由於美國最近有關傳統雌激素補充劑的大型前瞻性實驗研究結果，不但更進一步確認會增加乳癌的發生率，還推翻過去所認為傳統雌激素補充劑的預防心血管疾病效果。植物性雌激素是否能預防與治療停經症狀、心血管疾病、骨質疏鬆與老人失智等疾病，取代傳統雌激素，更受矚目。本研究目的在發掘含有植物性雌激素的本土產物。
研究食材選用傳說有雌激素功能的山藥(台南學甲)、薏仁(彰化二林的台中1號薏仁雪花片) ，探討兩者併用對停經婦女性激素代、血脂與抗氧化性之影響。招募師大附近29位健康、飲食規律、半年內無使用女性荷爾蒙的停經婦女，受試者隨機分組，進行交叉、單盲實驗，以米粉當安慰劑。實驗開始前兩週為run-in period後，15人每天食用山藥粉50克＋薏仁粉50克持續5週後，休息3週為清除期，改食用50克米粉5週，另14人次序相反。實驗期間指導受試者減少主食類攝取量，且持續規律的正常生活飲食。在每期食用前後收集血液與尿液樣本，比較血糖、血脂（血漿及各種脂蛋白中的三酸甘油酯、膽固醇含量）、抗氧化（LDL氧化遲滯期和 TBARS產生量）與性激素(血清Estrone、Estradiol、SHBG、DHEAS、FSH )的變化。有23人持續參加至實驗結束。
研究結果發現攝取山藥+薏仁複方或米粉後，體脂肪均顯著高於攝取前，但山藥+薏仁期的增高量顯著高於米粉期。攝取山藥+薏仁後血糖顯著低於攝取前，其改變量與米粉期的改變量有顯著差異(p=0.014)血漿總膽固醇有降低的趨勢(p=0.073)，而HDL2-C雖有顯著下降(p=0.042)，但LDL-C/HDL-C比值沒有顯著改變，故認為山藥+薏仁複方對血脂並沒有造成不良影響。抗氧化性方面，山藥+薏仁複方顯著降低LDL氧化的TBARS產生量。而在性激素方面，兩期攝取前後均無顯著改變，但攝取山藥+薏仁後FSH上升量與米粉期的改變量有顯著差異(p=0.039)，原因與意義不明。綜合以上結果可知，停經婦女攝取山藥+薏仁複方可能有助於下降血糖與LDL氧化產物。

Recent evidence from Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) clinical trails show increased risks of breast cancer, coronary heart disease, stroke and pulmonary embolism in women receiving traditional hormone (combined estrogen/progestin) replacement therapy. Interest in the use of phytoestrogen in place of traditional HRT has increased tremendously. This study is designed to investigate the influences of yam plus adley on sex hormone, blood lipids and antioxidant status in postmenopausal women.
A randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over,trial was conducted on twenty-nine apparently healthy postmenopausal women without HRT recruited from the area of National Taiwan Normal University. After 2-wk run-in period, 15 subjects took 50 g of yam powder plus 50 g of adley powder per day and the others took rice powder as a placebo for 5 weeks and then the order was switched vice versa to continue for another 5 weeks with 3-week washout period. Subjects maintained their usual diet and physical activity throughout the intervention and took their powder from the laboratory every week. Blood and first morning urine samples were collected in the beginning and the end of each period for the measurements of blood sugar, blood lipids, antioxidant capacity (the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation, TBARS level) and sex hormones (serum Estrone, Estradiol, SHBG, DHEAS, FSH). Twenty-three subjects completed the study.
The results showed that body fat increased significantly after both supplements and the increase was significantly greater in yam plus adley than in placebo. the levels of blood sugar, plasma cholesterol and plasma HDL2-Cdecreased (p=0.014, p=0.073, p=0.042, respectively) after yam plus adley .Since the decrease in HDL2-C did not resulted in an increase in LDL-C/HDL-C, it appears not to have deleterious effect. TBARS production of oxidized LDL decreased significantly after yam plus adley supplementation. There was no significant difference in sex hormones except in FSH where the decrease after yam + adley was significant as compared with that after placebo. The results show that the ingestion of yam and adley might be beneficial in decreasing plasma glucose and LDL oxidation.

