研究生: |
劉濰萱 Liu, Wei-Hsuan |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
大專校院成年女性學生知覺性別微型侵略之經驗、因應與影響 Adult Female College Students' Experiences, Coping Strategies and Influence of Perceived Gender Microaggressions |
指導教授: |
姜兆眉
Chiang, Chao-Mei |
口試委員: |
姜兆眉
Chiang, Chao-Mei 蘇盈儀 Su, Ying-Yi 葉致芬 Yeh, Chih-Fen |
口試日期: | 2023/06/02 |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
教育心理與輔導學系 Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling |
論文出版年: | 2023 |
畢業學年度: | 111 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 166 |
中文關鍵詞: | 性別微型侵略 、大專校院成年女性學生 、性別歧視 |
英文關鍵詞: | gender microaggressions, adult female college students, gender discrimination |
研究方法: | 現象學 |
DOI URL: | http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202300693 |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:179 下載:39 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
「性別微型侵略」用以描述現代隱微不明、模稜兩可的性別歧視,儘管不易察覺與辨識,但其中帶有的攻擊、侮辱與忽視,對個體都有潛在且長期的危害。本研究旨在探討大專校院成年女性學生知覺性別微型侵略的經驗、她們如何因應,以及這些經驗對她們的影響。
本研究採用質性研究典範,以現象學作為研究取向,研究者共邀請四位大專校院成年女性學生參與半結構訪談,並以主題分析法進行資料分析,最後以後現代女性主義觀點回應研究結果與發現。
研究結果顯示,大專校院成年女性學生知覺性別微型侵略的經驗有「言行霸凌、羞辱與歧視」、「性別、種族與階級的交織」、「性別角色被侷限與性別分工不平等」、「衣著規範與身形外貌的物化貶低」、「評價異性外貌的權力落差」、「過問感情與(性)隱私」、「指責受害者的環境氛圍」及「忽略身體自主與主觀感受」。
再者,大專校院成年女性會採用「向外回應他人」與「向內自我安頓」兩個面向來因應性別微型侵略,因應策略的考量因素則包含自身、侵略者、第三方與環境體制四個層面。
最後,性別微型侵略對大專校院成年女性的影響,分別為「身心上的負面影響」及「觀點上的擴展啟發」。
本研究根據上述研究結果,針對性別教育實務工作者、諮商實務工作者、法規政策制定者,提供實務建議,並提出未來相關研究可拓展之主題與方向。
“Gender microaggressions” are used to describe modern subtle and ambiguous gender discrimination. Although they are difficult to aware and identify, the assault, insult and invalidation contained in them have potential and long-term harm to individuals. The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of perceived gender microaggressions of adult female college students, how they coped with them, and the impact of these experiences on them.
This study utilized the paradigm of qualitative research and phenomenological approaches. Four adult female college students were recruited to participate in semi-structured interviews, and the researcher conducted thematic analysis method for data analysis. Finally, postmodern feminism perspectives were employed to discuss the results.
Research results demonstrated that the experiences of perceived gender microaggression among adult female college students included: (a) verbal and behavioral bullying, humiliation and discrimination; (b) the intersectionality of gender, race and class; (c) limited gender roles and unequal gender division of labor; (d) The objectification and derogatory of dress codes and physical appearance; (e) the power gap in evaluating the appearance of the opposite sex; (f) push the nose into relationship and (sexual) privacy; (g) the environment and atmosphere of blaming victims; and (h) ignoring the body autonomy and subjective feelings.
Furthermore, adult female college students adopted two-dimensional coping strategies to perceived gender microaggressions: (a) responses to others; and (b) settle themselves. The considerations included themselves, the aggressors, the third parties and the environmental system.
Finally, the influence of perceived gender microaggressions on adult female college students included: (a) the negative effects on physical and mental health, and (b) the expansion and inspiration on perspectives.
Based on the above findings, researcher provided suggestions to gender education practitioners, counseling practitioners, legislator, and the directions for future research were presented.
