本研究以健康信念模式為理論基礎，運用園家合作策略發展幼兒及其家長數位科技使用之視力保健介入，並檢視介入對幼兒及其家長的數位科技使用之視力保健知識、信念、行動線索、自我效能、行為的影響。採「實驗組與對照組前後測」之準實驗設計，於2019年以北京市豐台區某幼兒園教育集團的大班幼兒及其家長為研究對象，實驗組接受為期四週的介入，對照組則不接受介入。親子配對且有前後測問卷資料者始納入統計，共收集248對資料（實驗組129對，對照組119對），統計方式採GEE（Generalized Estimating Equation）分析。
結果發現，數位科技使用之視力保健介入可顯著提升幼兒數位科技使用之視力保健知識、信念、行動線索、自我效能和行為，及家長關於幼兒數位科技使用之視力保健知識、行動線索和管教效能。建議幼兒園可持續推動視力保健介入計畫並強化園家合作，以增進幼兒視力健康。

This study applied the Health Belief Model to develop children’s vision care intervention cooperating with family regarding digital technology use and examined the effects of the intervention on children’s and their parents’ knowledge, beliefs, action cues, self-efficacy and behaviors. This study used quasi-experimental design. Participants were children and their parents from a Preschool Education Group in Peking, Fengtai District The experimental group received the intervention for four weeks, while the control group did not receive the intervention. A total of 248 parent-child dyads (129 parent-child dyads in the experimental group and 119 parent-child dyads in the control group completed pre and post questionnaire in 2019. The GEE (Generalized Estimating Equation) was conducted to examine the effects of the intervention.
The results indicated that the vision care intervention cooperating with family significantly increased children’s vision care knowledge, beliefs, action cues, self-efficacy and behaviors, while the intervention also improved parents’ knowledge, action cues and parental mediation efficacy. This study suggested that preschools could implement the vision care intervention cooperating with family to improve children’s vision health.

中國互聯網絡資訊中心（2019）。第43次中國互聯網絡發展狀況統計報告。北京市：中國互聯網絡資訊中心。
中國教育部（2012）。教育部關於印發《3-6歲兒童學習與發展指南》的通知。取自http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A06/s3327/201210/t20121009_143254.html
中國教育部（2018）。中國義務教育質量監測報告。取自http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/s5987/201807/t20180724_343663.html

中國教育部基礎教育司（2002）。幼兒園教育指導綱要（試行）解讀。南京：江蘇教育出版社。
中國教育部等八部門（2018）。教育部等八部門關於印發《綜合防控兒童青少年近視實施方案》的通知。取自 http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A17/moe_943/s3285/201808/t20180830_346672.html
牛玉珍、李昭勳、曾文祥（2015）。多元策略對國小四年級兒童視力保健知識、態度、行為之成效研究。學校衛生護理雜誌，24，404-429。
牛玉珍、謝佳玟、歐怡君、林惠華、黃瑛琦、陳怡玲…劉潔心（2013）。兒童視力保健行為教育介入成效探討－PRECEDE-PROCEED模式之應用。學校衛生護理雜誌，23，49-60。