參考文獻
【中文部分】
王思涓(2002)。薏苡籽實中特殊生理機能性成分的定量分析與比較。台大食科所碩士論文。
王俐婷(1997)。基隆山藥塊莖多酚氧化之純化與性質研究。靜宜大學食品營養學系碩士論文。
中華人民共和國衛生部藥政管理局、中國藥品生物製品檢定所編(1997)。現代實用本草上冊。人民衛生出版社。
台灣地區食品營養成分分析資料庫。行政院衛生署編印。民國87年11月。
江文章、張子文(1993)。薏苡的食療與加工利用。第二屆中國飲食文化學術研討會文集。
江文章(1997)。上品養命藥-薏仁的營養價值和特殊機能。鄉間小路，23(12)：48-51。
江文章(2002)：薏仁保健食品研究開發現況。保健食品研究開發與管理研討會。6。
那琦、甘偉松、楊榮季(1978)。台灣產藥材之生藥學研究(IV)台灣產零餘子之生藥學研究。中國醫藥學院研究年報，9：330-375。
李世滄(2002)。薯蕷類屬(山藥)之本草學研究暨山藥原料及其產品之保肝護腎研究。國立中興大學食品科學系博士論文。
李懿純(2001)。山藥對同半胱胺酸血症之抗氧化活性研究。成功大學生物系碩士論文。
何菁菁(2000)。糙薏仁對STZ所誘發之糖尿病大白鼠脂質與糖類代謝的影響。海洋大學食科所碩士論文。
林昭榮(1992)。山藥的栽培與加工。台灣農村，20：23-25。
林俊義、盧煌勝、劉新裕(1998)。山藥之生產與食譜。台灣省農業試驗所。p5-15。
林毓之(2003)。山藥塊莖中植物類固醇之分析及其受加工之影響。國立台灣大學食品科學研究所碩士論文。
周輝政、王崇安、許淳森、吳文惠(2002)：植物性雌激素與停經前婦女保健。中華民國營養學會雜誌，27(2)：56-66。
吳宜娟(2001)。薏仁加工產品對高血脂大鼠脂質代謝之影響。國立台灣大學食品科學研究所碩士論文。
夏詩閔(2001)：薏苡籽實萃取物對大白鼠卵巢性類固醇激素、腦下腺黃體促素和濾泡刺激素分泌之效應。國立台灣大學食品科學研究所碩士論文。
高德錚、呂阿牛(1984)：稻田轉作薏苡之栽培方法。台中區農推專訊25期。
張淑貞(1979)。台灣產Aspidistra mushaensis HAYATA(霧社蜘蛛抱蛋)之成分研究。中國醫藥學院研究年報。
張玨 、吳佩樺、張菊惠、蔡宗仁、徐黎玲、李旻貞(1999)。中年婦女血中荷爾蒙濃度與停經狀態--橫斷式研究初探。中華公共衛生雜誌，18(3)：209-221。
張進益(1988)。山藥，經濟植物集。豐年社出版，p44-49。
許文德(2000，3月3日)。山藥 藥不得。自由時報，14版。
陳正哲(1998)。中草藥在抗氧化作用的測定。私立靜宜大學應用化學研究所碩士論文。
陳忻長(2000)。加熱與乾燥對基隆山藥之機能性影響-對大白鼠糖代謝及脂質代謝的影響。台灣海洋大學食品科學系碩士論文。
曾悅和(2002)。山藥在高血脂兔子上之抗氧化及抗粥狀動脈之影響。中國醫藥學院醫學研究所碩士論文。
曾慶瀛、余哲仁、王璧娟(1999)。山藥抗氧化活性之研究。行政院國科會專題研究計畫成果報告。
黃鵬(1995)。長形山藥利用塑膠導管栽培技術介紹。台灣農業31：115-118。
黃士禮(1996)。薏苡籽實儲藏條件、抗致突變效應及抗腫瘤效果之研究。國立台灣大學食品科學研究所博士論文。
黃士禮，江文章(1999)。薏苡籽實各部位之組成分及其丙酮萃取液之抗突變作用。食品科學，26：121-130。
黃秋薇(2000)。Isoflavones對荷爾蒙補充治療之停經婦女血脂與脂蛋白及尿液雌激素代謝物的影響。國立台灣師範大學家庭教育學研究所碩士論文。
黃詠凱(2002)。不同產地的糙薏仁對倉鼠脂質代謝之影響。國立臺灣大學食品科學研究所碩士論文。
郭靜娟(2001)。薏苡籽實之抗氧化成分及其抑制自由基傷害之研究。國立台灣大學食品科學研究所博士論文。
楊莉君(1997)。薏苡對血與肝脂質之影響。輔仁大學食品營養學系碩士論文。
楊莉君、陳美櫻、許文音、白永河、喻小珠和蔡敬民(1998)。薏仁對高血脂病患血脂質及血糖的影響。食品科學，25：727-736。
楊登傑(2003)。台灣產山藥的類固醇皂素及皂配基分析與加工處理對皂素之影響。國立台灣大學食品科學研究所博士論文。
農業委員會台灣農家要覽增修訂再版策劃委員會(1995)。台灣農家要覽。pp.629-630。豐年社出版。台北。
葉芝嵐(2002)。薏苡殼醇類萃取物對大鼠卵巢性類固醇激素。國立臺灣大學食品科學研究所碩士論文。
廖俊旺、王順成、劉新裕、黃振聲(2002)。山藥冷凍乾燥粉對大白鼠28天餵飼之安全性評估。植物保護學會會刊，44：75-88。
劉桂萍(2000)。薏苡殼甲醇萃取物清除自由基成分之分離與純化。國立台灣大學食品科學研究所碩士論文。
劉新裕、王昭月、徐原田、胡敏夫、楊宏仁、何琦琛(1996)：山藥新品種台農2號之育成。中華農業研究，45(3)：260-284。
劉新裕、盧煌勝、林俊義(2000)。2000年山藥之生產與藥膳利用。台灣省農業試驗所，6-21。
劉棠瑞、黃增泉(1993)。Dioscoreaceae薯蕷科，Flora of Taiwan。台灣植物誌編輯委員會出版，p 87-98。
衛生署(2000)。衛生報導，第10卷第6期。
賴宏亮、鄧秀玫、劉新裕、許博文(1999)。山藥藥材鑑別之研究。食品藥物分析，7：313-25。
鄭喻仁、沈佳錚、蔡如芬(2001)。婦女更年期的治療。藥學雜誌，68：91-97。
應靜雯(2002)。藥用與保健植物-保健植物山藥之安全性的評估和分子藥裡的鑑定。國科會計劃報告。
蘇珮琪(1996)。薏仁對高血脂症和糖尿症病患血漿脂質和血糖的影響。輔仁大學食營所碩士論文。
鐘晨日(2003)。停經婦女攝取山藥對血脂、抗氧化能力與性激素的影響。國立台灣師範大學家庭教育學研究所碩士論文。
龔財立、李穎宏、姜金龍(1995)。栽培管內填充不同介質對長形山藥產量及品質之影響。台灣藥用植物資源之開發與利用研討會專刊，125-134。
戶田靜男，谷澤久之，有地 滋，湩野吉雄(1984)。生藥酸空氣酸化作用。藥學雜誌（日）104：394-397。
莊淑旂(1977)。健康法。主婦友社 (株)。東京。

【西文部分】
Alves RML, Grossmann NVE, Silva RSSF: Gelling properties of extruded yam (dioscorea alata) starch. Food Chemistry 1999; 67: 123-7.
