簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 許瑩瑩
Hee, Yeng Yeng
論文名稱: 社會取向成就動機、壓力與因應之質性研究:以台灣優秀跆拳道選手為例
Qualitative Research of Elite Taiwanese Taekwondo Athletes on Social Oriented Achievement Motivation, Stress and Coping.
指導教授: 陳秉華
Chen, Ping-Hwa
季力康
Chi, Li-Kang
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 教育心理與輔導學系
Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling
論文出版年: 2016
畢業學年度: 104
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 118
中文關鍵詞: 社會取向成就動機優秀運動員壓力動力壓力因應
英文關鍵詞: Social oriented achievement motivation, Elite athletics, Motivation, Stress, Stress coping
DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202203860
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:267下載:41
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 本研究旨在瞭解台灣優秀跆拳道選手之社會取向成就動機的內涵與影響、社會取向成就動機的動力與壓力之轉換因素、以及壓力因應與策略。本研究以半結構式訪談法蒐集8位參與者的競技生涯經驗,並以紮根理論分析資料。

    主要研究結果如下:
    一、社會取向成就動機由「想要回報榮耀對象」、「想向他人證明自己或組織的實力」、「與組織有榮耀一體感」組成。「想要回報榮耀對象」意義在於回報他人曾經的好意與協助;「想向他人證明自己或組織的實力」之意義是想要被他人看見與被他人認同;「與組織有榮耀一體感」的意義是共享榮耀。

    二、社會取向成就動機對選手的影響,包括「使競技生涯更堅持」、「影響競技生涯的目標設定」、「使練習中更認真與積極」、「在比賽關鍵時刻振作」、「備戰期中感受到擔心與壓力」、「賽前想太多使睡眠受影響」。

    三、選手從社會取向成就動機引起的壓力變動力的關鍵原因,有「反復練習」、「自我信心喊話,增加自信」、「奮力專注,想向他人證明自己」、「在調整期受到教練的鼓勵」、「獲得他人理解」。

    四:選手從社會取向成就動機引起的動力變壓力的關鍵原因,有「高自我要求與標準」、「對比賽結果得失心重」、「在乎別人的評價、看法與情緒」、「累積競技成就後,自我要求變高,不允許失敗」、「重要他人觀賽與否的干擾」。

    五、選手採取之壓力因應與策略,有「與壓力共存」、「透過轉移注意力,阻斷壓力感,讓心理放鬆」、「自我檢視,問題解決」、「專注」、「線索暗示策略」、「情緒釋放」、「對自我與環境瞭解」、「透過社會比較減低壓力知覺」、「換位思考」、「連結外在關係資源」、「信仰」。

    根據以上結果,本研究提出以下結論:

    一、社會 取向成就動機 對個體 具積極與消影響。

    二、社會取向成就動機壓力與動力之間的關鍵在於「掌控感」,當個體聚焦在內控目標時,有利於其掌控感的增加,使壓力變成動力;而當個體聚焦在外控目標時,則會使掌控感減少,使動力變成壓力。此外,「個體詮釋」影響個體對於他人反應的解讀,而使其驅力變成動力或壓力。

    三、依據個體使用內外資源以因應壓力的狀況,分為「使用個人內在資源因應與調節壓力」、「合併使用外在刺激與個人內在資源以因應與調節壓力」、「使用外在資源因應與調節壓力」。個體對於內外狀態與資源的覺察與瞭解,會影響其壓力因應的彈性與效果。

    最後,研究者整理上述的結果與討論,歸納出對選手、教練、家長、心理實務工作者建議,並討論本研究的限制與未來可能的研究方向。

    This study aims to understand the outstanding Taiwanese Taekwondo athletes’ connotations and influences of social oriented achievement motivation (SOAM), the dynamic exchange between stress and motivation that triggered by SOAM, and the coping strategies of social-oriented stress. Eight participants were interviewed on their athletic career experience in the present study using semi-structured interview. Collected data were then analyzed using grounded-theory methodology. Main findings of the study are as the following:

    First, SOAM consists of “to repay with glory”, “to prove oneself or organization’s competencies” and “sense of belongingness with organization”. The meaning of “to repay with glory” lies in repaying the goodness and kind assistance that have been given, while the meaning of “to prove oneself or organization’s competencies” lies in hoping to be seen and recognized by others. In addition, the meaning of “sense of belongingness with organization” lies in sharing the glory together with others.