王以仁（2014）。親職教育: 有效的親子互動與溝通。臺北：心理。
艾瑞諮詢集團（2015）。中國青少年及兒童互聯網現狀調查報告。上海市：艾瑞諮詢集團。
何輝、魏莊、劉春陽、梁愛民（2016）。北京市兒童數位科技使用情況調查。中國婦幼保健，31（2），351-353。
吳秀笑（2016）。畫中有話：以圖畫為溝通媒介的幼兒 [園家合作] 課程實踐。臺灣教育評論月刊，5 (1)，233-257。
胥芹、王晶晶、段佳麗、宋玉珍、趙宏、郭秀花、吳立娟（2015）。延長戶外活動時間對小學生近視預防效果評價。中國學校衛生，36（3），363-365。
李建群（2010）。家園合作共育健康兒童。現代教育科學（普教研究），3， 27-28。
李玲（2016）。國民視覺健康報告。北京：北京大學出版社。
李蘭（2010）。健康行為與健康教育。臺北：巨流圖書。
杜愛武（2015）。家園合作共育促進幼兒安全自護能力發展的實踐與探索。教育教學論壇，4，253-254。
沈希哲、陳政友、劉婉柔、黃世欣、盧玉玫、蔡宛珊、謝雅萍（2008）。臺北縣家長對兒童採取近視預防行爲及其相關因素研究。健康促進暨衛生教育雜誌，28，83-110。
兒童福利聯盟文教基金會（2015）。2015年兒童數位科技使用與上網行為大調查。臺北市：兒童福利聯盟文教基金會。
兒童福利聯盟文教基金會（2019）。兒少使用社群軟體調查報告。臺北市：兒童福利聯盟文教基金會。
於敏（2016）。南昌市學前兒童觸控新數位科技使用情況調查研究。視聽，2，131-132。
財團法人臺灣網路資訊中心（2018）。2018年臺灣寬頻網路使用調查報告。臺北市：財團法人臺灣網路資訊中心。
教育部（2000）。國小兒童視力保健手冊—國民小學低年級教師用。臺北市：教育部。
教育部（2002）。親子愛眼護照。臺北市：文芳。
教育部國教署（2016）。近視防治宣導影片（精華篇）。取自https://hps.hphe.ntnu.edu.tw/resource/video/detail/id-1

許海英（2014）。幼兒心理健康教育的家園合作研究（未出版之碩士論文）。山東師範大學，濟南市。
陳政友(2013)。我國學幼童近視問題與對策。學校衛生，63，103-110。
陳政友、沈希哲、劉婉柔、盧玉玫、謝雅萍（2009）。國小兒童家長近視預防親職教育介入成效研究。健康促進與衛生教育學報，32，1-23。
陸俊傑、李芳芳（2016）。學前兒童眼部不適與其家庭數位科技使用之間的關係及介入。學前教育研究，3，50-56。
彭秀英（2011）。學前兒童家長實施幼童近視防治行爲與其相關因素研究。學校衛生，58，83-102。
彭妹（2014）。家園共育促進學前兒童社會性發展的研究 （未出版之碩士論文）。湖南師範大學，長沙市。
曾國亮、陳政友（2017）。高度近視併發症防治教育介入效果研究：北部某大學一年級高度近視學生為例。健康促進與衛生教育學報，48，35-62。
楊心慈、陳政友（2015）。桃園市幼兒園家長對兒童數位科技使用的視力保健行為及其相關因素研究：健康信念模式之應用。健康促進與衛生教育學報，44，35-64。
劉乃昀、陳政友（2008）。臺北市家長對兒童採取近視防治行為及其相關因素研究-健康信念模式之應用。學校衛生，52，13-35。
劉容襄、黃迺毓（2015）。數位時代下父母參與式學習之親職教育研究。家庭教育與諮商學刊，19，61-82。
劉淑美、張鳳琴、陳政友、邱瓊慧、林怡平、陳貞宇（2019）。臺灣學童家長視力保健管教及其子女數碼科技產品的使用。中國學校衛生， 40（1）34-38。
劉慧萍、熊德筠、張彩秀（2015）。國小高年級兒童視力保健行為之探討-以台中市大肚區為例。弘光學報，75，13-27。
衛生福利部國民健康署（2013）。近視歷年流行病學調查結果。取自http://www.hpa.gov.tw/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=609&pid=108
謝之華、張鳳琴、邱瓊慧（2017）。臺北市國小五年級兒童數位科技使用的視力保健行為。學校衛生，70，81-97。
謝佩玲、吳佳玲、廖梨伶、陳敏麗、牛玉珍、周明慧、張麗春（2015）。國小兒童近視之相關因素。北市醫學雜誌，12（2），68-78。
韓霄、馬迎華、陳輝、馬莉蓉（2015）。北京市東城區小學生用眼行為及家長預防近視影響因素分析。中國學校衛生，36（10），1485-1488。
Agarwal, S., Goel, D., & Sharma, A. (2013). Evaluation of the factors which contribute to the ocular complaints in computer users. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research: JCDR, 7(2), 331.
Algvere, P. V., Marshall, J., & Seregard, S. (2006). Age‐related maculopathy
and the impact of blue light hazard. Acta Ophthalmologica, 84(1), 4-15.
American Academy of Pediatrics.(2016). Media and young minds. Pediatrics, 138(5), e20162591.
