研究生: |
張栢烟 CHANG,PO-YEN |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
臺灣藝術教育志業者的精神性特質:吳正雄與丘永福的生命敘事研究 The Spiritual Characteristics of Two Art Educators in Taiwan:Life Narratives of Cheng-hsiung Wu and Yong-fu Chiu |
指導教授: |
陳瓊花
Chen, Chiung-Hua |
學位類別: |
博士 Doctor |
系所名稱: |
美術學系 Department of Fine Arts |
論文出版年: | 2013 |
畢業學年度: | 101 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 344 |
中文關鍵詞: | 藝術教育 、藝術教師 、精神性 、生命敘事 |
英文關鍵詞: | art education, art teachers, spirituality, life narratives |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:187 下載:44 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
本研究旨在了解以藝術教育為志業者,在藝術教育推展歷程的精神性表現,包括精神性在教育志業動機、藝術教師人格特質,以及在藝術教育推展的過程中的表現與影響。以立意取樣選擇吳正雄與丘永福兩位藝術教師,採敘事研究法,建置與探究其生命故事,並進行綜合分析,獲得研究結論如下:
一、 精神性對藝術教育之個案教師的動機表現與影響方面來說,精神性結合藝術教師確實能展現藝術教育志業動機,而其動機展現精神性的形式有:對文化原真性的認同,以及對人的情感所產生對生活目標遷移性認同的精神性形式;受重要他人影響的精神性形式;來自於特殊事件影響的精神性形式;具有對承諾的實踐的精神性形式;激發教育實踐動機的愛與完美追求的精神性形式;從編輯教科書獲得快樂、光榮與肯定的精神性體驗儀式。還有兩位研究個案在致力藝術教學的傳承,也確能展現出利他的教育志業動機。
二、 精神性在以藝術教育為志業者人格特質有:創造力特質、面對困境所顯現不服輸的堅強性格、樂觀積極的人生態度、實現理想重於名利的價值觀、體現和諧的人生觀、行動派特質、展現高度的覺察與後設之反省力、不怕挑戰的開創性格局、為著理想使命承擔的特質、展現成功就是分享的信念特質、感恩與處處關懷的精神,以及具備學習力以增強賦能的特質。
三、 在推廣藝術教育歷程中所展現的精神性面貌,包括:快樂、愛、真、善、美、社會公義與正義、社會責任、價值觀、人生觀、使命感與光榮感等,讓個體覺知,並產生轉化的意義,這些意義,也影響他們一生在藝術教育推廣中一直努力不懈。而精神性認同後轉化為無形的行動力,包括:使命的承擔力、精神性的感知力、覺察的後設反省力、覺知認同後的轉化力、解決問題的能力、轉化成具體作為的行動力、面對困境的轉換力、堅強的意志力、使命的達成力與持續前進的續航力、永不放棄的學習力、學習如何學習的能力、求新求變的創造力、對提昇藝術教學品質的堅持力、理想的追求欲與精神性的發展力,以及圓融的統合能力。另外兩位個案教師當精神性所轉化的使命或目標達成時,會再為藝術教育未來擘劃遠景,追求更高層次精神性,顯現精神性的與發展。
最後本研究依據結論,提出對當前藝術教師、大學學術單位、政府行政單位、藝術教育研究者,師資培訓單位,以及後續研究方向的建議。
This study aims to understand those who pursue art education as a vocation, in terms of their spiritual expressions in promoting art education, including the performance and influence of spirituality in the motivation of education and character traits of art teachers. The objects of purposive sampling are the two art teachers Cheng-hsiung Wu and Yong-fu Chiu; a narrative research method was used to construct and explore their life stories. After the completion of the analysis, the research conclusions are described as follows:
1. In regard to the motivational expression and impact of spirituality of the two art teachers, the combination of spirituality and art does represent the motivation for art education as a vocation. The spiritual forms of motivation include: an identification with the original nature of culture; life goals formed from emotional identification with others; the spiritual essence influenced by significant others and specific events; the spiritual effect of carrying out commitments; the spiritual form of love inspiring motivation for practice offering education and pursuing perfection; the spiritual experience of gaining happiness, honor and affirmation from editing textbooks. Furthermore, the two educators have devoted themselves to the heritage of art instruction, which also demonstrates altruistic motivation for education as a vocation.
2. The character traits of spirituality in those practicing art education as a vocation include: creativity, determination to overcome all difficulties, optimistic and positive life attitudes, valuing ideals over fame and profit, a harmonious perspective of life, action-oriented characteristics, highly perceptive and meta-reflective ability, innovative character that does not fear challenges, bearing responsibilities for achieving ideals and missions, believing that success involves sharing, gratitude and caring for everything, and being able to learn in order to enhance one’s abilities.