    Second, the SOAM has influenced the participants in the following ways: “became more persistent in athletics career”, “impacted goal setting in their athletics career”, “became more serious and diligent in practice”, “to be cheered up at the critical moment of competition”, “feeling of pressure and worries during preparation” and “poor sleep due to too much worries before competition”.

    Third, the key factors of transforming stress to motivation include: “repeated practice”, “positive self-talk to increase confidence”, “be extremely focused, to prove oneself to others”, “encouraged by couch during transition period”, and “being understood by others”.

    Fourth, the key factors of transforming motivation to stress include: “high self-requirements”, “the mind of gain and loss on competation result”, “Too care about others’ critiques, perception and emotions”, “high self-requirements and not allow loss after gain accomplishment”, “distracted by significant others who watch the game”.

    Fifth, the coping strategies of social oriented stress take in “living with stress”, “relax by distracting self to block the feeling of pressure”, “self-assessment and problem solving”, “focused”, “clue suggestion strategy”, “emotional release”, “understanding self and environment”, “reduce perceived stress through social comparison”, “perspective taking”, “connect to external relational resources” and “spiritual”.

    Based on the above results, the present study concluded that:
    1. Social oriented achievement motivation has both positive and negative influences on individuals.

    2. Sense of control is the key factor between stress and motivation of social oriented achievement motivation. When individuals focused on internally-controlled goals, it increases the sense of control, and hence stress was transformed into motivation. Conversely, when individuals focused on externally-controlled goals, the sense of control reduced, and may cause motivation become stress. Besides, “personal’s view” influences how individuals interpret others’ responses, and determined whether the forces are stress or motivation.

    3. Individuals’ tress coping and regulation strategies were categorized into “employing internal resources”, “combined both internal and external resources” and “employing external resources”.

    Finally, findings and results of the present study were discussed. The researcher also presents some recommendations for athletics, coaches, parents and psychological practitioners. Limitations of present study and recommendations for future research were included.

    目次 謝誌 ..................................................i 中文摘要..............................................iii 英文摘要 ..............................................vi 表次 ..................................................ix 圖次 ................................................xiii 第一章 緒論..............................................1 第一節 研究動機與重要性 ................................1 第二節 研究目的與研究問題 ...............................4 第三節 名詞釋義 .......................................5 第二章 文獻探討 .........................................7 第一節 跆拳道在台灣 ....................................7 第二節 成就動機及跨文化比較 ............................11 第三節 壓力、壓力因應模式與跨文化比較 ...................25 第三章 研究方法 ........................................33 第一節 質性研究取向 ...................................33 第二節 研究參與者 .....................................34 第三節 研究工具 ......................................36 第四節 研究程序 ......................................40 第五節 資料整理與分析 .................................43 第六節 研究檢核 ......................................46 第七節 研究倫理 ......................................47 第四章 研究結果與討論 ...................................49 第一節 優秀跆拳道運動員所處於的競技脈絡..................49 第二節 社會取向成就動機內涵與影響 ......................53 第三節 社會取向成就動機之壓力與動力之間的關係 ............62 第四節 壓力因應與策略 .............. ..................70 第五章 綜合討論 ........................................77 第一節 社會取向成就動機的內涵 ..........................77 第二節 社會取向成就動機之壓力與動力之間的關係 ............81 第三節 壓力因應與策略..................................86 第六章 討論與建議 ......... .............................91 第一節 結論...........................................91 第二節 研究限制與建議..................................93 第三節 實務建議 ......................................96 文獻參考 ...............................................99 中文部分 ........... ...................................99 英文部分 .......... ...................................104 附錄 .................................................113 附錄一 研究邀請函 ....................................113 附錄二 研究參與同意書 ................................115 附錄三 訪談大綱(第一版) .............................117 附錄四 訪談大綱(第二版)..............................118 附錄五 研究結果檢核回饋表 ............................. 119

