目的：了解使用陀螺儀感測器測量跑步過程足部內旋動作之信效度；並藉由了解疲勞對於踝關節角度變化之影響，與陀螺儀所測得之足部動作參數之關係，找出可做為足部疲勞指數之參數。方法：招募12位具有跑步習慣之男性受試者，於受試者左腳足部同時裝置陀螺儀感測器與三維動作分析系統之反光球（效標），以測量足部運動學參數，並比較於30分鐘跑步過程之前（0分鐘）、中（15分鐘）、後期（30分鐘），踝關節角度變化與陀螺儀訊號之對應關係。結果：陀螺儀與三維動作分析系統測量之足部角速度於三個軸向分別具有中度到高度相關。而陀螺儀測得於屈曲/伸展、內旋/外旋軸向之角速度極值與外展/內收軸詳之傾角變化於跑步中、後期皆明顯大於跑步前期，而此趨勢與踝關節內旋角度變化一致。結論：以陀螺儀感測器測量人體跑步過程足部之角速度訊號為一有效之方法；裝置於足部蹠骨肢段之陀螺儀感測器，所測得之角速度極值與傾角數據，可做為足部疲勞指數之參數。

Purpose: To investigate the reliability and validity of using gyro sensor for measuring foot pronation. Also, to find out parameters of foot fatigue index by comparing foot kinematic parameters from motion analysis system and gyro sensor during running. Methods: There were 12 male subjects recruited in this study. Foot kinematic parameters were collected by gyro sensor and 3D motion analysis system (gold standard). The correlation between the signals derived from gyro and motion analysis system was calculated. Also, the relationship of gyro and motion analysis data among pre- (0 min), mid- (15 min) and post-running (30min) status were compared. Results: There were moderate to high correlation between gyro and motion analysis data in angular velocity of foot. Gyro signal showed significant increase during mid- and post-running at the peak value of angular velocity in flexion/extension axis and pronation/ supination axis. Also the inclination angle in abduction/adduction showed the same result. Conclusion: Gyro sensor is a reliable and valid method to measure human angular velocity of metatarsal segment. Also, the angular velocity and inclination angle of metatarsal segment which were derived from gyro sensor can be used to develop foot fatigue index.

Arai, T., Obuchi, S., Shiba, Y., Omuro, K., Nakano, C., & Higashi, T. (2008). The feasibility of measuring joint angular velocity with a gyro-sensor. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation., 89(1), 95-99.
Brauner, T., Oriwol, D., Sterzing, T., & Milani, T. L. (2009). A sinle gyrometer inside an instrumented running shoe allows mobile determination of gait cycle and pronation velocity during outdoor running. Footwear Science, 1(S1), p.25-26.
Brauner, T., Sterzing, T., & Milani, T. L. (2009). Ankle frontal plane kinematics determined by goniometer, gyrometer and motion analysis system: a measurement device validation. ISB conference, Cape Town, Douth Africa.
Chai, H. M. (2008). Subtalar pronation and supination Retrieved 11/13, 2009, from http://www.pt.ntu.edu.tw/hmchai/kinesiology/KINlower/Foot.files/FootKinematics.htm
Cheung, R. T. H., & Ng, G. Y. F. (2007). Efficacy of motion control shoes for reducing excessive rearfoot motion in fatigued runners. Physical Therapy in Sport(8), 75-81.
Christina, K. A., White, S. C., & Gilchrist, L. A. (2001). Effect of localized muscle fatigue on vertical ground reaction forces and ankle joint motion during running. Human Movement Science, 20(3), 257-276.
Clanton, T. O., & Wood, R. M. (2010). Etiology of injury to the foot and ankle. In J. C. DeLee, D. Drez & M. D. Miller (Eds.), DeLee & Drez's orthopaedic sports medicine : Principles and practice (3 ed., pp. 2224-2323). Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier.
Dahle, L. K., Mueller, M. J., Delitto, A., & Diamond, J. E. (1991). Visual assessment of foot type and relationship of foot type to lower extremity injury. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 14(2), 70-74.
Donatelli, R. A. (1985). Normal biomechanics of the foot and ankle. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 7(3), 91-95.