3. Spirituality demonstrated in the process of promoting art education includes: happiness, love, truth, goodness, beauty, social and public righteousness and justice, social responsibility, values, life views, as well as sense of mission and honor, so that individuals can perceive and produce transferred meanings. These meanings also affect them in their continued devotion to the promotion of art education. Identification with spirituality is converted into an intangible drive which includes: the ability to carry out missions, perceive spirituality, embrace meta reflections of perceptions, problem-solving ability, ability to act after conversion to concrete action, ability to convert in the face of difficulties, strong will, to never give up learning, learning how to learn, employing creativity to seek novelty and change, perseverance in elevating the quality of art instruction, the desire to pursue ideals and develop spirituality, as well as to smoothly integrate. In addition, when the two case teachers achieve the goals or missions converted by spirituality, they will create further visions for art education, seek higher levels of spirituality and demonstrate the development of spirituality.
Finally, based on the conclusions, suggestions can serve as reference for current art teachers, academic institutions, governmental administrative departments, art education researchers, teacher training units, and subsequent researches.
王秋絨(2008)。老人靈性智能發展策略。終身學習國際學術研討會論文集。屏東市:屏東教育大學。
王秋絨(2009)。老人靈性智能發展策略。生死學研究,9,127-160。
王萱萁(2003)。靈性照顧認知與經驗之探討:以中部某醫院安寧病房護士為例。南華大學生死學研究所碩士論文,嘉義:未出版。
王振源(2006)。情緒智力理論及其在資優教育的應用。載於高強華、吳武典編著,優質,創新與前瞻:郭為藩教授七秩華誕祝壽論文輯,213-230。臺北:學富文化。
王麗雁(2009)。藝術教育發展現況綜述:師資、課程、教材教法評量。2008臺灣藝術教育年鑑。國立臺灣藝術教育館。
中華民國統計資訊網(2008)。人口統計表。2008年5月3日,取自: http://www.stat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=17952&ctNode=538。
朱建民(2003)。認識論。臺北:國立空大。
朱輝章(2008)。靈性學習及其在終身學習的應用。終身學習國際學術研討會論文集。屏東市:屏東教育大學。
朱學玲(1998)。超個人心理學的人性觀及其在教育上之應用。國立師範大學教育學系研究所碩士學位論文。未出版。
伍育英(2006)。從治療者如何面對生死議題談靈性治療。諮商與輔導,245,2-5。
余安邦等著(2002) 。社區有教室。臺北:遠流。
杜明勳(2003)。談靈性。護理雜誌,5(1),81-85。
呂佳真(2003)。高雄縣國民小學藝術與人文學習領域實施現況調查與分析。屏東師範學院音樂教育學系碩士論文。未出版。
李文珊等(譯)(2000)。藝術教育的本質(原作者:Feldman, E.B.)。13。臺北:五觀藝術事業。
李依培(2004)。高屏地區國民中學藝術與人文領域教學實施現況及其可行策略之研究。國立高雄師範大學教育學系碩士論文。未出版。
李安德(2002)。超個人心理學。臺北:桂冠。
阮凱利(2002)。理論與實踐的辯證:國小教師實踐知識之敘說性研究。國立臺北師範學院課程與教學研究所碩士論文,臺北:未出版。
吳芝儀(2003)。敘事研究的方法論探究。載於齊力、林本炫主編質性研究方法與資料分析。143-170。高雄市:高雄復文總經銷。
吳芝儀(2005)。敘事研究的方法論探討。質性研究方法與資料分析(第二版)嘉義:南華教社所。
邱莞慧(譯)(2001)。心靈智商(SQ-Spiritual Intelligence)(原作者:Zohar, D and Marshall, I.)。臺北:聯經。
邱淑芬(2002)。靈性面向在成人教育上的意義。成人教育學刊,6,51-72。