    中文部分

    于文正(1990):壓力知覺、因應策略與個人憂鬱程度。 國立臺灣大學心理學系碩士論文。

    文崇一(1988):從價值觀取向談中國國民性。載於李亦園、楊國樞(主編),中國人的性格(49-84)。台北:桂冠圖書。

    王正廷(2005):台北市交通警察人員工作壓力的正面效應與工作績效關係之研。國立政治大學行政管理學程碩士論文。

    白昆欣(2015):兩種成就動機與工作表現:任務互依性的調節效。國立台灣大學心理學系碩士論文。

    余安邦(1990):成就動機的建構效度研究。國立臺灣大學心理學研究所碩士論文。

    余安邦(1991):成就動機本土化的省思(余安邦、楊國樞)。載於楊中芳、高尚仁(主編),中國人‧中國心 ──人格與社會篇(201-290)。台北:遠流出版公司。

    余安邦(1993):社會取向成就動機與個我取向成就動機不同嗎?從動機與行為的關係加以探討。中央研究院民族學研究所集刊,76,197-224。

    余安邦、楊國樞(1987):社會取向成就動機與個我取向成就動機:概念分析與實徵研究。中央研究院民族學研究所集刊,64,51-98。

    佚名(2004):劉翔百十欄奪金 12秒91平世界紀錄。取自TVBS新聞網:http://news.tvbs.com.tw/other/478751,2016年1月18日。

    佚名(2008):我一定经全力拼!台湾战神朱木炎。取自迅腾奧運網站:http://2008.qq.com/a/20080801/000714.htm,2016年1月22日。

    佚名(2016):中華民國跆拳道協會簡介。取自中華民國體育運動總會網站:http://www.rocsf.org.tw/about_us/about_us_7_page.asp?file=D612061021551.htm,2016年1月22日。

    佚名(2016):歷屆運動成就 亞運成績。取自國家運動訓練中心網站:http://www.nstc.org.tw/HomeStyle.aspx?Page=5883f102-5063-4479-b0cc-d4b3ee1d45b2,2016年1月22日。

    佚名(2016):歷屆運動成績 奧運成績。取自國家運動訓練中心網站:http://www.nstc.org.tw/HomeStyle.aspx?Page=0d4a55b7-bd24-42a7-a750-666a14a3a042,2016年1月22日。

    李加耀(2003):網球運動員追求卓越的過程:運動人類學領域的解析。國立臺灣師範大學體育學系博士論文。

    李宇政(2014):亞運後恐退役 曾櫟騁煩惱路頭。取自中奇摩新聞::https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E4%BA%9E%E9%81%8B%E5%BE%8C%E6%81%90%E9%80%80%E5%BD%B9-%E6%9B%BE%E6%AB%9F%E9%A8%81%E7%85%A9%E6%83%B1%E9%A0%AD%E8%B7%AF-104904730--spt.html,2016年5月17日。

    沈昭吟、鄭寶菱(2010):大學生的逆境商數與學習壓力、成就動機之相關研究﹣以宗教信仰為干擾變數。非盈利組織管理學刊,8,1-29。

    周慧珍、羅新興、許金田(2005):個體的成就動機與工作負荷對知覺主管支持與離職傾向關係的干擾作用。清雲科技大學主辦「第二屆企業經營管理研討會」宣讀之論文(桃園市)。

    姒剛彥、鐘伯光、劉皓(2003):社會取向與個我取向運動成就動機量表的編制及其檢驗。武漢體育學院學報,2,136-140。

    姒剛彥、鐘伯光、劉皓(2003):當代體育運動心理學跨文化研究述評。心理學報,38(3),468-140。

    易楷芬(2009):我國優秀職業網球選手壓力管理策略之分。國立臺灣師範大學運動競技學系碩士論文。

    林合彬(2012):電子護具改變跆拳道世界權力分配。取自中華民國跆拳道協會網站:http://www.taekwondo.org.tw/modules/tadnews/index.php?nsn=469,2016年5月17日。