American Optometric Association. (2017). Comprehensive pediatric eye and vision examination. http://www.familyvisioncare.org/2017/forms/CPG_Pediatric.pdf
Ashby, R. S., & Schaeffel, F. (2010). The effect of bright light on lens compensation in chicks. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 51(10), 5247-5253.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: WH Freeman and Company.
Bao, J., Drobe, B., Wang, Y., Chen, K., Seow, E. J., & Lu, F. (2015). Influence of Near Tasks on Posture in Myopic Chinese Schoolchildren. Optometry and Vision Science, 92(8), 908.
Birken, C. S., Maguire, J., Mekky, M., Manlhiot, C., Beck, C. E., DeGroot, J., . . . McCrindle, B. W. (2012). Office-based randomized controlled trial to reduce screen time in preschool preschoolers. Pediatrics, 130(6), 1110-1115.
Blum-Ross, A., & Livingstone, S. (2016). Families and screen time: Current advice and emerging research. Media Policy Brief, 17,4-10.
Borrelli, B., Tooley, E. M., & Scott-Sheldon, L. A. (2015). Motivational interviewing for parent-child health interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatric Dentistry, 37(3), 254-265.
Cespedes, E. M., Gillman, M. W., Kleinman, K., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Redline, S., & Taveras, E. M. (2014). Television viewing, bedroom television, and sleep duration from infancy to mid-childhood. Pediatrics, 133(5), e1163-e1171.
Chang, F. C., Chiu, C. H., Chen, P. H., Miao, N. F., Chiang, J. T., & Chuang, H. Y. (2018). Computer/mobile device screen time of children and their eye care behavior: the roles of risk perception and parenting. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 21(3), 179-186.
Chang, L.-C., Guo, J.-L., Liao, L.-L., Peng, H.-Y., & Hsieh, P.-L. (2017). A coalition partnership of vision health through a health-promoting school program for primary school students in Taiwan. Global Health Promotion, 24(3), 23-31.
Chng, G. S., Li, D., Liau, A. K., & Khoo, A. (2015). Moderating effects of the family environment for parental mediation mediation and pathological internet use in youths. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(1), 30-36.
Cillero, I. H., & Jago, R. (2010). Systematic review of correlates of screen-viewing among young preschoolers. Preventive Medicine, 51(1), 3-10.
Clark, L. S. (2011). Parental mediation mediation theory for the digital age. Communication Theory, 21(4), 323-343.
Dennison, B. A., Russo, T. J., Burdick, P. A., & Jenkins, P. L. (2004). An intervention to reduce television viewing by preschool preschoolers. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 158(2), 170-176.
Dirani, M., Tong, L., Gazzard, G., Zhang, X., Chia, A., Young, T. L., . . . Saw, S.-M. (2009). Outdoor activity and myopia in Singapore teenage preschoolers. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 93(8), 997-1000.
Dockrell, S., & Kelly, G. (2006). Computer-related posture and musculoskeletal discomfort in school children. Erişim yeri: http://www. iea. cc/ECEE/pdfs/art0232. pdf.
Dong, F., Howard, A. G., Herring, A. H., Thompson, A. L., Adair, L. S., Popkin, B. M., . . . Gordon-Larsen, P. (2016). Parent–child associations for changes in diet, screen time, and physical activity across two decades in modernizing China: China Health and Nutrition Survey 1991–2009. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 13(1), 118.
Dumuid, D., Olds, T. S., Lewis, L. K., & Maher, C. (2016). Does home equipment contribute to socioeconomic gradients in Australian preschoolers’ physical activity, sedentary time and screen time? BMC Public Health, 16(1), 736.
Foster, P. a., & Jiang, Y. (2014). Epidemiology of myopia. Eye, 28(2), 202.
French, A. N., Ashby, R. S., Morgan, I. G., & Rose, K. A. (2013). Time outdoors and the prevention of myopia. Experimental eye research, 114, 58-68.
Fricke, T., Holden, B., Wilson, D., Schlenther, G., Naidoo, K., Resnikoff, S., & Frick, K. (2012). Global cost of correcting vision impairment from uncorrected refractive error. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 90(10), 728-738.
Garrison, M. M., & Christakis, D. A. (2012). The impact of a healthy media use intervention on sleep in preschool preschoolers. Pediatrics, 130(3), 492-499.