周佩儀(1999)。當代課程理論的新趨勢:從社會批判到後現代。國教學報,11,259-282。
林治平(2004)。生命教育之理論與實踐。臺北:心理。
林惠敏(2002)。國小教師美術教學態度及其相關因素之研究。國立臺灣師範大學美術研究所碩士論文。未出版。
林進材(1996)。佛洛伊德的精神分析論。載於郭為藩編,現代心理學說。臺北:師苑。
林曼麗(1995)。探討臺灣藝術教育之主體性(上)。美育,62,32-47。 臺北市:國立臺灣藝術教育館。
林曼麗(1995b)。探討臺灣藝術教育之主體性(上)。美育,63,38-49。臺北市:國立臺灣藝術教育館。
胡文郁、邱泰源、釋惠敏、陳慶餘、陳月枝(1999)。從醫護人員角度探討癌末病人之靈性需求。臺灣醫學,3,8-19。
胡幼慧(1996)。質性研究的分析與寫成。質性研究:理論、方法及本士女性研究實例。臺北:巨流。
若水(譯)(1992)。事事本無礙(原作者:Ken Wilber)。臺北:光啟出版社。
孫嘉妤(2006)。臺東縣國民小學藝術與人文學習領域課程實施現況之調查研究。國立屏東教育大學視覺藝術教育學系碩士論文。未出版。
高薰芳、林盈助與王向葵(2001)。質化研究設計:一種互動取向的方法。臺北:心理出版社。
高敬文(1996)。批判的反省與師資培育計畫。初等教育研究,2,35-71。
徐東弘(2005)。訂做一個「?」爸爸一個新手父親的敘說探究。樹德科技大學人類性學研究所碩士論文。高雄市:未出版。
徐宗國(譯)(1997)。質性研究概論(原作者:Anselm Strauss,Juliet Corbin)。臺北:巨流。
畢恆達(2001)。社會研究的研究者與倫理。載於嚴祥鸞主編,危險與秘密:研究倫理, 31-91。臺北:三民。
許雅惠(2003)。全球化影響終生教育發展之研究:理論分析模式之初構與應用。高雄師範大學成人教育研究所博士論文。
教育部十二年國民基本教育資訊網(2007)。2008年2月8日,取自: http://epaper.edu.tw/12edu/index.php。
莊乙雄(2003)。安寧護理人員靈性成長的研究:以南部某教學醫院為例。南華大學生死學研究所碩士學位論文。嘉義市:未出版。
莊佩埼(1997)。科學與宗教:臺灣新興宗教中的知識分子。國立臺灣大學/心理學系碩士學位論文。臺北市:未出版。
張永誠(2001)。100個領導高手的故事。臺北市:遠流出版社。
張春興(2004)。張氏心理學辭典。臺北:東華書局。
張英熙(1991)。彰化師範大學學生高峰經驗調查及其在教育輔導上的應用。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所碩士學位論文。彰化市:未出版。
張栢烟(2007)。非主流的臺灣設計:民間畫師許明雄的生命故事。臺灣設計學報,1,。30-37。臺北市:中華民國行政院文化建設委員會。
張栢烟(2011)。藝術課程的文化概念。載於陳瓊花主編,百年永藝:臺灣首屆國民中小學藝術教育年會論文集。30-37。臺北市:國立臺灣師範大學。
張展毓(2007)。高屏地區國小藝術與人文領域教學實施現況及其可行策略之研究。高雄師範大學教育學系碩士論文。未出版。
郭禎祥(1993)。多元文化觀與藝術教育。載於中國教育學會編,多元文化教育。臺北市:臺灣書局。
郭禎祥(1999)。臺灣藝術教育現況及改進之道。1999 InSEA研討會論文集。
郭禎祥(譯)(1991)。藝術視覺的教育(原作者:Elliot. W. Eisne)。臺北:文景書局。
郭禎祥(2004)。藝術教育的變動與展望。2004 INSEA亞洲地區會議論文集, 56-71。北京:首都師範大學。
郭禎祥、趙惠玲(2002)。視覺文化與藝術教育。載於黃壬來主編,藝術與人文教育上冊,325-366。臺北市:桂冠。
陳向明,(2002)。社會科學質的研究。臺北市:五南。國立高雄師範大學成人教育研究所博士論文。高雄市:未出版。
陳明璋(1989)。創業的智慧。宏碁科技管理教育中心出版。
陳冠伶(2005)。國民中學「藝術與人文領域」教師教學困擾及其因應策略之研究:以雲嘉南地區為例。國立彰化師範大學藝術教育研究所碩士論文。未出版。
陳雯萍(2007)。文化機構志工參與服務學習與靈性成長之影響研究。終身學習國際學術研討會論文集。屏東市:屏東教育大學。
陳瓊花(2002)。反向思考:從評量學生的藝術學習進行課程設計。美育。128, 22-29。臺北市:國立臺灣藝術教育館。
陳惟元(2004)。臺灣新時代運動者的靈性建構。國立政治大學宗教研究所碩士學位論文。臺北市:未出版。
陳德光(2004)。艾克哈密契思想與思想傳統關係初探。哲學與文化,31(12),79-99。
黃于珍(2005)。國民中學藝術與人文學習領域課程綱要實施現況之調查研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育學系碩士論文。未出版。
黃惠貞(2003)。某大專院校學生靈性健康、知覺壓力與憂鬱之相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士學位論文。臺北:未出版。
鈕文英(2006)。融合教育的理念與作法(下)-研究篇。高雄:復文。
湖中鴨(1989)。志願服務動機淺介。社會福利,57,33-35。
國立臺灣藝術教育館(2003a)。臺灣地區國民中小學一般藝術教育現況普查及問題分析。2010年1月29日,取自:http://ed.arte.gov.tw/eng/Book/content_1.aspx?AE_SNID=583
國立臺灣藝術教育館(2003b)。我國藝術教育現況與發展策略。2007年11月17日,取自: http://ed.arte.gov.tw/index3.aspx?p1=Trust_menu&p2=Trust_List
國立臺灣藝術教育館(2002)。臺灣地區高級中等學校暨大專院校一般藝術教育現況普查及問題分析。2007年11月17日,取自: http://ed.arte.gov.tw/index3.aspx?p1=Trust_menu&p2=Trust_List
