國際學生在海外求學的經驗是多方面的，涵蓋了文化適應、學術挑戰、思鄉情緒、語言障礙等許多因素。了解這些壓力源及文化適應因素對於促進該群體的心理健康與學術成功至關重要。此外，探討文化適應與酒精消費之間的關聯，為理解國際學生在文化適應過程中應對壓力的方式及相關風險因素提供了重要見解。
本研究旨在回答兩個主要問題：首先，在文化適應過程中產生的壓力源中，哪些是台灣師範大學本科國際學生最常見的壓力源？其次，這些壓力源是否與國際學生的酒精消費有關？如果有關，具體是哪些壓力源？
為了回答研究問題，本研究採用定量研究設計，招募了277名參與者完成了一項問卷調查，測量壓力源（國際學生文化適應壓力量表，ASSIS）和酒精消費（每日飲酒量問卷，DDQ ）。同時收集了性別、種族、學習語言、停留時間及經濟來源等人口統計資料。
透過描述性統計分析、獨立樣本t檢定和負二項迴歸分析，結果顯示，感知仇恨、思鄉情緒、種族和學習語言是酒精消費的重要影響因素，而感知歧視、恐懼、文化衝擊壓力、內疚感、其他因素、性別、停留時間及經濟來源則未顯示顯著關聯。關鍵研究發現指出，感知較高仇恨和思鄉情緒的學生其酒精消費水準較高。此外，非亞洲學生和使用英語學習的學生的酒精消費程度顯著高於其對應群體。

The experience of international students studying abroad is multifaceted, encompassing cultural adaptation, academic challenges, homesickness, language barrier and many other factors. Understanding the stressors and the factor of acculturation is crucial for promoting the mental health and academic success of this population. Additionally, exploring the association between acculturation and alcohol consumption, provides insights into how they deal with the stress coming from the acculturation process and risk factors among international students.
This research seeks to address two primary questions: Firstly, among the stressors coming from the acculturation process, which stressors are the most frequent among NTNU undergraduate international students? Secondly, are the stressors associated with undergraduate international students consuming alcohol? If yes, what are those stressors?
To address the research questions, a quantitative research design was employed, 277 participants completed a survey measuring the stressors. Acculturative Stress Scale for International Students (ASSIS) and alcohol consumption (Daily Drinking Questionnaire, DDQ). Demographic data, including gender, race, language of study, length of stay, and source of finance, were also collected.
Descriptive statistics, independent samples t-tests, and negative binomial regression used for the analyses and the result showed that Perceived Hate, Homesickness, Race, and Language of Study were significant factors of alcohol consumption, while other factors such as Perceived Discrimination, Fear, Stress Due to Culture Shock, Guilt, Miscellaneous, Gender, Length of Stay, and Source of Finance were not significant. Key findings highlighted that students experiencing higher levels of perceived hate and homesickness consume higher level of alcohol consumption. Additionally, non-Asian students and those studying in English reported higher alcohol consumption than their counterparts.

1.     Hong, K. M., & Holmes, T. H. (1973). Transient diabetes mellitus associated with culture change. Archives of General Psychiatry, 29(5), 683–686. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1973.04200050088015
2.     Berry, J. W. (2008). Globalisation and acculturation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32(4), 328-336. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2008.04.001
3.     Berry, J. W., Kim, U., Minde, T., & Mok, D. (1987). Comparative Studies of Acculturative Stress. International Migration Review, 21(3), 491-511. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791838702100303
4.     Conn, B. M., Ejesi, K., & Foster, D. W. (2017). Acculturative stress as a moderator of the effect of drinking motives on alcohol use and problems among young adults. Addictive behaviors, 75, 85-94.
5.     KOSIC, A. (2004). Acculturation strategies, coping process and acculturative stress. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 45(4), 269-278. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2004.00405.x
6.     Rajab, A., Rahman, H. A., Panatik, S. A., & Mansor, N. S. (2014). Acculturative stress among international students. shock, 2(4), 2-5.