Adlercreutz H, Hockerstedt K, Bannwart C, Bloigu S, Hamalainen E, Fotsis T, Ollus A.: Effect of dietary components, including lignans and phytoestrogens, on enteroheptic circulation and liver metabolism of estrogens and on sex hormone binding globulin（SHBG）. J Steroid Biochem. 1987; 27:1135-1144.
Adlercreutz H, Markkanen H & Watanabe S. Plasma concentrations of phyto-oestrogens in Japanese men. Lancet. 1993; 342(8881): 1209-10.
Agbor-Egbe T and Treche S: Evaluation of chemical composition of Cameroonian yam germplasm. J. Food Compos. 1995；Anal.8: 274-283.
Amigo L, Mendoza H, Zanlungo S, Miquel JF, Rigotti A, Gonzalz S and Nervi F: Enrichment of canalicular membrane with cholesterol and sphingomylin prevents bile salt-induces hepatic damage. J Lipid Res. 1999; 40: 533-542.
Aradhana RAR, Kale RK: Diosgenin-a growth stimulator of mammary gland of ovariectomized mouse. Indian J Exp Biol 1992; 30: 365-70.
Arghiniknam M, Chung S, Nelson-White T, Eskelson C and Watson RR: Antioxidant activity of dioscorea and dehydroepioandrosterone (DHEA) in older humans. Life Sci 1996; 59 (11): 147-57.
Baghurst PA, Baghurst KI, Record SJ: Dietary fibre, non- starchpolysaccharides and resistant starch- a review. Food Australia. 1996; 48: S3-S35.
Basu S: Radioimmunoassay of 8-iso-prostaglandin F2 alpha: an index for oxidative injury via free radical catalysed lipid peroxidation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1998; 58: 319-325.
Bgin F, Vachon C, Jones JD, Wood PJ, Savoie L: Effect of dietaryfibers on glycemia and insulinemia and on gastrointestinal function in rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1989; 67: 1265-1271.
Belchetz PE：Hormonal treatment of postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 1994; 330: 1062-71.
Beuge JA & Aust SD: Microsomal lipids peroxidation. Methods Enzymol. 1978; 52: 302-310.
Boelsterli UA and Bedoucha M：Toxicological consequences of altered peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR γ) expression in the liver: insights from models of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Biochem. Pharmacology 2002; 63: 1-10.
Bordia A, Verma SK and Srivastava KC: Effect of ginger and fenugreek on blood lipids, blood sugar and platelet aggregation in patients with coronary artery disease. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes & Essential Fatty Acids. 1997; 56: 379-84.
Carter JW, Hardman WE, Heitman DW, Cameron IL: Type and amount of individual dietary fibers on: serum lipid profiles, serum glucose concentrationand energy intake in rats. 1998; 18: 1743-1756.
Cassidy A: Potential tissue selectivity of dietary phytoestrogens and estrogens.Current Opinion in Lipidology. 1999; 10: 47-52.
Cathcart MK, Morel DW and Chisolm GM: Monocyte and neutrophils oxidize lowdensity lipoprotein making it cytotoxic. J Leukocyte Biol. 1985; 38: 341-350.
Cauley JA, Gutai JP, Kuller LH, Ledonne D and Powell JG: The epidemiology of serum sex hormones in postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 1989; 129: 1120-1131.
Cayen MN and Dvotnik D: Effects of diosgenin on lipid metabolism in rats. J Lipid Res 1979; 20: 162-74.
Chen CY and Pan LK: Trace elements of Taiwanese dioscorea spp. using instrumental neutron activation analysis. Food Chemistry 2001; 72: 255 - 260.