Garrison, M. M., Liekweg, K., & Christakis, D. A. (2011). Media use and child sleep: the impact of content, timing, and environment. Pediatrics, 128(1), 29-35.
Gingold, J. A., Simon, A. E., & Schoendorf, K. C. (2014). Excess screen time in US preschoolers: association with family rules and alternative activities. Clinical Pediatrics, 53(1), 41-50.
Glanz, K., Rimer, B. K., & Viswanath, K. (2008). Health behavior and health education: theory, research, and practice. John Wiley & Sons.
Greever, C. J., Ahmadi, M., Sirard, J., & Alhassan, S. (2017). Associations among physical activity, screen time, and sleep in low socioeconomic status urban girls. Preventive Medicine Reports, 5, 275-278.
Guggenheim, J. A., Northstone, K., McMahon, G., Ness, A. R., Deere, K., Mattocks, C., . . . Williams, C. (2012). Time outdoors and physical activity as predictors of incident myopia in childhood: a prospective cohort study. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 53(6), 2856-2865.
Guo, Y., Liu, L. J., Xu, L., Lv, Y. Y., Tang, P., Feng, Y., . . . Jonas, J. B. (2013). Outdoor activity and myopia among primary students in rural and urban regions of Beijing. Ophthalmology, 120(2), 277-283.
Gwiazda, J., Hyman, L., Dong, L. M., Everett, D., Norton, T., Kurtz, D., . . . Group, C. (2007). Factors associated with high myopia after 7 years of follow-up in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET) Cohort. Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 14(4), 230-237.
He, M., Xiang, F., Zeng, Y., Mai, J., Chen, Q., Zhang, J., . . . Morgan, I. G. (2015). Effect of time spent outdoors at school on the development of myopia among preschoolers in China: a randomized clinical trial. Jama, 314(11), 1142-1148.
He, M., Zheng, Y., & Xiang, F. (2009). Prevalence of myopia in urban and rural preschoolers in mainland China. Optometry and Vision Science, 86(1), 40-44.
Health Promotion Board.(2018).Singapore achieves breakthrough in reducing prevalence of myopia by almost 5%. https://www.hpb.gov.sg/article/singapore-achieves-breakthrough-in-reducing-prevalence-of-myopia-by-almost-5

Henning, R. A., Jacques, P., Kissel, G. V., Sullivan, A. B., & Alteras-Webb, S. M. (1997). Frequent short rest breaks from computer work: effects on productivity and well-being at two field sites. Ergonomics, 40(1), 78-91.
Hinkley, T., Carson, V., Kalomakaefu, K., & Brown, H. (2017). What mums think matters: a mediating model of maternal perceptions of the impact of screen time on preschoolers' actual screen time. Preventive Medicine Reports, 6, 339-345.
Ho, J., Pointner, R., Shih, H.-C., Lin, Y.-C., Chen, H.-Y., Tseng, W.-L., & Chen, M. Y. (2015). Eyeprotector: Encouraging a healthy viewing distance when using smartphones. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services.
Hsu, C.-C., Huang, N., Lin, P.-Y., Fang, S.-Y., Tsai, D.-C., Chen, S.-Y., . . . Liu, C. J.-l. (2017). Risk factors for myopia progression in second-grade primary school preschoolers in Taipei: A population-based cohort study. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 101(12), 1611-1617.
Hochbaum, G. M. (1956). Why people seek diagnostic x-rays. Public Health Reports, 71(4), 377.
Holden, B. A., Fricke, T. R., Wilson, D. A., Jong, M., Naidoo, K. S., Sankaridurg, P., . . . Resnikoff, S. (2016). Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology, 123(5), 1036-1042.
Holden, B., Sankaridurg, P., Smith, E., Aller, T., Jong, M., & He, M. (2014). Myopia, an underrated global challenge to vision: where the current data takes us on myopia control. Eye, 28(2), 142.
Hsu, C.-C., Huang, N., Lin, P.-Y., Tsai, D.-C., Tsai, C.-Y., Woung, L.-C., & Liu, C. J.-L. (2016). Prevalence and risk factors for myopia in second-grade primary school preschoolers in Taipei: A population-based study. Journal Of The Chinese Medical Association: JCMA, 79(11), 625-632. doi:10.1016/j.jcma.2016.02.011
Huang, H.-M., Chang, D. S.-T., & Wu, P.-C. (2015). The association between near work activities and myopia in preschoolers—A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS One, 10(10), e0140419.
