級男性規律運動習慣及其相關因素之研究。國立臺灣大學護理研究所碩士論文。
蔡佳宏(2002)。應用跨理論模式於老人運動行為之研究---以台北市中山區長青學苑學員為例。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
賴妙純(2004)。應用健康促進模式探討大學生運動行為之研究。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
賴炫政(1999)。運動對憂鬱症的影響。國立台灣師範大學體育學系碩士論文。
賴香如、李碧霞、吳德敏、趙國欣、呂昌明、卓俊辰、蔡雅惠、陳美昭(2006)。台北市國中生自尊、身體意象與運動行為相關性研究。衛生教育學報,25,73-104。
龍炳峰(2000)。國民小學學童規律運動行為及其相關因素之研究。體育學報,29,81-91。
鍾東蓉(2000)。臺北市立高中導師運動行為及其影響因素調查研究。國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育學系碩士論文。
藍辰聿(1998)。台北市某國小學童中重度體能活動及其影響因素之研究。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
魏米秀、陳建宏(2002)。大專學生運動行為相關因素研究-以某技術學院為例。學校衛生,40,50-65。
鐘志強(2000)。運動自我效能對大學生運動行為的影響。科技學刊,9(1),59-80。
二、英文部份
Allison, K. R., Dwyer, J. M., & Makin, S. (1999). Perceived barriers to physical among high school students. Preventive Medicine, 28, 608-615.
American College of Sports Medicine. (1995). Physical activity and public health. JAMA, 273 (5), 402-406.
American College of Sports Medicine. (2000). ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. (6th ed). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
American Heart Association. (1995). Strategic plan for promoting physical activity. Dallas, TX: American Heart Association.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 91-215.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Bloomfield, S. A. (1997). Changes in musculoskeletal structure and function with prolonged bed rest. Medicine Science Sports exercise, 29 (2), 197-206.
Buckworth, J. & Dishman, R. K. (2002). Exercise psychology. P.30-32. New Zealand: Human Kinetics .
Byers, T. (1995). Body weight and mortality. New England Journal of Medicine, 333 (11), 723-724.
Casperson, C. J., Powell, K. E., & Christenson, G. M. (1985). Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Reports, 100 (2), 126-131.
Ching, P. L., Willett, W. C., & Rimm, E. B. (1996). Activity level and risk of overweight in male health professionals. American Journal of Public Health, 86, 25-30.
Chung, P. K., & Leung,M. L. (1998). Attitudes toward physical activity among primary school children in Hong Kong and Taiwan. International Council for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, summer.
Colditz, G. A., Cannuscio, C. C., & Frazier, A. L. (1997). Physical activity and reduced risk of colon cancer: Implications for prevention. Cancer Causes and Control, 8, 649-667.
Dallow, C. B.,& Anderson, J. (2003). Using Self-efficacy and a Transtheoretical Model to Develop a Physical Activity Intervention for Obese Women. American Journal of Health Promotion,17 (6), 373-381.
Deflandre, A., Lorant, J., Gavarry, O., & Falgairette, G. (2001). Determinants of physical activity and Physical and sports activities in French school children. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 92, 399-414.
Dilorenzo,T. M., Stucky-Ropp, R. C., Wal, J. V., & Gotham, H. J., (1998). Determinants of exercise among children:Ⅱ. A longitudinal analysis. Preventive Medicine , 27, 470-7.
Dishman, R. K. (1993). Exercise adherence. In R. N. Singer, M. Murphy, L .K. Tennant (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology. New York: Macmillan.
Dishman, R. K., Sallis, J. F., & Orenstein, D. (1985). The determinants of physical activity and exercise. Public Health Reports, 100, 158-171.
Douglas, K. A., Collins, J. L., Warren, C., Kann, L.,Gold, R., Clayton, S., Ross, J.G., & Koble, L.J. (1997). Results from the 1995 national college health risk behavior survey. Health Risk Behavior Survey, 46, 55-67.
Drygas, W., Kostka, T., Jegier, A., & Kunski, H. (2000). Long-term effects of different physical activity levels on coronary heart disease risk factors in middle-aged men. International. Journal of Sports Medicine, 21 (4), 235-241.
Dwyer, J.J.M., Allison, K.R., & Makin, S. (1998). Internal structure of measure of self-efficacy in physical activity among high school students. Social Science Medicine, 46 (9), 1175-1182.
Foreyt, J. P., & Poston, W. S. 2nd. (1999). The challenge of diet, exercise and lifestyle modification in the management of the obese diabetic patient. International Journal Obesity Relationship Metabolic Disorder, 23 (Suppl.7), s5-s11.
Garcia, A. W., Pender, N. J., Antonakos, C. L., Ronis, D.L. (1998). Changes in physical activity beliefs and behaviors of boys and girls across the transition to junior high school. Journal of Adolescent Health, 22, 394-402.