Chen H, Wang C, Chang CT and Wang T: Effects of Taiwanese yam (Dioscorea japonica Thunb var. pseudojaponica Yamamoto) on upper gut function and lipid metabolism in Balb/c mice. Nutrition. 2003; 19(7-8): 646-51.
Chiang W, Cheng CY, Chiang MT, Chung KT: Effect of dehulled adlay on the culture count of some microbiota and their metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract of rats. J Agri Food Chem 2000; 48: 829-32.
Compston JE: Selective oestrogen receptor modulators：potential therapeutic applications. Clinical Endocrinology. 1998; 48(4):389-91.
Couressy DG: The magnitude and origins of storage losses in Nigerianyams. J Sci Food Agri. 1961; 12: 5740-5745.
Coursey DG and Haynes PH: Root crops and their potential as food in the tropics. World Crops. 1970; 22: 261-265.
Davi G, Alessandrini P, Mezzetti A, Minotti G, Bucciarelli T, Costantini F, Cipollone F, Bon GB, Ciabattoni G, and Patrono C: In vivo formation of 8-Epi-prostaglandin F2 alpha is increased in hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997; 17: 3230-3235.
Davi G, Ciabattoni G, Consoli A, Mezzetti A, Falco A, Santarone S, Pennese E, Vitacolonna E, Bucciarelli T, Costantini F, Capani F, and Patrono C: In vivo formation of 8-iso-prostaglandin f2alpha and platelet activation in diabetes mellitus: effects of improved metabolic control and vitamin E supplementation. Circulation. 1999; 99: 224-229.
Dawood YM: Menopause. In L.J. Copeland (eds.). Textbook of gynecology. 1993: pp.619-640. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders.
Dawson RF: Diosgenin production in north America. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1991; 113(1): 22-27.
Dewick PM: 1997. The mevalonate pathway : steroidal saponins. Medicinal Natural Products a Biosynthetic Approach, 1st ed. pp218-223. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Dittrich R, Muller A, Hensen J, Wildt L: The inhibition of low density lipoprotein oxidation by 17-alpha estradiol. Experimental & Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes. 1999; 107(1): 53-7.
Djerassi C: Steroid research at syntax: the pill and cortisone. Steroids 1992; 57: 631-41.
Draper HH and Hadley M. Malondialdehyde determination as index of lipid peroxidation. Methods in Enzymol ogy. 1990; 186: 421-431.
Ebeling P and Koivisto VA: Physiological importance of dehydroepiandrosterone. Lancet 1994; 343: 1479-81.
Elbrecht A, Chen Y, Cullinan CA et al.：Molecular cloning,expression and characterization of human peroxisome proliferator activated receptors g1 and g2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996; 224: 431-7.
Enmark E and Gustafsson JA: Oestrogen receptors：an overview. J Intern Med. 1999; 246: 133-138.
Esterbauer H, Striegl G, Puhl H and Rotheneder M: Continuous monitoring of in vitro oxidation of human low density lipoprotein. Free Radical Research Communications. 1989; 6(1): 67-75.
Farombi EO, Britton G and Emerole GO: evaluation of the antioxidant activity and partial characterization of extracts from browned yam flour diet. Food Research Int. 2000; 33: 493-9.
Fishman J and Martucci C: Biological properties of 16α-hydroxyestrone: implications in estrogen physiology and pathophysiology. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1980; (51): 611-615.
Fletcher SW and Colditz GA: Failure of estrogen plus progestin therapy for prevention. JAMA 2002; 288: 366-7.
Fogelman AM, Shechter JS, Fiokom JS, Child, Edwards PA: Malondialdehyde alteration in human monocyte-macrophage. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1980; 77: 2214-8.
Food and Agriculture Organization: Yam. FAO quarterly bulletin of statistics. 1999; 12: 44.
Foster-Powell K, Holt SHA, Brand-Miller JC: International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002; 76: 5-56.
Friedwald WT, Levy RI and Frecrickson DS: Estimation of the concentration of low density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma,without use of the preparative ultracetrifugation. Clin. Chem. 1972; 18: 499-502.
Grindley PB, Omoruyi FO, Asemota HN and Morrison ESA: Effect of yam (Dioscorea cayenesis) and dasheen (Colocassia esculenta) extracts on the kidney of strepozotocin-induced diabetic rats. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 2001; (52): 429-433.
Haffner SM, Applebaum-Bowden D, Wahl PW, et al.: Epidemiological correlates of high density lipoprotein subfractions, apolipoprotein A-I,A-II and D, and lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase: effects of smoking, alcohol and adiposity. Arteriosclerosis. 1985; 5: 169-77.
Higdon K, Scott A, Tucci M, Benghuzzi H, Tsao A, Puckett A, Cason Z and Hughes J: The use of estrogen, DHEA, and diosgenin in a sustained delivery setting as a novel treatment approach for osteoporosis in the ovariectomized adult rat model. Biomedical Sciences Instrumentation. 2001; (37): 281-6.
Hikino H, Konno C, Takahashi M, et al: Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of Dioscoreas A, B,C,D,E, and F; Glycans of Dioscorea japonica Rhizophors. Planta Medica 1986; 3: 168-71.