Gilligan, C.(2002):《不同的語言:心理學理論與女性的發展》(王雅各譯)。心理出版社。(原著出版年:1982)
Phoca, S., & Wright, R.(2018):《後女性主義:思潮與大師經典漫畫》(謝小芩譯)。立緒文化。(原著出版年:1999)
王大維、陳珮甄、王宣賀、李定穎(2018):〈女同志大學生遭受性傾向微型侵略經驗與因應之初探〉。《輔導與諮商學報》,40(1),69–94。
王采薇(計畫主持人)(2016):《理工科系女性大學生學習經驗之質性研究》(計畫編號:MOST103-2511-S259-007)。國科會補助專題研究計畫成果報告,國科會。http://taiwan-gist.net/files/past_plan/103/103-24.pdf
王淑涵(2022):《探究大學生親密關係歷程對情感教育之啟示》(未出版碩士論文),國立高雄師範大學。
王雅玄(2016):〈如履薄冰?科技女性陷阱論述之研究〉。《科學教育學刊》,24,167–193。https://doi.org/10.6173/CJSE.2016.2402.03
王曉丹(2019):〈破解二元對立,改寫能動主體:性暴力受害者脆弱性的正面意義〉。《女學學誌:婦女與性別研究》,44,77–108。https://doi.org/10.6255/JWGS.201906_(44).03
田秀蘭(1999):〈女性對生涯阻礙知覺之質的分析〉。《教育心理學報》,31,89–107。https://doi.org/10.6251/BEP.19990601.4
民法(2019年6月19日)修正公布。https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawOldVer.aspx?pcode=B0000001
行政院性別平等會(無日期):〈性別不平等指數(Gender Inequality Index, GII)〉。https://gec.ey.gov.tw/Page/B08994C9CFD296BA
李欣怡(2015):《在臺國際學生知覺微歧視、跨文化適應壓力以及憂鬱之相關研究》(未出版碩士論文),國立臺灣師範大學。
李佩雯(2019):〈大學生,性別平等了沒?:異性戀大學生愛情腳本之初探研究〉。《中華傳播學刊》,35,89–123。https://doi.org/10.3966/172635812019060035003
李淑菁(2011):〈其實妳不懂我:性別研究不得不走的苦路─交織性〉。《性別平等教育季刊》,55,96–99。https://doi.org/10.6486/GEEQ.201107.0052
李雅雯(2021年3月8日):〈38婦女節不開心 求職網:6成4女性曾遇求職歧視〉。自由時報。https://ec.ltn.com.tw/article/breakingnews/3459767
吳珮瑀、吳佳慧、蕭高明(2013):〈博士媽媽向前走-女性多重角色與進修博士的困境與進路〉。《應用心理研究》,57,31–75。
汪淑娟、陳心怡、許韵婕、謝明鴻、李淑杏、陳家玉(2009):〈大學生性騷擾認知與性別刻板印象之性別差異〉。《臺灣性學學刊》,15(1),67–80。https://doi.org/10.6784/FJS.200903.0067
汪樂慧(2019):《女性於成年初顯期間之生涯轉換敘事研究》(未出版碩士論文),臺北市立大學。
招承維(2009):《大學生網路性騷擾知覺、經驗與回應方式──以國立臺灣師範大學為例》(未出版碩士論文),國立臺灣師範大學。
林昱岑、楊薇庭(2022):〈單身女性經歷微攻擊的經驗、因應與影響之研究〉。《輔導季刊》,58(3),67–80。
柯淑馨(2018):〈大學生性別平等認知與身體意象之研究〉。《華岡農科學報》,42,45–61。
高淑清(2008a):《質性研究的18堂課:首航初探之旅》。麗文文化。
高淑清(2008b):《質性研究的18堂課:揚帆再訪之旅》。麗文文化。
財團 法人國家實驗研究院科技政策研究與資訊中心(無日期):〈NPHRST國內大學畢業博士平均畢業年齡變化—104年 vs. 108年〉。國家科技人力資源庫。https://hrst.stpi.narl.org.tw/li/3636/notice02.htm
莊子秀(2020):〈突顯多元與尊重差異──後代女性主義〉。 見顧燕翎(主編),《女性主義理論與流變(完整修訂版)》,頁390–434。貓頭鷹文化。
教育部(2020年10月30日):〈我又沒有惡意,怎麼會是歧視?〉。Facebook。https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=1711476352360312&id=405240086317285
郭秀萍(2011):《在職進修對家務分工之影響:以桃園縣國小教師為例》(未出版碩士論文),元智大學。
陳芳瑜(2011):《已婚懷孕女性經歷母職與在職進修碩士學位歷程之研究》(未出版碩士論文),國立臺南大學。
張春興 (2006):《張氏心理學辭典(重訂一版)》。東華。
鈕文英 (2021):《質性研究方法與論文寫作(三版)》。雙葉書廊。
鈕愷娜(2022):《以交織性探討社會經濟和環境因素與臺灣民眾醫療服務利用之關係》(未出版碩士論文),國立臺灣大學。
彭秀玲、黃囇莉(2017):〈師生戀變奏曲?─女大學生師生性騷擾之經驗歷程〉。《教育心理學報》,48,427–448。https://doi.org/10.6251/BEP.20160427
彭湘蘭(2012):《女性客體化身體經驗之探究》(未出版碩士論文),國立交通大學。
游美惠、蕭昭君(2018):〈當代大學生的浪漫愛想像與經驗:兼論情感教育的開展方向〉。《性別平等教育季刊》,82,35–48。
游淑華(2011):〈科大女生的性別論述策略──藝術領域女生與工科領域女生的比對〉。《藝術與文化論衡》,2,29–39。https://doi.org/10.29524/TVAC.201110.0003
黃曉伊(2019):《大專院校境外學生對微歧視社會覺知與社會文化適應之研究》(未出版碩士論文),靜宜大學。
黃瓊妃(2009):《女性研究生身體意象初探》(未出版碩士論文),國立花蓮教育大學。