Ip, J. M., Saw, S.-M., Rose, K. A., Morgan, I. G., Kifley, A., Wang, J. J., & Mitchell, P. (2008). Role of near work in myopia: Findings in a sample of Australian school preschoolers. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 49(7), 2903-2910.
Janz, N. K., & Becker, M. H. (1984). The health beliefs model: A decade later. Health Education Quarterly, 11(1), 1-47.
Jin, J.-X., Hua, W.-J., Jiang, X., Wu, X.-Y., Yang, J.-W., Gao, G.-P., . . . Zhang, J.-Z. (2015). Effect of outdoor activity on myopia onset and progression in school-aged preschoolers in northeast China: The Sujiatun Eye Care Study. BMC Ophthalmology, 15(1), 73.
Jones-Jordan, L. A., Sinnott, L. T., Cotter, S. A., Kleinstein, R. N., Manny, R. E., Mutti, D. O., . . . Zadnik, K. (2012). Time outdoors, visual activity, and myopia progression in juvenile-onset myopes. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 53(11), 7169-7175.
Karouta, C., & Ashby, R. S. (2015). Correlation between light levels and the development of deprivation myopia. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 56(1), 299-309.
Kelishadi, R., Mozafarian, N., Qorbani, M., Maracy, M. R., Motlagh, M. E., Safiri, S., . . . Heshmat, R. (2017). Association between screen time and snack consumption in preschoolers and adolescents: The CASPIAN-IV study. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, 30(2), 211-219.
Kim, D. J., Lim, C.-Y., Gu, N., & Park, C. Y. (2017). Visual fatigue induced by viewing a tablet computer with a high-resolution display. Korean Journal of Ophthalmology, 31(5), 388-393.
Kim, J., Hwang, Y., Kang, S., Kim, M., Kim, T.-S., Kim, J., . . . Yun, J. P. (2016). Association between exposure to smartphones and ocular health in adolescents. Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 23(4), 269-276.
Kozeis, N. (2009). Impact of computer use on preschoolers’ vision. Hippokratia, 13(4), 230.
Küçer, N. (2008). Some ocular symptoms experienced by users of mobile phones. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 27(2), 205-209.
Lane, A., Harrison, M., & Murphy, N. (2014). Screen time increases risk of overweight and obesity in active and inactive 9-year-old Irish preschoolers: a cross sectional analysis. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 11(5), 985-991.
Langer, S. L., Crain, A. L., Senso, M. M., Levy, R. L., & Sherwood, N. E. (2014). Predicting child physical activity and screen time: parental mediation support for physical activity and general parental mediation styles. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 39(6), 633-642.
Langford, R., Bonell, C., Jones, H., Pouliou, T., Murphy, S., Waters, E., . . . Campbell, R. (2015). The World Health Organization’s health promoting schools framework: A cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 130.
Lee, H. S., Park, S. W., & Heo, H. (2016). Acute acquired comitant esotropia related to excessive smartphone use. BMC Ophthalmology, 16(1), 37.
Linebarger, D. L. (2015). Contextualizing video game play: The moderating effects of cumulative risk and parental mediation styles on the relations among video game exposure and problem behaviors. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 4(4), 375.
Long, J., Cheung, R., Duong, S., Paynter, R., & Asper, L. (2017). Viewing distance and eyestrain symptoms with prolonged viewing of smartphones. Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 100(2), 133-137.
Lyu, Y., Zhang, H., Gong, Y., Wang, D., Chen, T., Guo, X., . . . Kang, M. (2015). Prevalence of and factors associated with myopia in primary school students in the Chaoyang District of Beijing, China. Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology, 59(6), 421-429.
Mhurchu, C. N., Roberts, V., Maddison, R., Dorey, E., Jiang, Y., Jull, A., & Tin, S. T. (2009). Effect of electronic time monitors on preschoolers’ television watching: Pilot trial of a home-based intervention. Preventive Medicine, 49(5), 413-417.
McLean, L., Tingley, M., Scott, R. N., & Rickards, J. (2001). Computer terminal work and the benefit of microbreaks. Applied Ergonomics, 32(3), 225-237.