Ho, S.C., Chan, S.G., Yip, Y.B., Cheng, A., Yi, Q. & Chan, C. Menopausal symptoms and symptom clustering in Chinese women. Maturitas. 1999; 33: 219-227.
Holvoet P, Perez G, Zhao Z, Brouwers E, Bernar H, Collen D. Malondialdehyde-modified low density lipoproteins in patients with atherosclerotic disease. J Clin Invest. 1995; 95: 2611-2619.
Holvoet P: Oxidative modification of low-density lipoproteins in atherothrombosis. Acta Cardiol. 1998; 53: 253-260.
Hylka, V.W. and Zerega, G. S. (1991). Reproductive hormones and their mechanisms of action. In: Infertility, contraception and reproductive endocrinology, ed3, edited by Mishell, D.R.J., Davajan, V., and Lobo, R. A. Cambriidge, Mass.
Ibrahimi A,Teboul L,Gaillard D,Amri EZ,Ailhaud G,Young P,Gawthorne MA, Grimaldi PA：Evidence for a common mechanism of action for fatty acids and thiazolidinedione antidiabetic agents on gene expression in preadipose cells. Mol pharmacol.1994; 46: 1070-4.
Imoto S, Mitani F, Enomoto K, Fujiwara K, Ikeda T, Kitajima M and Ishimura Y: Influence of estrogen metabolism on profliferation of human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1997; 42: 57-64.
Isamah GK, Asagba SO and Thomas AE: Lipid peroxidation o-diphenolase superoxide dismutase and catalase profile along the three physiological regions of Dioscorea rotundata Poir cv Omi. Food Chemistry 2000; 69: 1-4.
Iwu MM, Okunji CO, Ohiaeri GO, Akah P, Corley D and Tempesta MS.: Hypoglycaemic activity of Dioscoretine from tubers of Dioscorea dumetorum in normal and alloxan diabetic rabbits. Planta Medica 1990; 56(3): 264-7.
Iwu MM: Dioscoretine and its use as a hypoglycemic agent. U. S. Patent. 1991;5,019,580.
Jonathan SB: Novak’s Gynecology—Menopause. 12th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Nikins. 2002
Juarze-Oropeza MA, Diaz-Zagoya JG, Rabinowitz JL: In vivo and in vitro studies of hypocholesterolemic effects of diosgenin in rats. Intern J Biochem 1987; 19: 679-83.
Kabat GC, Chang CJ, Sparano JA, Sepkovic DW, Hu XP, Khalil A, Rosenblatt R and Bradlow HL: Cancer Epid. Biomarkers and Prevention. 1997; 78: 1250-5.
Kamphuis MM, Lejeune MP, Saris WH, Westerterp-Plantenga MS: The effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation after weight loss on body weight regain, body composition, and resting metabolic rate in overweight subjects. International Journal of Obesity & Related Metabolic Disorders: Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2003; 27(7): 840-7.
Kato A, Miiura T and Fukunaga T: Effects of steroidal Glycosides on blood glucose in normal and diabetic mice. Biol, Pharm. Bull. 1995; 18(1): p167-168.
Kishida T, Beppu M, Nashiki K, Izumi T and Ebihara K: Effectof dietary soy isoflavone aglycones on the urinary　16α- to – 2 – hydroxy -estroneratio in C3H/HeJ mice. Nutrition and Cancer. 2000; 38(2): 209-214.
Kiyohisa, U., Haruto, T., Yasuharu, N., Keniichi, T.,Nozomu, T., and Yoshio, I. 1984. Changes in biliary and fecal bile acids in mice after treatments with diosgenin and β-sitosterol. Journal of Lipid Redearch, 25:236-245.
Komesaroff PA, Black CV, Cable V and Sudhir K: Effects of wild yam extract on menopausal symptoms, lipids and sex hormones in healthy menopausal women. Climacteric. 2001; 4(2): 144-50
Komori T: Glycosudes from Dioscorea bulbifera. Toxicon. 1997; 35(10): 1532 - 1536.
Kondo Y, Kanajima K, Nozoe S and Suzuki S: Isolation of ovulatory-active substances from crops of Job’s tears. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1988; 36(8): 3147-3152.
Krauss RM, Wood PD, Giotas C, et al.: Heparin-released plasma lipase activities and lipoprotein levels in distance runners. Circulation. 1979; 60(suppl 2): 11-73.
Krauss RM: Regulation of high density lipoprotein levels. Med Clin North Am. 1982; 66: 403-30.
Kurzer MS and Xu X: Dietary phytoestrogens. Annu Rev Nutr 1997; 17: 353-381.
Lamb DJ and Leake DS: The effect of EDTA on the oxidation of low lipoprotein. Atherosclerosis. 1992; 94: 35-42.
Levrant, SG. And Barnes, RB. (1994) Pharmacology of estrogens. In treatment of the postmenopausal women: Basic and Clinical Aspects. R. A. Lobo, Ed.: 56-58. Raven Press. New York.
Li WD, Lee JH, Price RA：The peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ2 Pro 12 Ala mutation is associated with early onset extreme obesity and reduced fasting glucose. Mol Genet Metab. 2000; 70: 159-61.
