Ivan Illich（1926-2002）是20世紀著名的社會評論家，他的《去學校化社 會》（1971）對美國60年代的自由學校運動產生重要影響，同時也遭受許多批 評與誤讀。Illich首先指出現代社會的諸多問題，並認為制度化的學校在社會問題中扮演重要角色，而整個社會的改善有賴於社會精神的「去學校化」。接著，Illich提出友善制度的概念以促成一個未來的新社會。在其友善制度的理念上，Illich構思了「學習網絡」的教育提案。在網際網路及行動科技愈發進步的今天，Illich 的教育提案似乎有許多可供探討之處。本研究深入探討Illich的友善思想，以之作為探究當代教育現況的理論參照。
首先，本研究探究Illich的生平及著作，並梳理出形塑其思想的歷史背景，對他的思想脈絡做初步探討。其次，本研究藉由Illich的人格特質、現代社會批判，以及宗教觀點的分析，理清友善思想的起源。接著，以《去學校化社會》為主要文本，詮釋友善思想內涵以及其對教育上的啟示。最後，本研究以友善思想作為分析架構，對當代教育議題進行批判省思。
本研究發現，Illich的友善思想與其宗教思想密切相關，他呼籲人們應以發展友誼關係為核心，建立能夠共同生活的社會。在教育中，學生與教師的互動關係是學習產生的關鍵。

Ivan Illich (1926-2002) was a famous social critic in the 20th century. His Deschooling Society (1971) had an important impact on the free school movement in the United States in the 1960s, but also suffered from many criticisms and misinterpretations. Illich pointed out many problems in modern society. Believing that institutionalized schools play an important role in social problems, he suggested that the improvement of the whole society depends on the "de-schooling" of social ethos. As a result, Illich proposed the concept of convivial institutions to facilitate a future new society. On the idea of its friendly system, Illich conceived the educational proposal of "Learning Webs". This study explores Illich's thought of conviviality in depth, and takes it as a theoretical reference for exploring the conditions of contemporary education.
First of all, this study explores Illich's life and writings, sorts out the historical background that shaped his thoughts, and makes a preliminary discussion on his thought. Secondly, this study clarifies the origin of convivial thoughts through the analysis of Illich's personality traits, modern social criticism, and religious views. Then, take Deschooling Society as the main text to explore the connotation of convivial thoughts and other educational implications. Finally, this study uses the idea of conviviality as an analytical framework to critically reflect on contemporary educational issues.
This study found that Illich's convivial thoughts are closely related to his religious thoughts, and he called on people to build a society that can live together with the development of friendship as the core. In education, the interaction between students and teachers is the key to learning.

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