Grunbaum, J. A., Kann, L., Kinchen, S. A., Williams, B., Ross, J. G., Lowry, R., Kolbe, L. (2002). Youth risk behavior surveillance - United States, 2001. Journal of School Health, 72 (8), 313-328.
Hayashi, T., Tsumura, K., Suematsu, C., Okada, K., Fujii, S. & Endo, G. (1999). Walking to work and the risk for hypertension in men: The Osaka Health Survey. Annal of Internal Medcine, 131 (1), 21-26.
Hu, G., Pekkarinen, H., Hanninen, O., Yu, Z., Guo, Z. & Tian, H. (2002). Commuting, leisure-time physical activity, and cardiovascular risk factors in China. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 34 (2), 234-238.
Jaffee, L., Lutter, J.M., Rex, J., Hawkes, C., & Bucaccio, P. (1999). Incentives and barriers to physical activity for working women.American. Journal of Health Promotion, 13 (4), 215-218.
Jakicic, J. M., Wing, R. R., Butler, B. A., & Jeffery, R. W. (1997). The relationship between presence of exercise equipment in the home and physical activity level. American Journal Health Promotion, 11, 363-365.
Janis, I. L., & Mann, L. (1977). Decision making. New York : Macmillan.
Juniper, K. C., Oman, R. F., Hamm, R. M., Kerby. R. (2004). The relationships among constructs in the health belief model and the transtheoretical model among African-American college women for physical activity. American Journal of Health Promotion, 18 (5), 354-357.
Kelder ,S. H., Perry, C. I., Peters, R. J., Lytle, L. L., & Klepp, K. (1995). Gender differences in the class of 1989 study: The school component of the Minnesota Heart Health Program. Journal Health Education, 26 (suppl.2), 36-44.
Kendzierski, D., & DeCarlo, K. J. (1991). Physical activity enjoyment scale: Two validation studies. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13, 50-64.
Kidd, P., Reed, D., Weaver, L., Westneat, S., & Rayens, M. K. (2003). The transtheoretical model of change in adolescents:Implications for injury prevention. Journal of Safety Research, 34, 281-288.
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610.
Laforge, R. G., Velicer, W. F., Richmond, R .L. & Owen, N. (1999). Stage distributions for five health behaviors in the United States and Australia. Preventive Medicine, 28, 61-74.
Leenders, J. M., Sherman, W. M., Nagaraja, H. N., & Kien, C. L. (2001). Evaluation of methods to assess physical activity in free-living condition. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33, 1233-1240.
Leenders, J. M., Silver, L. W., White, S. L., Buckworth, J., Sherman, W. M.(2002). Assessment of physical activity, exercise self-efficacy, and stages of change in college student esing a street-based survey method. American Journal of Health Education, 33 (4), 199-205.
Leslie, E., Owen, N., Salmon, J., Bauman, A., Sallis, J., & Lo, S. K. (1999). Insufficiently active Australian college student: Perceived personal, social, and environmental influences. Preventive Medicine, 28, 20-27.
Levitt, M. J. (1995). Stressful life event, social support, and achievement: A study of three grade level in a multicultural environment.
Lord, S. R., Word, J. A., & Williams, P. (1996). Exercise effect on dynamic stability in older women: A randomized controlled trial. Arch Physical Medicine Rehability, 77, 232-241.
Marcus, B. H., & Owen, N. (1992). Motivational readiness, self-efficacy and decision-making for exercise. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22, 3-16.
Morrison, G. M., Laughlin, J., Miguel, S. S., Smith, D. C., & Widaman, K. (1997). Sources of support for school-related issues: Choices of Hispanic adolescents varying in migrant status. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 26 (2), 233-253.
Nigg, C. R., & Courneya, K. S. (1998). Transtheoretical model: Examining adolescent exercise behavior. Journal of Adolescent Health, 22 (3), 214-224.
O/Loughlin, J. L. & Tarasuk, J. (2003). Smoking, physical activity, and diet in north American youth. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 94 (1), 27-29.
Paffenbarger, R. S. Jr., Blair, S. N., Lee, B. I., & Hyde, R. T. (1993). Measurement of physical activity to assess effects in free- living populations. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 25 (1) 60-70.
Pate, R. R, Trost, S. G., Felton, G, Ward, D. S., Dowda, M., & Saunders, R. (1997). Correlates of physical activity behavior in rural youth. Resarch Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 68 (Supp.3), 241-248.
Pate, R. R. (1995). Physical activity and pubic health: A recommendation from the centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. Journal of the American Medical Association, 273 (5), 402-407.