Lievertz RW: Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of estrogens. Am. J. Obstet Gynecol. 1987; 156: 1289-1293.
Lobo RA: Cardiovascular disease, menopause, and the influence of hormone replacement therapy. Progress in Clinical & Biological Research, 1989; 320: 313-332.
Lu SC, Wu WH, Lee CA, Chou HF, Lee HR and Huang, PC: LDL of Taiwanese vegetarians are less oxidizable than those of omnivorce. Journal of Nutrition 2000; 130(6): 1591-1596.
Macaulay AP, Meilaha EN, Bradlow HL, et al: Urinary markers of estrogen metabolism 2-and 16a-hydroxylation in premenopausal women. Steroid 1996; 61: 461-7.
Macaulay BJ, Power MJ and Fottrell PF: Radioimmunoassay of 2-hydrox yestrone in urine. Clinical chemistry 1994; 40: 80-85.
Malinow MR: Effects of synthetic glycosides on cholesterol absorption. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1985; 454: 23-27.
Malinow MR, Elliott WH, McLaughlin P, et al: Effects of synthetic glycosides on steroid balance in Macaca fascicularis. J Lipid Res 1987; 28: 1-9.
Markwell MAK, Hass SM, Bieber LL and Tolbert NE: A modification of the lowary procedure to simplify protein determination in membrane and lipoprotein samples. Anal. Biochem. 1978; 87: 206-210.
Maurice MI, Okuniji CO, Akah P, Tempesta MS & Corley D: Dioscoretine：The hypoglycemic principle of dioscorea dumetorum. Planta Medica. 1988; 56: 119-120.
McAnuff MA, Omoruyi FO, Morrison EYStA & Asemota HN： Plasma and liver lipid distributions in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats fed sapogenin extract of the Jamaican bitter yam (Dioscrea polygonoides). Nutrition Research. 2002; 22: 1427-1434.
McDowell IFW, Mceneny J and Trimble E.R：A rapid method for measurement of the susceptibility to oxidation of low density lipoprotein. Ann.Clin.Biochem.1995; 32: 167-174.
Mcgowan MW, Artiss JD, Strandbergh DR and Zak B: A peroxidase -coupled method for the colorimetric of serum triglycerides. Clin.Chem. 1983; 29: 538-542.
Mendel, C. M. The free hormone hypothesis distinction from the free hormone transport hypothesis. J Androl 1992; 13: 107-116.
Meilahn EN, Stavola BD, Fentiman I, Bradlow HL, Sepkovic DW, Kuller LH. Do urinary oestrogen metablites predict breast cancer? Guernsey Ⅲcohort follow- up. Br J Cancer. 1998；78:1250-5.
Miksicek RJ: Commonly occurring plant flavonoids have estrogenic activity. Molecular Pharmacology. 1993; 44(1): 37-43.
Miksicek R.J: Interactions of naturally occurring non-steroidal estrogens with expressed recombinant human estrogen receptor. J. Steroid.Biochem.Mol.Biol.1994; 49: 153-160.
Mirkin G: Estrogen in yams. JAMA 1991; 265: 912.
Moore N: Dallas TX.Charis Publishing co, 1994: 1-152.
Morrow JD, Minton T, Mukundan CR, Caampbell MD, Zackert WE, Daniel TC,Badr KF, Blair IA and Roberts LJ: Free radical-induced generation of isoprastane in vivo. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 4317-4326.
Morrow JD, Frei B, Longmire AW, et al.: Increase in circulating products of lipid peroxidation (F2- isoprostanes) in smokers. Smoking as a cause of oxidative damage. N Engl J Med. 1995; 332: 1198–1203.
Morrow JD, Roberts LJ: The Isoprostanes. Current knowledge and directions for future research. Biochemical Pharmacology. 1996; (51): 1-9.
Nachtigall LE: Sex hormone-binding globulin and breast cancer risk. Primary Care Update for OB/GYNS 1999; 6(2): 39-45.
Newcomb PA, Klein R, Klein BEK, Haffner S, Mares-Perlman J, Cruickshank KJ and Marcus PM: Association of dietary and life-style factors with sex hormones in postmenopausal women. Epidemiology 1995; 6: 318-321.
Nibbering CP, Groen AK, Ottenhoff R, Brouwers J, VanBerge- Henegouwen GP & Karel J: Regulation of biliary cholesterol secretion is independent of hepatocyte canalicular membrane lipid composition: a study in the diosgenin-fed rat mode 10. Journal of Hepatology. 2001; 35: 164-169.
Nilsson S, Kuiper G and Gustafsson J- . ER: a novel estrogen receptor offers the potential for new drug development. TEM 1998; 9(10): 387-395.
Noller KL: Estrogen replacement therapy and risk of ovarian cancer. JAMA 2002; 288: 368.
Norton SA: Useful plants of dermatology. III. Corticosteroids, strophanthus and dioscorea. J Am Acad Dermat 1998; 38: 256-9.
Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Analytical Biochemistry. 1979; 95: 351-358.