    林淑英(2005):壓力的概念分析。嘉基護理,5(2),2-11。

    邱共鉦、林青輝、蔡明志、許宏志(2012):臺灣跆拳道奧運競技發展之探討 輔仁大學體育學刊,11,232-247。

    邱皓政(2000) :工作動機的內生性與外生性: 台灣與美國大學生工作動機取向的計量研究。應用心理研究,7,221-252。

    洪偵源(2016):崇拜朱木炎練跆拳 張政壕沒讓他失望。取自ETtoday新聞雲網站:http://sports.ettoday.net/news/656212,2016年5月17日。

    胡清輝(2015):負傷奮戰為國爭光 總統教育獎今公佈得主。取自ETtoday新聞網:http://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20150514002969-260405,2016年5月17日。

    孫瑜成(2004):國中資優學生人格特質、 壓力調適及其相關因素之研究。國立彰化師範大學特殊教育碩士論文。

    徐國宗(1996):紮根理論研究法。載於胡幼慧主編,質性研究(47-73)。台北:巨流。

    康少寒(2008):台灣失掉金牌教練道歉 張榮三稱自己讓大家失望了。取自北京新浪網站:http://news.sina.com/sports/sinacn/406-105-105-126/2008-08-20/07483226078.html,2016年5月17日。

    張玉玲(2012):個人與校園資產對遭遇焦慮或憂鬱情緒困境青少年正向發展經驗值研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系博士論文。

    陳舜文(2005):華人的社會目標與成就動機:以台灣大學生為例。國立臺灣大學心理學系博士論文。

    陸洛(2003):人我關係之界限:折衷自我的現身。本土心理學研究,25,215-246。

    曾家文、姜定宇(2012):員工動機與政治技能行為:報之調節效果。應用心理研究,53,153-213。

    馮麗花(2004):優秀運動員壓力來源及因應策略之質性研究。國立體育學院教練研究所碩士論文。

    黃一琦(2011):內控人格特質者的拖延傾向與行為:以心理抗拒感為中介。國立政治大學心理學系碩士論文。
    103
    黃寶園(2010)。社會支持在壓力反應歷程中的中介效果。中華心理衛生學刊,3,401-436。

    黃寶園、林世華(2007):人格特質與社會支持對壓力反應歷程影響之研究:結合統合分析與結構方程式二計量方法。教育心理學報,39(2),263- 294。

    楊中芳(1991):試論中國人的「自己」:理論與研究方向。載於高尚仁、楊中芳(主編),中國人‧中國心—人格與社會篇(93-146)。台北:遠流。

    楊國樞(1985):現代社會的新孝道。中華文化復興月刊,19,51-67。

    楊國樞(2002):中國人對現代化的反應:心理學的觀點。華人心理的本土化研究(293-328)。台北:桂冠。

    楊國樞、文崇一(1982):社會及行為科學研究的中國化。台北:中央研究院民族學研究所。

    葉伊凡(2010):優秀跆拳道運動員人格特質與致勝因素之質性研究。國立中正大學運動與休閒教育所碩士論文。

    劉昀蒨(2014):臺灣地區優秀女子舉重選手壓力管理策略之研究。國立臺灣師範大學運動競技學系碩士論文。

    潘國鋒(2007):社會支持對高中優秀運動員持續參與競技運動意圖之效應-以壓力沖緩模式為基礎。國立體育學院體育研究所碩士論文。

    蔣桂嫚(1993):高中學生生活壓力、因應方式與身心健康關係之研究。國立高雄師範大學碩士論。

    盧俊宏(1994):運動心理學。台北:師大書苑。

    應強、劉廣、肖春飛(2004):劉翔發佈會擲地有聲:亞洲有我中國有我。取自搜狐體育網站:https://m.sohu.com/n/221775033/?mv=3&_once_=sohu_version_3&_smuid=4ajRPKsLxBAZcLIwptud1,2016年5月14日。