7.     Rudmin, F. (2009). Constructs, measurements and models of acculturation and acculturative stress. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 33(2), 106-123.
8.     Chaudhuri, S., & Bhattacharyya, S. (2022). Acculturation: Strategies to Overcome Stress by Migrant Families. International Journal on Responsibility, 5(2), Article 5. https://doi.org/10.62365/2576-0955.1067
9.     Smith, R. A., & Khawaja, N. G. (2011). A review of the acculturation experiences of international students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35(6), 699-713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.08.004
10.  Kroeber, A. L., & Kluckhohn, C. (1952). Culture: A critical review of concepts and definitions. Papers. Peabody Museum of Archaeology & Ethnology, Harvard University.
11.  Olmedo, E. L. (1979). Acculturation: A psychometric perspective. American psychologist, 34(11), 1061.
12.  Redfield, R., Linton, R., & Herskovits, M. J. (1936). Memorandum for the study of acculturation. American anthropologist, 38(1), 149-152
13.  Ruesch, J., Jacobson, A., & Loeb, M. B. (1948). Acculturation and illness. Psychological Monographs: General and applied, 62(5)
14.  Kuhlen, R. G. (1945). The interests and attitudes of Japanese, Chinese, and white adolescents: A study in culture and personality. The Journal of Social Psychology, 21(1), 121-133.
15.  Wolman, B. (1949). Disturbances in acculturation. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 3(4), 601-615.
16.  Hallowell, A. I. (1950). Values, acculturation, and mental health. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 20(4), 732.
17.  Eggan, D. (1952). The manifest content of dreams: a challenge to social science. American Anthropologist, 54(4), 469-485.
18.  Ngwira, F. F., Chikoti, V., Kondowe, W., & Saroinsong, W. P. (2020). Sources of acculturative stress and coping strategies among Asian international students in China, Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (Vol. 491).
19.  Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress appraisal and coping. New York: Springer.
20.  Kim, J., Suh, W., Kim, S., & Gopalan, H. (2012). Coping strategies to manage acculturative stress: Meaningful activity participation, social support, and positive emotion among Korean immigrant adolescents in the USA. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being, 7(18870).
21.  Yan, Z. (2020). Acculturation and Well-Being Among International Students: Challenges and Opportunities. In: Gaulee, U., Sharma, S., Bista, K. (eds) Rethinking Education Across Borders. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2399-1_18
22.  Schweitzer, R., Melville, F., Steel, Z., & Lacherez, P. (2006). Trauma, post-migration living difficulties, and social support as predictors of psychological adjustment in resettled Sudanese refugees. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40(2), 179-187.
23.  Hack-Polay, D. (2019). Migrant enclaves: disempowering economic ghettos or sanctuaries of opportunities for migrants? A double lens dialectic analysis. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 13(4), 418-437.
24.  Gomez, S. L., Kelsey, J. L., Glaser, S. L., Lee, M. M., & Sidney, S. (2004). Immigration and acculturation in relation to health and health-related risk factors among specific Asian subgroups in a health maintenance organization. American Journal of Public Health, 94(11), 1977-1984
25.  Bista, K., Sharma, G., & Gaulee, U. (2018). International student mobility: Examining trends and tensions. In International student mobility and opportunities for growth in the global marketplace (pp. 1-14). IGI Global.
26.  Yu, W., & Wang, S. (2011). An Investigation into the Acculturation Strategies of Chinese Students in Germany. Intercultural Communication Studies, 20(2).
27.  Al-Dubai, S. A. R., Al-Naggar, R. A., Alshagga, M. A., & Rampal, K. G. (2011). Stress and coping strategies of students in a medical faculty in Malaysia. The Malaysian journal of medical sciences: MJMS, 18(3), 57.