國立臺灣藝術教育館(2003a)。臺灣地區國民中小學一般藝術教育現況普查及問題分析。2010年1月29日,取自: http://ed.arte.gov.tw/eng/Book/content_1.aspx?AE_SNID=583
http://ed.arte.gov.tw/index3.aspx?p1=Trust_menu&p2=Trust_List
楊宇彥(2000)。女性生涯發展研究之質的取向:敘說研究法。測驗與輔導,163,3429-3431。
楊深耕(2004)。從心理學的角度探討成人的靈性智能。成人及終身教育學刊,2,98-122。
楊國樞(2008)。我的學思歷程第一集。臺大共教會主編,職業與志業。6-35。臺北:臺灣大學出版中心。
楊馥如(2005)。當代藝術統整課程理論與實踐之研究。國立臺灣師範大學美術研究所博士論文。未出版。
賈馥茗編著(1999)。心理學史概要。臺北:師大書苑。
維基百科(2007)。靈性。2007 年9月4日,取自http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E6%80%A7
趙惠玲(2004)。拼圖與解譯:臺灣兒童及青少年視覺文化素養初探。藝術教育國際研討會「視覺文化‧終身學習」研討會手冊。臺北:國立臺灣藝術教育館。
廖愛華、賴秋絨(1999)。臺灣中部地區某校護理教師及應屆畢業生靈性需求初探。弘光學報,34, 247-276。
蔡培村、武文瑛(2004)。領導學:理論、實務與研究。高雄:麗文。
聯合報(2007)。師「賠」:流浪教師4萬多人。聯合報2007年4月11日
劉士豪(2006)。非營利組織志工靈性與組織承諾關係之研究。銘傳大學管理研究所碩士論文。臺北市:未出版。
劉仲矩(1999)。企業組織靈性管理之初探。臺灣大學商學研究所博士論文。
劉育忠(2007)。敘說探究中真實、語言與真理的取徑。「96年創業實務與專業工作者的敘說探究工作坊」論文集。高雄市:中山大學。
劉秋固(1995)。莊子的人學與超個人心理學。輔仁大學哲學研究所博士學位論文。未出版。
劉秋固(1998)。超個人心理學與宗教心理學對靈性問題之研究。宗教哲學,4 (3),173-185。
劉淑娟(1999)。老年人的靈性護理。護理雜誌。46,51-56。
劉美容(2006)。成功創業家生長背景與創業歷程之研究:以青創楷模為例。中山大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文。高雄市:未出版。
劉翔平(2001)。尋找生命的意義:弗蘭克的意義治療學說。臺北:果實。
劉燁編譯(2006)。馬斯洛的智慧。臺北市:正展。
劉豐榮(2001)。當代藝術教育論題之評析。視覺藝術,4,59-96。
劉豐榮(2006)。現代藝術之純粹性與精神性及其在當代之意涵。臺灣藝術與文化學術研討會論文集,1-10。嘉義縣:國立嘉義大學人文藝術學院美術系暨視覺藝術研究所。
劉豐榮(2007)。藝術價值與其對後現代文化中全人發展之功能。刊於阮忠仁主編,真善美全人生命發展研究論文集(第一輯),1-10。嘉義縣:國立嘉義大學人文藝術學院/人文藝術中心。
劉豐榮(2010)。精神性取向全人藝術創作教學之理由與內容層面:後現代以後之學院藝術教育。視覺藝術論壇,5, 3-20。嘉義縣:國立嘉義大學人文藝術學院美術系暨視覺藝術研究所。
劉豐榮(2011)。藝術中精神性智能與全人發展之觀點及學院藝術教學概念架構。藝術研究期刊,7, 1-19。嘉義縣:國立嘉義大學人文藝術學院。
劉豐榮(2012)。藝術中之精神性及精神性取向全人藝術教育之價值觀。視覺藝術論壇,7, 48-68。嘉義縣:國立嘉義大學人文藝術學院美術系暨視覺藝術研究所。
蔡敏玲、徐曉雯(譯)(2003)。敘說探究:質性研究中的經驗與故事(原作者:Clandinin & Connely)。臺北:心理。
蔡敦浩、利尚仁、林韶怡(2007)。複雜性科學典範下的創業研究。創業管理研究。2(1)。31-60。
潘佩玲(2005)。靈性健康與生命意義。2007年9月4日,取自 http://www.skh.org.tw/mnews/168/2-2.htm
鄭石岩(1993)。禪悟與實現(2版)。臺北:遠流。
賴維淑(2002)。晚期癌症病患對臨終事件之感受與身、心、社會及靈性之需求。國立成功大學護理學研究所碩士學位論文。未出版。
藍采虹(2006)。臺北市國民小學視覺藝術教師對教學專業知能自我省思之研究。國立臺灣師範大學美術學系碩士論文。未出版。
蕭雅竹(2003)。護生靈性健康與實習壓力、憂鬱傾向及自覺健康狀態之相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育研究所博士論文。未出版。
龔卓軍(譯)(2000)。Ken Wilber著。靈性復興:科學與宗教的整合道路(The marriage of sense and soul)。臺北:張老師文化。
Angrosino, M. V. & dePerez, K. A. (2000). Rethinking observation: From method to context. In K. D. Norman & S. L. Yvonna (Eds), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Abbott, J. (2000). “Blinking out” and “having the touch.” Two fifth-grade boys talk about flow experiences in writing. Written Communication,17 (1), 53-92.