臺南市政府警察局刑事警察大隊(2022年10月5日):〈反詐宣導飆創意KUSO登場〉。Facebook。https://www.facebook.com/tnpdcic/videos/1431411847351936
劉惠琴(2002):〈性別與心理學的相遇〉。《應用心理研究》,16,83–108。
潘葳(2022):《排灣族女性的受暴與求助經驗探究:性別與族群的交織分析》(未出版碩士論文),國立高雄師範大學。
謝文宜(2008):〈看不見的愛情:初探臺灣女同志伴侶親密關係的發展歷程〉。《中華輔導與諮商學報》,24,181–214。https://doi.org/10.7082/CJGC.200809.0181
羅燦煐(2002):〈他的性騷擾?她的性騷擾?:性騷擾的性別化建構〉。《臺灣社會研究季刊》,46,193–249。https://doi.org/10.29816/TARQSS.200206.0006
羅燦煐(2011):〈沈默中的表達,順服中的抗拒:女性性騷擾因應論述的自我培力〉。《臺灣社會研究季刊》,85,267–316。https://doi.org/10.29816/TARQSS.201112.0007
羅燦煐(2012):〈性騷擾過後:女性性騷擾因應處理之衍生性衝擊〉。《中華輔導與諮商學報》,33,155–191。https://doi.org/10.7082/CJGC.201208.0155
顧燕翎(2020):〈導言〉。見顧燕翎(主編),《女性主義理論與流變(完整修訂版)》,5–32。貓頭鷹文化。
Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.55.5.469
Arnett, J. J., & Tanner, J. L. (Eds.). (2006). Emerging adults in America: Coming of age in the 21st century. Oxford University Press.
Arroyo, A., & Andersen, K. K. (2016). The relationship between mother–daughter self-objectification: Identifying direct, indirect, and conditional direct effects. Sex Roles, 74(5), 231–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-015-0554-1
Barthelemy, R. S., McCormick, M., & Henderson, C. (2016). Gender discrimination in physics and astronomy: Graduate student experiences of sexism and gender microaggressions. Physical Review Physics Education Research, 12(2), Article 020119. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.12.020119
Basford, T. E., Offermann, L. R., & Behrend, T. S. (2014). Do you see what I see? Perceptions of gender microaggressions in the workplace. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 38(3), 340–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684313511420
Berk, R. A. (2017). Microaggressions trilogy: Part 2. Microaggressions in the academic workplace. The Journal of Faculty Development, 31(2), 69–83.
Bosch, B. (2013). Women who study: Balancing the dual roles of postgraduate student and mother [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Edith Cowan University.
Bowleg, L. (2012). The problem with the phrase women and minorities: Intersectionality—an important theoretical framework for public health. American Journal of Public Health, 102(7), 1267–1273.
Calogero, R. M., Tylka, T. L., Siegel, J. A., Pina, A., & Roberts, T.-A. (2021). Smile pretty and watch your back: Personal safety anxiety and vigilance in objectification theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 121(6), 1195–1222. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000344
Capodilupo, C. M., Nadal, K. L., Corman, L., Hamit, S., Lyons, O. B., & Weinberg, A. (2010). The manifestation of gender microaggressions. In D. W. Sue (Ed.), Microaggressions and marginality: Manifestation, dynamics, and impact (pp. 193–216). John Wiley & Sons.