Moon, J. H., Kim, K. W., & Moon, N. J. (2016). Smartphone use is a risk factor for pediatric dry eye disease according to region and age: a case control study. BMC Ophthalmology, 16(1), 188.
Moon, J. H., Lee, M. Y., & Moon, N. J. (2014). Association between video display terminal use and dry eye disease in school preschoolers. Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 51(2), 87-92. doi:10.3928/01913913-20140128-01
Moon, J., Yun, J., Yoon, Y. D., Park, S.-I., Seo, Y.-J., Park, W.-S., . . . Lee, C. W. (2017). Blue light effect on retinal pigment epithelial cells by display devices. Integrative Biology, 9(5), 436-443.
Nakamura, H., Ohara, K., Kouda, K., Fujita, Y., Mase, T., Miyawaki, C., . . . Ishikawa, T. (2012). Combined influence of media use on subjective health in elementary school preschoolers in Japan: A population-based study. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 432.
Napier, C. (2014). How use of screen media affects the emotional development of infants. Primary Health Care, 24(2), 18.
Nathanson, A. I., & Fries, P. T. (2014). Television exposure, sleep time, and neuropsychological function among preschoolers. Media Psychology, 17(3), 237-261.
Neil Charman, W. (2011). Myopia, posture and the visual environment. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 31(5), 494-501.
Nikken, P., & Schols, M. (2015). How and why parents guide the media use of young preschoolers. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(11), 3423-3435.
Niwano, Y., Kanno, T., Iwasawa, A., Ayaki, M., & Tsubota, K. (2014). Blue light injures corneal epithelial cells in the mitotic phase in vitro. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 98(7), 990-992.
Norton, T. T., & Siegwart Jr, J. T. (2013). Light levels, refractive development, and myopia–a speculative review. Experimental Eye Research, 114, 48-57.
Ofcom. (2018). Children and parents:Media use and attitudes report. https://www.ofcom.org.uk/research-and-data/media-literacy-research/childrens/children-and-parents-media-use-and-attitudes-report-2018

O'hagan, J., Khazova, M., & Price, L. (2016). Low-energy light bulbs, computers, tablets and the blue light hazard. Eye, 30(2), 230.
Pisarnturakit, P. P., Shaw, B. R., Tanasukarn, C., & Vatanasomboon, P. (2012). Validity and reliability of the Early Childhood Caries Perceptions Scale (ECCPS) to assess health beliefs related to early childhood caries prevention among primary caregivers of preschoolers under 5 years of age. The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 43(5), 1280-1291.
Porcar, E., Pons, A. M., & Lorente, A. (2016). Visual and ocular effects from the use of flat-panel displays. International Journal of Ophthalmology, 9(6), 881.
Ramamurthy, D., Chua, L., Yu, S., & Saw, S. M. (2015). A review of environmental risk factors for myopia during early life, childhood and adolescence. Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 98(6), 497-506.
Ramirez, E. R., Norman, G. J., Rosenberg, D. E., Kerr, J., Saelens, B. E., Durant, N., & Sallis, J. F. (2011). Adolescent screen time and rules to limit screen time in the home. Journal of Adolescent Health, 48(4), 379-385.
Ranasinghe, P., Wathurapatha, W., Perera, Y., Lamabadusuriya, D., Kulatunga, S., Jayawardana, N., & Katulanda, P. (2016). Computer vision syndrome among computer office workers in a developing country: an evaluation of prevalence and risk factors. BMC Research Notes, 9(1), 150.
Read, S. A., Collins, M. J., & Vincent, S. J. (2014). Light exposure and physical activity in myopic and emmetropic preschoolers. Optometry and Vision Science, 91(3), 330-341.
Read, S. A., Collins, M. J., & Vincent, S. J. (2015). Light exposure and eye growth in childhood. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 56(11), 6779-6787.
Rempel, D., Willms, K., Anshel, J., Jaschinski, W., & Sheedy, J. (2007). The effects of visual display distance on eye accommodation, head posture, and vision and neck symptoms. Human Factors, 49(5), 830-838.
Rose, K. A., Morgan, I. G., Ip, J., Kifley, A., Huynh, S., Smith, W., & Mitchell, P. (2008). Outdoor activity reduces the prevalence of myopia in preschoolers. Ophthalmology, 115(8), 1279-1285.