Olatunde-Farombi E, Britton G, Emerole GO: Evaluation of the antioxidant activity and partial characterisation of extracts from browned yam flour diet. Food Research International 2000; 33: 493-9 .
Oli JM, Ikeakor IP and Onwuaneze IC: Blood glucose responses to common Nigerian foods. Tropical and Geographical Medicine. 1982; 34(4): p317-322.
Ou S, Kwok K, Li Y, Fu L: Invitro study of possible role of dietary fiber in lowering postprandial serum glucose. J Agric Food Chem. 2001; 49: 1026-1029.
Pall RE and Chen NJ: Compositional change in yam bean during storage. Host Since. 1988; 23: 194-196.
Park Y, Suzuki H, Lee YS, Hayakawa S and Wada S: Effect of coix on plasma, liver, and fecal lipid components in the rat fed on lard-or soybean oil-cholesterol diet. Biochem Med Metab Biol 1988; 39: 11-17.
Pratico D, Lawson JA and FitzGerald GA: Cylooxygense-dependent formation of the isoprostane, 8-Epi-prostaaglandin F2α. The journal of Biologiccal Chemistry. 1995; 270(17): 9800-9808.
Princen HMG, Duyvenvoorde WV Buytenhek R, Laarse AVD, Poppel GV, Leuven JAG：Supplementation with low doses of vitamin E protects LDL from lipid peroxidation in men and women. Arteroscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1995; 15: 325-333.
Pugeat M., Crave JC, Tourniaire J and Forest MG: Clinical utility of sex hormone-binding globulin measurement. Hormone Research. 1996; (45): 148-155.
Quinn MT, Parthasarathy S, Fong LG, Steinberg D: Oxidatively modified lowdensity lipoproteins: a potential role in recruitment and retention ofmonocyte/macrophages during atherogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1987; 84: 2995-8.
Rajagopalan S, Kurz S, Munzel T, Tarpey M, Freeman BA, Griendling KK, Harrison DG: Angiotensin II-mediated hypertension in the rat increasesvascular superoxide production via membrane NADH / NADPH oxidase activation. Contribution to alterations of vasomotor tone. J Clin Invest. 1996; 97: 1916-23.
Ramos RR, Alarcon-Aguilar F, Lara-lemus A, et al: Hypoglycemic effect of plants used in Mexico as antidiabetics. Archives Med Res 1992; 23: 59-64.
Rannevik, G., Jeppsson, S., Johnell, O., Bjerre, B., Laurell-Borulf, Y. & Svanberg, L. A longitudinal study of the perimenopausal transition: altered profiles of steroid and pituitary hormones, SHBG and bone mineral density. Maturitas. 1995; 21: 103-113.
Rich-Edwards JW, Manson JE, Hennekens CH and Buring JE: The primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women. N. Engl. J. Med. 1995; 29: 1758-1766.
Richmond W: Preparation and properties of a cholesterol oxidase from Nocardia sp. and its application to the enzymatic assay of total cholesterol in serum. Clin Chem 1973; 19(12): 1350-6.
Rifici VA, Khachadurian AK: The inhibition of low-density lipoprotein oxidation by 17-beta estradiol. Metabolism: Clinical & Experimental. 1992; 41(10) :1110-4.
Roberts LJ and Morrow JD: The generation and actions of isoprostanes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1997; 1345: 121–135.
Rosser A: The day of the yam. Nursing Times 1985; 81: 47.
Rossouw JE, Anderson G, Prentice RL, et al.: Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progetin in healthy postmenopausal women. JAMA 2002; 288: 321-33.
Ruiz-Larrea MB, Martn C, Martnez R, Navarro R, Lacort M and Miller NJ: Antioxidant activities of estrogens against aqueous and lipophilic radicals; differences between phenol and catechol estrogens. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids. 2000; 105(2): 179-188.
Pugeat M, Crave JC, Tourniaire J and Forest MG: Clinical utility of sex hormone-binding globulin measurement. Hormone Research. 1996; (45): 148-155.
Sack MN, Rader DJ, Cannon RO 3rd.: Oestrogen and inhibition of oxidation of low-density lipoproteins in postmenopausal women. Lancet. 1994; 343(8892): 269-70.
Snchez-Moreno, C., Jimnez-Escrig, A., and Saura-Calixto, F. (2000). Study of Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidizability Indexes to Measure the Antioxidant Activity of Dietary Polyphenols. Nutrition Research .20 (7): 941-953 .
Sauvaire Y, Ribes G, Baccou JC, et al.: Implication of steroid saponins and sapogenins in the hypocholesterolemic effect of Fenugreek. Lipids 1991; 26: 191-7.
Schwartz AG, Pashko LL: Cancer chemoprevention with the adrenocortical dehydroepioandrosterone steroid and structural analogs. J Cell Biochem 17G 1993; 73-9.
Selby C: Sex hormone binding globulin : origin, function and clinical significance. Ann Clin Biochem 1990; 27: 532-541.
Sharma RD, Raghuram TC, Rao NS: Effect of seeds on blood glucose and serum lipids. Eur J Clin Nutri 1990; 44: 301-6.