Cherry, M. A., & Wilcox, M. M. (2021). Sexist microaggressions: Traumatic stressors mediated by self-compassion. The Counseling Psychologist, 49(1), 106–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000020954534
Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
David, E. J. R., & Derthick, A. (2017). The psychology of oppression (1st ed.) . Springer Publishing Company.
David, E. J. R., Petalio, J., & Crouch, M. C. (2018). Microaggressions and internalized oppression: Intrapersonal, interpersonal, and institutional impacts of “internalized microaggressions.” In G. C. Torino, D. P. Rivera, C. M. Capodilupo, K. L. Nadal, & D. W. Sue (Eds.), Microaggression theory: Influence and implications (pp. 121–137). John Wiley & Sons.
Downing, N. E., & Roush, K. L. (1985). From passive acceptance to active commitment: A model of feminist identity development for women. The Counseling Psychologist, 13(4), 695–709. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000085134013
Dvir, M., Kelly, J. R., Tyler, J. M., & Williams, K. D. (2020). I’m up here! Sexual objectification leads to feeling ostracized. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 121(2), 332–353. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000328
Ellis, J. M., Powell, C. S., Demetriou, C. P., Huerta-Bapat, C., & Panter, A. T. (2019). Examining first-generation college student lived experiences with microaggressions and microaffirmations at a predominately White public research university. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 25(2), 266–279. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000198
Erikson, E. H. (1993). Childhood and society. W. W. Norton & Company.
Feigt, N. D., Domenech Rodríguez, M. M., & Vázquez, A. L. (2022). The impact of gender‐based microaggressions and internalized sexism on mental health outcomes: A mother–daughter study. Family Relations, 71(1), 201–219. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12622
Fitz, C. C., & Zucker, A. N. (2014). Feminist with benefits: College women’s feminist beliefs buffer sexual well-being amid hostile (not benevolent) sexism. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 38(1), 7–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684313504736
Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(2), 173–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x
Gartner, R. E. (2019). From gender microaggressions to sexual assault: Measure development and preliminary trends among undergraduate women [Unpublished doctoral dissertation ]. University of California.
Gartner, R. E. (2021). A new gender microaggressions taxonomy for undergraduate women on college campuses: A qualitative examination. Violence Against Women, 27(14), 2768– 2790. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801220978804
Gartner, R. E., & Sterzing, R. P. (2016). Gender microaggressions as a gateway to sexual harassment and sexual assault: expanding the conceptualization of youth sexual violence. Journal of Women and Social Work, 31(4), 419–503. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109916654732
Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (1996). The ambivalent sexism inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(3), 491 –512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.491
Guan, A., Thomas, M., Vittinghoff, E., Bowleg, L., Mangurian, C., & Wesson, P. (2021). An investigation of quantitative methods for assessing intersectionality in health research: A systematic review. SSM-P opulation Health, 16(6), Article 100977.
Hammond, M. D., & Overall, N. C. (2015). Benevolent sexism and support of romantic partner’s goals: Undermining women’s competence while fulfilling men’s intimacy needs. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41(9), 1180–1194. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167215593492
Heilman, M. E., Wallen, A. S., Fuchs, D., & Tamkins, M. M. (2004). Penalties for success: Reactions to women who succeed at male gender–typed tasks. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(3), 416–427. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021–9010.89.3.416
Hill, M. S., & Fischer, A. R. (2008). Examining objectification theory: Lesbian and heterosexual women’s experiences with sexual-and self-objectification. The Counseling Psychologist, 36(5), 745–776. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000007301669
Horner, M. S. (1972). Toward an understanding of achievement-related conflicts in woman. Journal of Social Issues, 28(2), 157–175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1972.tb00023.x
Huber, L. P., Gonzalez, T., Robles, G., & Solórzano, D. G. (2021). Racial microaffirmations as a response to racial microaggressions: Exploring risk and protective factors. New Ideas in Psychology, 63(3), Article 100880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2021.100880
Jones, J. M., & Rolon-Dow, R. (2018). Multidimensional model of microaggressions and microaffirmations. In G. C. Torino, D. P. Rivera, C. M. Capodilupo, K. L. Nadal, & D. W. Sue (Eds.), Microaggression theory: Influence and implications (pp. 32–47). John Wiley & Sons.