Alter-Muri, S. B. (2002). Vikter Lowenfeld revisited: A review of Lowenfeld’s preschematic, schematic, and gang age stages. American Journal of Art Therapy, 40(3), 170-176.
Arnheim, R. (1964). Art and visual perception (4th ed.). Barkeley, CA: The University of California Press.
Assagioli, R. (1976). Psychosynthesis. New York: Norton.
Ballengee-Morris, C. & Stuhr, P. (2001). Multiculture art and visual culture education in a changing world. Art Education, 54(4), 6-13.
Banks, R. L., Poehler, D. L., & Russell, R. D. (1984). Spirit and human- spiritual interaction as a factor in health and in health education. Health Education, 15(5), 16-18.
Banks, J. (1988). Multiethnic education: Theory and practice. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Barrett, T. (1997). Talking about student art. Worcester, MA: Davis Publishing
Bauman, Z. (1992). Intimations of postmodernity. London: Routledge.
Berg, B. L. (2003). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences(5th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Benjamin, P., & Looby, J. (1998). Defining the nature of sirituality in the context of Maslow's and Rogers' theories. Counseling and Values, 42(2), 99-100.
Benyon, J. & Dunkerley, D. (Eds.). (2000). Globalizatioin: The reader. London: Athlone Press.
Blandy, D. & Congdon, K. G. (1988). Community based aesthetics as an exhibition catalyst and a foundation for community involvement in art education. Studies in Art Education, 29(4), 243-249.
Blandy, D. & Hoffman, E. (1993). Toward an art education of place. Studies in Art Education, 35(1), 22-33.
Bogdan & Biklen.(1992).Qualitative research for education. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, Inc.
Bolin, P. (2000). The value of local history and place within art education. Art Education, 53(4). 4-5.
Borysenko, J. (1999). A women’s journey to God. New York: Riverhead Books.
Broudy, H. S. (1987). The role of imagery in learning. Los Angeles, CA: The Getty Centre for Education in the Arts.
Broudy, H. S. (1978). The arts as basic education. Journal of Aesthetic Education, 12(4), 21-29. Aesthetics and Arts Education. 125-133. IL: University of Illinois Press.
Burke & Miranti (2001). The spiritual and religious dimensions of counseling. In D. C. Locke, J. E. Myers, & E. L. Herr (Eds). The handbook of counseling (pp.601-612). Califonia: Sage.
Burton, D. (2005). The integrity of personal, experience, or, the presence of life in art. The International Journal of Arts Education, 3(2), 9-56. Taipei: National Taiwan Arts Education Center.
Carr, W. & Kemmis, S. (1983). Becoming critical: Knowing through action research. Australia: Deakin University.