Prochaska, J. O., & Marcus, B. H. (1994). The transtheoretical model: Applications to exercise. In R. K. Dishman (Ed.), Advances in exercise adherence (pp.161-180). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Prochaska, J. O., & Velicer, W. F. (1997). The transtheoretical model of health behavior change. American Journal of Health Promotion, 12 (1), 38-48.
Prochaska, J. O., DiClemente, C. C., & Norcross, J. C. (1992). In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behaviors. American Psychologist, 47 (9), 1102-1114.
Raudsepp, L., & Viira, R. (2000). Sociocultural correlates of physical activity in adolescents. Pediatric Exercise Science, 12, 51-60.
Rejectski, W. J., Brawley, L. R., & Schumaker, S. A. (1996). Physical activity and health-related quality of life. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 24, 71-108.
Robinson, T. N., & Killen, J. D. (1995). Ethnic and gender differences in the relationships between television viewing and obesity, physical activity, and dietary fat intake. Journal Health Education, 26 (Suppl.2), 91-7.
Ross, R., Janssen, I., & Tremblay, A. (2000). Obesity reduction through liftstyle modification. Canadian Journal Apply Physiology, 25 (1), 1-18.
Sallis, J. F., & Owen, Neville (1999). Physical Activity & Behavioral Medicine. London: Sage.
Sallis, J. F., Grossman, R. M., Pinski, R. B., Paterson, T. L. & Nader, P. R. (1987). The development of scales to measure social support for diet and exercise behavior. Preventive Medicine, 16, 825-836.
Sallis, J. F., McKenzie, T. L., Conway, T. L., Elder, J. P., Prochaska, J. J., & Brown, M. et al. (2003). Environmental interventions for eating and physical activity: A randomized controlled trial in middle schools. American Journal Prevention Medicine, 24 (3), 209-217.
Sallis, J. F., Prochaska, J. J., Taylor, W. C., Hill, J. O., & Geraci, J. C. (1999). Correlates of physical activity in a national sample of girls and boys in grades 4 through 12. Health Psychology, 18, 410-415.
Sallis, J.F., Johnson, M. F., Calfas, K. J., Caparosa, S., & Nichols, J. (1997). Assessing perceived physical enviornment variable that may influence physical activity. Resarch Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 68, 345-351.
Scanlan,T. K., & Simons,J. P. (1992). The construct of enjoyment. In Roberts G. C., (Ed.) Motivation in sport and exercise (pp.119-215). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Sothern, M. S., Loftin, M., Suskind, R.M., Udall, J. N., & Blecker, U. (1999). The health benefits of physical activity in children and adolescents: Implications for chronic disease prevention. European Journal of Pediatrics, 158, 271-274.
Stephens, T., Jacobs, D. R., & White, C. C. (1985). A descriptive epidemiology of leisure-time physical activity. Public Health Report, 100, 147-158.
Taylor, C. B., Sallis, J. F., & Needle, R. (1985). The relation of physical activity and exercise to mental health. Public Health Report, 100, 195-202.
Tergerson, J. L. & King, K. A. (2002). Do perceived cues, benefits, and barriers to physical activity differ between male and female adolescents. Journal of School Health, 7 (9), 374-380.
United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2006). Youth risk behavior surveillance-United States, 2005. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 55 (SS-5), 1-33.
United States Department of Health and Human Services. (1996). Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (CDC), National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion.
Wallace, L. S., Buckworth, J., Kirby, T. E., & Sherman, W. M. (2000). Characteristics of exercise behavior among college students: Application of Social Cognitive Theory to predicting stage of change. Prevention Medicine, 31, 494-505.
Walton, J., Hoerr, S., Heine, L., Forst, S., Roisen, D., & Berkimer, M.(1999). Physical activity and stages of change in fifth and sixth graders. Journal of School Health, 69, 285-289.
Wankel, L. M. (1993). The importance of enjoyment to adherence and psychological benefits from physical activity. International Journal of Sport Phycholgy, 24, 151-169.
Whitelaw, S., Baldwin, S., Bunton, R., & Flynn, D. (2000). The status of evidence and outcomes in stages of change research. Health Education Research, 15 (6), 707-718.
World Health Organization. (2002). The World Health Report 2002: Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002. Also available from: URL: http://www.who.int/entity/ehr/2002
Wu, T.Y., & Pender, N. (2002). Determinants of physical activity among Taiwanese adolescents: An application of the health promotion model. Research Nursing Health, 25, 25-36.
Wu, T.Y., Pender, N., & Noureddine, S. (2003). Gender differences in the psychosocial and cognitive correlates of physical activity among Taiwanese adolescents: A structural equation modeling approach. Inernational Journal Behavior Medicine, 10, 93-105.
Zakarain, J. M., Hovell, M. F., Hofstetter, R., Sallis, J. F., & Keating, K. J. (1994). Correlates of vigorous exercise in a predominantly low SES and minority high school population. Preventive Medicine, 23, 314-321.