Shoham Z, Schachter M: Estrogen biosynthesis—regulation, action, remote effects, and value of monitoring in ovarian stimulation cycles. Fert Steril. 1996; 65(4): 687-701.
Smith C, Mitchinson MJ, Aruoma OI & Halliwell B: Stimulation of lipid peroxidation and hydroxyl-radical generation by contents of human atherosclerotic lesions. Biochem. J. 1992; 286: 901-905.
Speroff L, Glass RH, Kase N: Hormone biosynthesis metabolism and mechanism of action. In: Clinical Glnecologic Endocrinology and Infertility. 5th ed. Williams & Wilkins Press, 1994; 40: 47-9.
Steinberg D: Oxidative modification of LDL and atherogenesis. Circulation. 1997; 95: 1062-1071.
Stumpf PG & Trolice MP: Compliance problems with hormone replacement therapy. Obstetrics &Gynecology Clinical North America. 1994; 21: 219-229.
Sugimoto Y., Yamamoto M. and Abe K: Developmental change in starchproperties of Chinese yam. J. Jpn. Soc. Starch Sci. 1987; 34: 11-20.
Szafran H and Smielak-Korombel W: The role of estrogens in hormonal of lipid metabolism in women. Przegllad Lekarski. 1998; 55(5): 266-270.
Taffe AM, Cauffield J: Natural hormone replacement therapy and dietary supplements used in the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Lippincotts Prim Care Pract 1998; 2: 292-302.
Takahashi M, Konno C, Hikino H: Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of coixan A, B, C, glycans of Coix lachryma-jobi var. ma-yuen seed. Planta Med. 1986.
Tontonoz P, Hu E, BM Spiegelman：Stimultion of adipogenesis in fibroblasts by PPARγa lipid-activated transcription factor.Cell. 1994; 79: 1147-56.
Ushiroyama T and Sugimoto O: Endocrine function of peri- and post- menopausal ovary. Hormone Research 1995; 44: 64-68.
Van Pelt RE, Gozansky WS, Schwartz RS, Kohrt WM: Intravenous estrogens increase insulin clearance and action in postmenopausal women. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2003; 285(2): E311-7.
Vermeulen A:The hormonal activity of the postmenopausal ovary. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1976; 42: p247-253.
Vermeulen A, Verdonck L: Factors affecting sex hormone levels in postmenopausal women. J of Steroid Biochemistry.1979; 11: 899-904.
Wanasundrea JP, Ravindran G: Effects of cooking on the nutrient and antinutrient of yam tubers (Dioscorea alata and Dioscorea esculenta). Food Chem. 1992; 45: 247-250.
Wanasundera JPD and Ravindran G: Nutritional assessment of yam(Dioscorea alata) tubers. Plant Foods Hum. Nut. 1994; 46: 33-39.
Wasada T, Akamine Y, Kato K, Iba H and Nomura Y: Adrenal contribution to circulating estrogens in woman. Endocrinologia Japonica. 1978; 25(2): 123-8.
Whitten PL and Patisaul HB: Cross-species and interassay comparisons of phytoestrogen action. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001; 109 Suppl 1:5-20.
Wiseman H, O’Reilly JD, Adlercreutz H, Mallet AI, Bowey EA, Rowland IR and Sanders TA: Isoflavone phytoestrogens consumed in soy decrease F(2)-isoprostane concentrations and increase resistance of low-density lipoprotein to oxidation in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000; 72(2): 395-400.
Wood PD, Haskell WL, Blair SN, et al.: Increased exercise level and plasma lipoprotein concentrations: a one-year, randomized, controlled study in sedentary middle-aged men. Metabolism. 1983; 32: 31-9.
Yagi K. Lipid peroxides and human diseases. Chem Phys Lipids. 1987; 45: 337-351.
Yamaguchi M: Yam. World vegetable. AVI publishing company. U. S. A. 1983; p139-147.
Yamashita S, Hui DY, Wetterau JR, Sprecher DL, Harmony JA, Sakai N, Matsuzawa Y & Tarui S: Characterization of plasma lipoproteins in patients heterozygous for human plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) deficiency: plasma CETP regulates high-density lipoprotein concentration and composition. Metabolism: Clinical & Experimental. 1991; 40(7): 756-63.
Zand RSR, Jenkins DJA & Diamandis EP.Effect of natural products and nutraceuticals on steroid hormone-regulation gene expression. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2001; 312: 213-219.
Yang DJ, Lu TJ and Hwang LS. Isolation and identification of steroidal saponins in Taiwanese yam cultivar (Dioscorea pseudojaponica Yamamoto). Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry. 2003; 51(22): 6438-44.
Zava DT, Blen M & Duwe G. Estrogenic activity of natural and synthetic estrogens in human breast cancer cells in human breast cancers cell in culture. Environ Health Perspect. 1997; 105: 637S-645S.
Zava DT, Dollbaum CM, Blen M: Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods herbs and spices. Proc Soc Exp Boil & Med 1998; 17: 369-78.
Zawadzki Z, Milne RW and Marcel YL: Cu2+-mediated oxidation of dialyzed plasma：Effect on low density lipoproteins and cholesterol ester transfer protein. J. lipid Res. 1978; 32: 243-250.