Rideout, V. (2017). The common sense census: Media use by kids age zero to eight. San Francisco, CA: Common Sense Media, 263-283.
Rosenstock, I. M. (1974). Historical origins of the health beliefs model. Health Education Monographs, 2(4), 328-335.
Rosenstock, I. M., Strecher, V. J., & Becker, M. H. (1988). Social learning theory and the health beliefs model. Health Education & Behavior, 15(2), 175-183.
Rosenstock, I. M., Strecher, V. J., & Becker, M. H. (1988). Social learning theory and the Health Beliefs Model. Health Education Quarterly, 15(2), 175-183.
Russo, A., Semeraro, F., Romano, M. R., Mastropasqua, R., Dell’Omo, R., & Costagliola, C. (2014). Myopia onset and progression: Can it be prevented? International Ophthalmology, 34(3), 693-705.
Saad, A., & El-Bayoumy, B. (2007). Environmental risk factors for refractive error among Egyptian schoolpreschoolers. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 13(4), 819-828.
Saw, S.-M., Chan, B., Seenyen, L., Yap, M., Tan, D., & Chew, S.-J. (2001). Myopia in Singapore kindergarten children. Optometry, 72(5), 286-291.
Saw, S.-M., Tong, L., Chua, W.-H., Chia, K.-S., Koh, D., Tan, D. T., & Katz, J. (2005). Incidence and progression of myopia in Singaporean school children. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 46(1), 51-57.
Sakellariou, M., & Sivropoulou, I. (2010). Family and Kindergarten Cooperation within the Framework of Preschoolers’ Transition from Kindergarten to Primary School. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 5(4), 345-359.
Schoeppe, S., Rebar, A. L., Short, C. E., Alley, S., Van Lippevelde, W., & Vandelanotte, C. (2016). How is adults’ screen time behaviour influencing their views on screen time restrictions for preschoolers? A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 201.
Shieh, K.-K., & Lee, D.-S. (2007). Preferred viewing distance and screen angle of electronic paper displays. Applied Ergonomics, 38(5), 601-608.
Sigman, A. (2012). The impact of screen media on preschoolers: A eurovision for parliament. Improving the Quality of Childhood in Europe, 3, 88-121.
Skinner, C. S., Tiro, J., & Champion, V. L. (2015). The health beliefs model. Health behavior:Theory, research, and practice. 5th ed. San Francisco (US): Jossey-Bass, 75-94.
Smahel, D., Wright, M. F., & Cernikova, M. (2015). The impact of digital media on health: preschoolers’ perspectives. International Journal of Public Health, 60(2), 131-137.
Sun, H.-P., Li, A., Xu, Y., & Pan, C.-W. (2015). Secular trends of reduced visual acuity from 1985 to 2010 and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2030 among primary and secondary school students in China. JAMA Ophthalmology, 133(3), 262-268.
Tan, G., Ng, Y., Lim, Y., Ong, P., Snodgrass, A., & Saw, S. (2000). Cross-sectional study of near-work and myopia in kindergarten preschoolers in Singapore. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore, 29(6), 740-744.
Taylor, H. R., West, S., Muñoz, B., Rosenthal, F. S., Bressler, S. B., & Bressler, N. M. (1992). The long-term effects of visible light on the eye. Archives of Ophthalmology, 110(1), 99-104.
Tandon, P. S., Zhou, C., Sallis, J. F., Cain, K. L., Frank, L. D., & Saelens, B. E. (2012). Home environment relationships with preschoolers’ physical activity, sedentary time, and screen time by socioeconomic status. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9(1), 88.
Theophanous, C., Modjtahedi, B. S., Batech, M., Marlin, D. S., Luong, T. Q., & Fong, D. S. (2018). Myopia prevalence and risk factors in preschoolers. Clinical Ophthalmology (Auckland, NZ), 12, 1581.
Tizard, B., & Hughes, M. (2008). Young children learning. John Wiley & Sons, 22-54.
Todd, M. K., Reis-Bergan, M. J., Sidman, C. L., Flohr, J. A., Jameson-Walker, K., Spicer-Bartolau, T., & Wildeman, K. (2008). Effect of a family-based intervention on electronic media use and body composition among boys aged 8—11 years: A pilot study. Journal of Child Health Care, 12(4), 344-358.