Chalmers, G. (2001). Knowing art through multiple leases: In defence of purple haze and grey areas. In P. Duncum & T. Bracey (Eds.). On Knowing: Art and visual and culture (86-89). Christchurch, NZ: Canterbury University Press.
Chalmers, G. (2004). Art education in a world where old boundaries, old truth, and old certainties are no longer valid. The International Journal of Arts Education, 2(2), 8-21. Taipei: National Taiwan Arts Education Center.
Chang, P. (1996). Factors affecting stuednts’ teachers’ capacity for flow experience. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia.
Clark, W. H. (1958). The psychology of religion, Macmillan. NY: New York,
Cnaan, R. A., & Goldberg-Glen, R. S. (1991). Measuring motivation to volunteer in human Service, Journal of Applied Behavior Science, 27(3), 269-284.
Congdon, K., & Blandy, D. (2001). Approaching the real and the fake: Living life in the fifth World. Studies in Art Education, 4(3), 266-278.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow : The psychology of optimal experience . New York:Harper and Row.
Czarniawska, B. (2004). Narrative in social science research. London: Sage.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Beyond boredom and anxiety. San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
Davenport, M. (2000). Culture and education: Politics the lenses. Studies in Art Education, 41(4). 361-375.
Day, M. (2004). Modern art, postmodern art, and visual culture in art education. 2004 International Symposium on Art Education: Visual Culture & Life-long Learning. Taipei: National Taiwan Arts Education Center.
Dewey, J. (1956). The child and the curriculum, the school and society. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
Dei, G. S. (2002).Spiritual knowing and transformative learning. In E. V. O’Sullivan, A. Morrell, & M. A. O’Connor (Eds.). Expanding the boundaries of transformative learning. New York and Hampshire: Palgrave.
Dierendonck, D. V. (2004). The construct validity of Ryff’s Scales of psychological well-being and its Extension with spiritual well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(3), 629-643.
Doll, W. E. (1989). Foundations for a post-modern curriculum. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 21(3), 243-253.
Drucker, P. F. (1985). Innovation and entrepreneur. London: Pan Books.
Drucker, P. F. (1995). Managing in a time of great change. New York: Dutton.
Duncum, P. (2001). Visual culture: Development, definitions, and directions for art education. Studies in Art Education, 42(2), 101-112.
Duncum, P. (2001). Theoretical foundations for an art education of global culture and principles for classroom practice. International Journal for Education & the Arts, 2(3), 1-32.
Duncum, P. (2002). Clarifying visual culture art education. Art Education, 55(3), 6-11.
Duncum, P., & Bracey, T. (Eds.). (2001). On knowing: Art and visual culture. Christchurch. New Zealand: Canterbury University Press.
Dubini, P. (1989).The influence of motivations and environment on business start-pps: Some hints for public public policies. Journal of Business Venturing,4(1), 11-26.
Efland, A. (1990). A history of art education: Intellectual and social currents in teaching the visual arts. New York: Teachers College Press.
Efland, A. D., Freedman, K., & Stuhr, P. (1996). Postmodernism Art Education: An approach to curriculum. Reston, VA: The National Art Education Association.
Eisner, E. W. (2003). What do the art teach? The International Journal of Arts Education.1(1), 7-25.
Eisner, E. W. (1972). Education artistic vision. New York: Macmillam.
Eisner, E. W. (1997). The promise and perils of alternative forms of data respresentation. Education Research, 26(6), 4-11.
Eisner, E. W. (1999). Rejoinder: A response to Tom Kna. Education Research, 28(1), 19-20.
Eisner, E. W.(1996). Overview of evaluation and assessment: Conceptions in search of practice. In D. Boughton, Elliot W. Eisner, & Johan Ligtvoet (Eds.), Evaluation and assessing the visual arts in education international perspectives ( 1-16). New York and London: Teachers College Press.
Eisner, E. W. (2003). What do the arts teach. The International Journal of Arts Education, 1(1), 7-25.
Elkins, D. N., Hedstrom, J. K., Hughes, L. L., Leaf, J. A., & Saunders, C.(1998). Toward a humanistic-phenomenological spirituality: Definition, description, and measurem-ent. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 28(4), 5-18.
Feldman, E. B. (1992). Varieties of Visual Experience. (4th ed), New York: Abrams.
Feldman, E. B. (1970). Becoming human through art: Aesthetic experience in the school. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentic-Hall.
Fowler, J. (1981). Stages of faith: The psychology of human development and the quest for meaning. San Francisco: Harper and Row.
Frame. M. W. (2003). Integrating religion and spirituality into counseling. CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole
Frase, L. E. (1998, April). An examination of teachers’flow experience, efficacy, and instruction & leadership in large inner-city and–urban school districts. Paper Presented at The Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Diego, CA.