Keum, B. T., Wong, M. J., & Salim-Eissa, R. (2022). Gendered racial microaggressions, internalized racism, and suicidal ideation among emerging adult Asian American women. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 69(2), 342–350. https://doi.org/10.1177/00207640221089536
Leaper, C., Gutierrez, B. C., & Farkas, T. (2022). Ambivalent sexism and reported relationship qualities in emerging adult heterosexual dating couples. Emerging Adulthood, 10(3), 776–787. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696820934687
Lewis, J. A., Mendenhall, R., Harwood, S. A., & Browne Huntt, M. (2016). “Ain’t I a woman?” Perceived gendered racial microaggressions experienced by Black women. The Counseling Psychologist, 44(5), 758–780. http://doi.org/10.1177/0011000016641193
Lewis, J. A., Mendenhall, R., Harwood, S. A., & Huntt, M. B. (2013). Coping with gendered racial microaggressions among Black women college students. Journal of African American Studies, 17(1), 51–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12111-012-9219-0
Lui, P. P., & Quezada, L. (2019). Associations between microaggression and adjustment outcomes: A meta–analytic and narrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 145(1), 45–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000172
Moody, A. T., & Lewis, J. A. (2019). Gendered racial microaggressions and traumatic stress symptoms among Black women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 43(2), 201–214. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684319828288
Nadal, K. L. (2011). Responding to racial, gender, and sexual orientation microaggressions in the workplace. In M. A. Paludi, C. A. Paludi, Jr., & E. R. DeSouza (Eds.), Praeger handbook on understanding and preventing workplace discrimination (pp. 23–32). Praeger.
Nadal, K. L. (2014). A guide to responding to microaggressions. CUNY Forum, 2(1), 71–76.
Nadal, K. L., & Haynes, K. (2012). The effects of sexism, gender microaggressions, and other forms of discrimination on women’s mental health and development. In P. K. Lundberg-Love, K. L. Nadal, & M. A. Paludi (Eds.), Women and mental disorders (pp. 87–101). Praeger.
Nadal, K. L., Davidoff, K. C., Davis, L. S., & Wong, Y. (2014). Emotional, behavioral, and cognitive reactions to microaggressions: Transgender perspectives. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1(1), 72–81. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000011
Nadal, K. L., Hamit, S., Lyons, O., Weinberg, A., & Corman, L. (2013). Gender microaggressions: Perceptions, processes, and coping mechanisms of women. In M. A. Paludi (Ed.), Psychology for business success (pp. 193–220). Praeger.
Robinson-Wood, T., Balogun-Mwangi, O., Weber, A., Zeko-Underwood, E., Rawle, S. A. C., Popat-Jain, A., Matsumoto, A., & Cook, E. (2018). “What is it going to be like?”: A phenomenological investigation of racial, gendered, and sexual microaggressions among highly educated individuals. Qualitative Psychology, 7(1), 43–58. https://doi.org10.1037/qup0000113
Sáez, G., Riemer, A. R., Brock, R. L., & Gervais, S. J. (2019). Objectification in heterosexual romantic relationships: Examining relationship satisfaction of female objectification recipients and male objectifying perpetrators. Sex Roles, 81(5), 370–384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-018-0990-9
Samuels, G. M., & Ross-Sheriff, F. (2008). Identity, oppression, and power: feminisms and intersectionality theory. Affilia, 23(1), 5–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109907310475.
Shepherd, L. (2019). Responding to sexual objectification: The role of emotions in influencing willingness to undertake different types of action. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 80(1), 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-018-0912-x
Sue, D. W. (2010). Microaggression in everyday life: Race, gender, and sexual orientation. John Wiley & Sons.
Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A. M. B., Nadal, K. L. & Esquilin, M. (2007). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist, 62(4), 271–286. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003–066x.62.4.271
Torino, G. C., Rivera, D. P., Capodilupo, C. M., Nadal, K. L., & Sue, D. W. (2018). Everything you wanted to know about microaggressions but didn’t get a chance to ask. In G. C. Torino, D. P. Rivera, C. M. Capodilupo, K. L. Nadal, & D. W. Sue (Eds.), Microaggression theory: Influence and implications (pp. 3–15). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119466642
Vaccaro, A. (2010). What lies beneath seemingly positive campus climate results: Institutional sexism, racism, and male hostility toward equity initiatives and liberal bias. Equity & Excellence in Education, 43(2), 202–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/10665680903520231