Tosini, G., Ferguson, I., & Tsubota, K. (2016). Effects of blue light on the circadian system and eye physiology. Molecular Vision, 22, 61.
Veldhuis, L., van Grieken, A., Renders, C. M., HiraSing, R. A., & Raat, H. (2014). Parental mediation style, the home environment, and screen time of 5-year-old preschoolers; the ‘be active, eat right’study. PloS One, 9(2), e88486.
Totland, T. H., Bjelland, M., Lien, N., Bergh, I. H., Gebremariam, M. K., Grydeland, M., . . . Andersen, L. F. (2013). Adolescents’ prospective screen time by gender and parental mediation education, the mediation of parental mediation influences. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10(1), 89.
Tseng, G.-L., & Chen, C.-Y. (2016). Evaluation of high myopia complications prevention program in university freshmen. Medicine, 95(40), e5093.
Wenge, L. (2010). On Family-Kindergarten Cooperation in English Immersion Program. Early Childhood Education, 9, 006.
Wood, E., Petkovski, M., De Pasquale, D., Gottardo, A., Evans, M. A., & Savage, R. S. (2016). Parent scaffolding of young preschoolers when engaged with mobile technology. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 690.
World Health Organization.(2015).The impact of myopia and high myopia. https://www.who.int/blindness/causes/MyopiaReportforWeb.pdf
Wu, P.-C., Chen, C.-T., Lin, K.-K., Sun, C.-C., Kuo, C.-N., Huang, H.-M., . . . Huang, J.-C. (2018). Myopia prevention and outdoor light intensity in a school-based cluster randomized trial. Ophthalmology, 125(8), 1239-1250.
Wu, P.-C., Huang, H.-M., Yu, H.-J., Fang, P.-C., & Chen, C.-T. (2016). Epidemiology of myopia. The Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology, 5(6), 386-393.
Wu, P.-C., Tsai, C.-L., Hu, C.-H., & Yang, Y.-H. (2010). Effects of outdoor activities on myopia among rural school preschoolers in Taiwan. Ophthalmic epidemiology, 17(5), 338-342.
Wu, P.-C., Tsai, C.-L., Wu, H.-L., Yang, Y.-H., & Kuo, H.-K. (2013). Outdoor activity during class recess reduces myopia onset and progression in school preschoolers. Ophthalmology, 120(5), 1080-1085.
Wu, X., Tao, S., Rutayisire, E., Chen, Y., Huang, K., & Tao, F. (2017). The relationship between screen time, nighttime sleep duration, and behavioural problems in preschool preschoolers in China. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 26(5), 541-548.
Xu, H., Wen, L. M., & Rissel, C. (2015). Associations of parental mediation influences with physical activity and screen time among young preschoolers: A systematic review. Journal of Obesity, 2015, 1-23.
Yi, J., & Li, R. (2011). Influence of near-work and outdoor activities on myopia progression in school preschoolers. Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics, 13(1), 32-35.
Yilmaz, G., Demirli Caylan, N., & Karacan, C. (2015). An intervention to preschool preschoolers for reducing screen time: A randomized controlled trial. Child: Care, Health and Development, 41(3), 443-449.
You, X., Wang, L., Tan, H., He, X., Qu, X., Shi, H., . . . Zou, H. (2016). Near work related behaviors associated with myopic shifts among primary school students in the Jiading District of Shanghai: A school-based one-year cohort study. PloS One, 11(5), e0154671.
Zaman, B., Nouwen, M., Vanattenhoven, J., De Ferrerre, E., & Looy, J. V. (2016). A qualitative inquiry into the contextualized parental mediation mediation practices of young preschoolers’ digital media use at home. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 60(1), 1-22.
Zhou, J., Ma, Y., Ma, J., Zou, Z., Meng, X., Tao, F., . . . Luo, J. (2016). Prevalence of myopia and influencing factors among primary and middle school students in 6 provinces of China. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi, 37(1), 29-34.
Zimmerman, F. J., Ortiz, S. E., Christakis, D. A., & Elkun, D. (2012). The value of social-cognitive theory to reducing preschool TV viewing: A pilot randomized trial. Preventive Medicine, 54(3-4), 212-218.