28.  Endler, N. S., & Parker, J. D. (1990). Multidimensional assessment of coping: a critical evaluation. Journal of personality and social psychology, 58(5), 844.
29.  Furukawa, T. (1997). Sojourner readjustment: Mental health of international students after one year's foreign sojourn and its psychosocial correlates. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 185(4), 263-268.
30.  Van Tilburg, M. A., Vingerhoets, A. J., & Van Heck, G. L. (1996). Homesickness: A review of the literature. Psychological medicine, 26(5), 899-912.
31.  Driscoll, M. W., & Torres, L. (2013). Acculturative stress and Latino depression: the mediating role of behavioral and cognitive resources. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 19(4), 373.
32.  Hendershot, C. S., Dillworth, T. M., Neighbors, C., & George, W. H. (2008). Differential effects of acculturation on drinking behavior in Chinese-and Korean American college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 69(1), 121-128.
33.  Walker, R. L., Wingate, L. R., Obasi, E. M., & Joiner Jr, T. E. (2008). An empirical investigation of acculturative stress and ethnic identity as moderators for depression and suicidal ideation in college students. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14(1), 75
34.  Suinn, R. M. (2010). Reviewing acculturation and Asian Americans: How acculturation affects health, adjustment, school achievement, and counseling. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 1(1), 5
35.  Schnetzer, L. W., Schulenberg, S. E., & Buchanan, E. M. (2013). Differential associations among alcohol use, depression and perceived life meaning in male and female college students. Journal of Substance use, 18(4), 311-319
36.  White, A., & Hingson, R. (2014). The burden of alcohol use: Excessive alcohol consumption and related consequences among college students. Alcohol research: current reviews, 35(2), 201.
37.  Millar, B. A. (1999). The use of alcohol, reasons for drinking, and consequences of drinking among graduate business students. University of Virginia
38.  Misra, R., & Castillo, L. G. (2004). Academic stress among college students: Comparison of American and international students. International Journal of stress management, 11(2), 132.
39.  Misra, R., Crist, M., & Burant, C. J. (2003). Relationships among life stress, social support, academic stressors, and reactions to stressors of international students in the United States. International Journal of Stress Management, 10(2), 137
40.  Edara, I. R. (2018). Social and Spiritual Dimensions as Protective Factors in the Relationship between Acculturative Stress and Subjective Well-Being among International Students in Taiwan. Psychology, 9, 1582-1604. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2018.97096
41.  Schwartz, Seth. (2015). Turning Point for a Turning Point: Advancing Emerging Adulthood Theory and Research. Emerging Adulthood. 4. 10.1177/2167696815624640.
42.  Corbin WR, Farmer NM, Nolen-Hoekesma S. Relations among stress, coping strategies, coping motives, alcohol consumption and related problems: a mediated moderation model. Addict Behav. 2013 Apr;38(4):1912-9. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.12.005. Epub 2012 Dec 16. PMID: 23380486.
43.  Van Tilburg, M. A. L., Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M., & Van Heck, G. L. (1996). Homesickness: A review of the literature. Psychological Medicine, 26(5), 899–912. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700035286
44.  Hunt, E. N., et al. (2016). Acculturative stress as a moderator for international student drinking behaviors and alcohol use consequences. ResearchGate. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303951779
45.  Koyama, C., & Belli, G. (2011). Alcohol use, acculturative stress, and drinking motivation among international community college students. Academia. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/18667807
46.  Ngwira, F. F. (2024). Acculturative stress and socio-demographic influences: A comparative study among international students. Intercultural Education Journal. Retrieved from https://immi.se/index.php/intercultural/article/download/Ngwira-2024-4/1030
47.  Aresi, G., Fattori, F., Pozzi, M., & Moore, S. C. (2016). “I am going to make the most out of it!”: Italian university Credit Mobility Students’ social representations of alcohol use during study abroad experiences. Journal of Health Psychology, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/135910531666665