Franco, A. H. (1987). Pes cavus and pes planus. Analyses and treatment. Physical Therapy, 67(5), 688-694.
Franklin, B., Whaley, M., Howley, E., & Balady, G. (2000). ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription: Testing and prescription: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
Hamill, J., Freedson, P. S., Boda, W., & Reichsman, F. (1988). Effects of shoe type on cardiorespiratory responses and rearfoot motion during treadmill running. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 20(5), 515-521.
Heyn, A., Mayagoitia, R., Nene, A., & Veltink, P. (1996). The kinematics of the swing phase obtained from accelerometer and gyroscope measurement. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society., 2, 463-464.
Hintermann, B., & Nigg, B. M. (1998). Pronation in runners. Implications for injuries. Sports Medicine, 26(3), 169-176.
Inman, V. (1976). Joint of the ankle. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.
James, S. L., & Jones, D. C. (1990). Biomechanical aspects of distance running injuries. In P. R. Cavanagh (Ed.), Biomechanics of distance running (pp. 249-269). Champaig: Human Kinetics Books.
Leardini, A., Benedetti, M. G., Berti, L., Bettinelli, D., Nativo, R., & Giannini, S. (2007). Rear-foot, mid-foot and fore-foot motion during the stance phase of gait. Gait & Posture, 25(3), 453-462.
Mann, R. (1986). Biomechanics of the foot and ankle. Surgery of the Foot (5 ed.). St. Louis: Mosby.
Marti, B., Vader, J. P., Minder, C. E., & Abelin, T. (1988). On the epidemiology of running injuries. The 1984 Bern Grand-Prix study. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 16(3), 285-294.
Mizrahi, J., Verbitsky, O., & Isakov, E. (2000). Fatigue-related loading imbalance on the shank in running: a possible factor in stress fractures. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 28(4), 463-469.
Nawoczenski, D. A., Cook, T. M., & Saltzman, C. L. (1995). The effect of foot orthotics on three-dimensional kinematics of the leg and rearfoot during running. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 21(6), 317-327.
Neumann, D. A. (2002). Ankle and Foot. In D. A. Neumann (Ed.), Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system: Foundations for physical rehabilitation. (pp. 503). St. Louis: Mosby.
Nigg, B. M., Cole, G. K., & Nachbauer, W. (1993). Effects of arch height of the foot on angular motion of the lower extremities in running. Journal of Biomechanics, 26(8), 909-916.
Pappas, I., Keller, T., Mangold, S., Popovic, M., Dietz, V., & Morari, M. (2004). A reliable gyroscope-based gait-phase detection sensor embedded in a shoe insole. IEEE Sensors Journal, 4(2), 268-274.
Pohl, M. B., Messenger, N., & Buckley, J. G. (2007). Forefoot, rearfoot and shank coupling: effect of variations in speed and mode of gait. Gait & Posture, 25(2), 295-302.
Saltzman, C., & Nawoczenski, D. (1995). Complexities of foot architecture as a base of support. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 21(6), 354.
Sammarco, G. J., & Hockenbury, R. T. (2001). Biomechanics of the foot and ankle. In M. Nordin & V. H. Frankel (Eds.), Basic biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system. (3rd ed., pp. 228). Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Sanderson, D. J. (1972). The torque - angular velocity relationship in human musculat contraction., Simon Fraser University.
Scott, B. K., & Houmard, J. A. (1994). Peak running velocity is highly related to distance running performance. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 15(8), 504-507.
Tong, K. Y., & Granat, M. H. (1999). A practical gait analysis system using gyroscopes. Medical Engineering & Physics, 21(2), 87-94.
van Gheluwe, B., & Madsen, C. (1997). Frontal rearfoot kinematics in running prior to volitional exhaustion. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 13, 66-75.
van Mechelen, W. (1992). Running injuries. A review of the epidemiological literature. Sports Medicine, 14(5), 320-335.
Yang, S. W., Zheng, C. Y., Chen, C. W., & Liu, J. (2009). Effect of arch support design on controlling lower-extremity mobility for flatfoot runner. Footwear Science, 1(S1), 121-123.