Freedman, K. (2003). Teaching visual culture: Curriculum, aesthetics and the social life of art. New York: Teachers College Press.
Freedman, K. (2000). Social perspectives on art education in the U.S.: Teaching visual culture in a democracy. Studies in Art, 41(4), 314-342.
Gardner, H. (1999). Intelligence reframed: Multiple intelligences for the 21st century. New York : N.Y. Basic Books.
Gergen, K. J. (1995). Social construction and the educational process. In L. P. Steffe & J. Gale(Eds.), Constructivism in education (pp.17-39). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Gillespie, D. F., & King, I. A. (1985). Demographic understanding of volunteerism, Journal of Socialogy and Dialogue. Newbury Park: Sage.
Greer, W. D., & Hoepfner, R. (1986). Achievement testing the visual arts. Design for Arts in Education, 88(1), 43-47.
Geertz. C. (1973). The interpretation of culture. New York: Basic Books.
Grigsby, E. J. (1997). Art and ethnic: Background for teaching youth in a pluralistic society. Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown.
Guba , E. G. (Eds). (1990). The paradigm dialogue. Newbury Park: Sage.
Hansen, H. (2006). The ethnonarrative approach. Human Relations, 59(8), 1049-1075. London, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Hatch, M. J. (1997). Organization theory: Modern, symbolic, and postmodern perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hektner, J. M. & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996, April). A longitudinal exploration of flow and intrinsic motivation in adolescent. Paper Presented at The Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York, NY.
Heron, J. (1996). Co-operative inquiry: Research into the human condition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Hill, J. M. (1993). Flow and anti-flow In the university classroom teaching experience. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington , Indiana.
Hogan, K. & Pressley, M. (1997). Becoming a scaffolder of student learning. In K. Hogan & M. Pressley (Eds.), Scaffolding student learning: Instructional approaches & issues. Albany: State University of New York.
Holt, D. H. (1992). Entrepreneurship: New-venture-creation. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Jackson, S. A. (1992). Elite athletes in flow: The psychology of optimlal sport experience. Unpublished Dissertation, the University of North Carolina at Greensboro., Greensboro, North Carolina.
Jarvis, P. (2001). Learning in later life: An introduction for education and careers. London: Kogan Page.
Johnson, A. P. (2005). A short guide to action research. Boston: Pearson Education.
Kindler, A. M. & Darras, B. (1997). Map of artistic development. In A. M. Kindler (Ed.). Child development in art (pp.95-106). Reston, VA: National Art Education Association.
Keifer-Boyd, K., Amburgy, P. M., & Knight, W. B. (2003). Three approaches to teaching visual culture in K-12 school contexts. Art Education,56(2), 44-51.
Kwilecki, S. (2000). Spiritual intelligence as a theory of individual religion: A case application. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 10(1), 35-46.
Ladson-Billings, G. (1995). But that’s just good teaching! The case for culturally relevant pedagogy. Theory into Practice, 32(3), 159-165.
Lauzon, A. (2001). The challenges of spirituality in the everyday practice of the adult educator. Adult Learning, 12(3), 4-6.
Lanier, V. (1972). Objectives of teaching art. Art Education, 25(3), 15-19.
Love, N. J.(1991). The affective and cognitive perspectives of older adult tennis players. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee.
Lyotard, J. (1984). The postmodern condition: A report on knowledge. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Marche, T. (1998). Looking outward, looking in: Community in art education. Art Education, 51(3), 6-13.
Mason, R. (2004). Cultural and multicultural education in Europe a personal critique. The International Journal of Arts Education, 2(2), 22-42. Taipei: National Taiwan Arts Education Center.。
Maslow, A. H. (1965). Towards a psychology of being. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Maslow, A. H. (1987). Motivation and personality (3rd ed.). Harper & Row, NY: Publishers.
Massimini, E. & Carli, M. (1997). The systematic assessment of flow in daily experience. In M. Csikszentmibalyi & I. S. Csikszentinihalyi (Eds.), Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness (266-267). United Kingdom: The University of Cambridge.
Marty, M. M. (2000). Education, religion, and the common good. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
McCarthy, C. (1994). Multicultural discourses and curriculum reform: A critical perspective. Eduction Theory, 44(1), 81-82.
McFee, J. K. & Degee, R. M. (1980). Arts, cultural, and environment(2nd ed.). Dubuque, IA: Kendall/ Hunt.
McMullen, B. (2003). Spiritual intelligence. Student BMJ.11, 60.
Mishler, E. G. (1986). Research interviewing: Context and narrative. Combridge. USA: Havard University Press.
Morris, C. B. (2004). Telling many stories. The International Journal of Arts Education, 2(2), 98-125. Taipei: National Taiwan Arts Education Center.
Morton, P. (2000). A faculty perspective on magic, meaning, and desire in the educational process. In V. Kazanjian & P. Laurence. (Eds.), Education as transformation: Religious pluralism, spirituality, and a new vision for higher education in America (pp.69-77). New York: Peter Lang.
Neperud, R. W. (1988). Conceptions of art in the service of art and aesthetic education: Acritical view. Arts and Learning Research, 61, 95-106.
Neperud, R. W. & Stuhr, P. (1987). A critical analysis of cultural maintenance in changing society. The Joournal of Multicultural and Cross-Cultural Research in Art Education, 5(1), 117-130.
O'Brien, M. F.(1982). Religious faith and adjustment to long-term. New York: Harper Collins.
Parks, S. D. (2000). Big question, worthy dreams. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage
Perkins, O. N. (1994).The intelligent eye : Learning to think by looking at art. Los Angeles, CA: The J. Paul Getty Trust.
Perry, S. K. (1996). When time stops: How creative writers experience, entry into the flow state. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, the Fielding Institute, Santa Barbara, California.
Plihal, J. E. (1982). Intrinsic rewards in teaching. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
Rathunde, K. (1993). The motivational importance of extracurricular activities for adolescent development:Cultivation undivided attention. Paper Presented at The Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Atlanta, GA.
Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. New York: Free Press.
Seidman, I. E. (1998). Interviewing as qualitive research: A guide for researchers in education and social sciences (2nd ed.). New York: Teachers College Press.
Shannon, M. J. (1992). Education-based community development (position statement). Englewood, NJ: Center for Desigh Studies.
Slattery, P. (1995). Curriculum development in the postmodern era. New York & London: Garland Publishing.
Smith, A. D. (1990). Towards a global cultures? In M. Featherstone (Ed. ), Global culture: Nationalism, globalization and modernity. London: Sage.
Stanliewicz, M. (1998). An editorial. Art Education, 51(3), 4-5.
Stuhr, P. L. (2004). Considering visual culture, life-long learning and issues of social justice. 2004 International Symposium on Art Education: Visual Culture & Life-long Learning. Taipei: National Taiwan Arts Education Center.
Sturken, M. & Cartwright, L. (2001). Practices of looking: An introduction to visual culture. New York: Oxford University Press.
Sundeen, R. A. (1988). Explaining participation in coproduction: A study of volunteer. Social Science Quarterly, 69(3), 547-568.
Suzanne H., Gilbert L., & Richard, L. (2003). A psychological outlook on the concept of transcendent actualization. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 13(1), 3-15.
Tanyi, R. A. (2002).Towards clarification of the meaning of spirituality. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 39(5), 500-509.
Tavin, K. (2000). Teaching in and through visual culture. Journal of Multicultural and Cross Cultural Research in Art Education, 18, 31-36.
Thomas, R. (1998). Context and practice of learning in community-based arts education programs. Ph.D. dissertation: University of Illinson at Urbana -Champaign.
Timmoms, J. A. (1984). New venture creation. Boston: Irwin.
Tisdell, E. J. (1999). The Spiritual Dimension of Adult Development . In Newdirections for Adult and Continuing Education,.84, 87-94。
Tisdell, E. J. (2001). Spirituality in adult and higher education. ERIC Digest (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED459370 2001-00-00. )
Tolliver, D. E. & Tisdell, E. J. (2006).Engaging Spirituality in the Transformative Higher Education Classroom. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education (109), 37-47.
Tomhave, R. D. (1992). Value bases underlying conceptions of multicultural education: An analysis of selected literature in art education. Studies in Art Education, 34(1), 48-60.
Tomlinson, J. (1999). Globalization and culture. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Waters, M. (1995). Globalization. London: Routledge.
Watson J. (1989). Watso's philosophy and theory of human caring in nursing. In conceptual models for nursing practice (3rd ed. ), New York: Jones and Bartlett.
Warnier, J. P. (2003). La mondialisation de la culture. Paris: La Découverte.
Williams, C. C. (1997). Consumer services and economic development. London: Rutledge.
Wilson, B. (1997). Child art, multiple interpretations, and conflicts of interest. In A. M. Kindler (Ed. ), Child development in art (pp.81-94). Reston, VA: The National Art Education Association.
Wilson, B. (2003). A very tentative rhetorical visual cultural educational manifesto. Paper presented at the Seminar on Arts Education, The Hong Kong Institute of Education.