    謝宜玲(2014):臺灣地區優秀女子足球選手比賽壓力來源和因應策略之研究。國立臺灣師範大學運動競技學系碩士論文。

    謝詩(2011):競技運動員的生產、訓練生活和團體文化 --甲組射箭運動隊的民族誌研究。國立清華大學社會學研究所碩士論文。

    羅新興、周慧珍(2006):組織成員知覺主管支持對其離職傾向之影響-探討工作負荷與成就動機之干擾作用。人力資源管理學報,6(4),67-80。

    季力康、卓俊伶、洪聰敏、高三福、黃英哲、黃崇儒(譯)(2008)。競技與健身運動心理學。臺北市:禾豐。Weinberg R.S. & Gould D(2007). Foundations of sport and exercise psychology (4th ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

    徐國宗譯(1997):質性研究概論。台北:巨流。Strauss, A. & Cobin, J.(1990). Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    黃光國譯(1989)。自卑與超越。台北:志文出版社。Alfred Adler(1932). What life should mean to you. Alan Porter, Londan: George Allen & Unwin, Ltd.

    顏寧、黃永光、吳欣隆譯(2009)。建構紮根理論。台北:五南。K. Charmaz (2007). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    英文部分

    Allen, J.B. (2003). Social Motivation in Youth Sport. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 25, 551-567.

    Amabile,T. M., DeJong,W., & Lepper, M. R. (1976). Effects of externally-imposed deadlines on subsequent intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34(1), 92-98.

    Atkinson, J. W. (1964). An introduction to motivation. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.

    Atkinson, John, W. (1957). Motivational determinants of risk-taking behavior. Psychological Review, 64(6.1), 359-372.

    Bernardo, A.B.L (2008). Individual and social dimensions of Filipino students’ achievement goals. International Journal of Psychology, 43, 886-891.

    Chang, H. & Holt, R.(1994). A Chinese perspective on face as inter-relational concern. In S. Ting-Toomey (Ed.), The Challenge of facework (pp. 95-132) Albany: State University of New York Press.

    Chang, W.C., & Wong, K. (2008). Socially oriented achievement goals of Chinese university students in Singapore: structure and relationships with achievement

    motives, goals and affective outcomes. International Journal of Psychology, 43, 880-885.

    Cheng, W. K., Hard, T., & Woodman, T. (2011). Predictive validity of a three-dimensional model of performance anxiety in context of tae-kwon-do. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 33, 40-53.

    Cheng, W. K., Hardy, L., Markland, D. (2009). Toward a three dimensional conceptualization of performance: Raltionale and intitial measurement development. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10, 271-278.

    Cheng, W. K., Hardy, L., Markland, D. (2011). Cross-cultural validation of a three-dimensional measurement model of performance anxiety in the context of Chinese sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 42(5), 417-435.

    Deci, E. L. (1971). Effects of external mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 18(1), 105-115.
    Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York, NY: Plenum.

    Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology 25, 54–67.

    Duda, J. L., & Allison, M. T. (1990). Cross-cultural analysis in exercise and sport pscyholigy: A void in the field. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 12, 114-131.

    Gillet, N. y Rosnet, E. (2008). Basic need satisfaction and motivation in sport. The Online Journal of Sport Psychology, 10(3).

    Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behavior, Institutions and Organizations Across Nation (2nd ed). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication.
    Holt, G. R., & Chang, H. C. (2004). Bao and Chinese communication behaviors. In G.M. Chen (Ed.) Theories of principles of chinese communication (pp. 407-434). Taipei, Taiwan: Wunan.

    Hwang, K. K. (1999). Filial piety and loyalty: Two types of social identification in Confucianism. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 2, 163-183.

    Iyengar, S. S., & Lepper, M. R. (1999). Rethinking the value of choice: A cultural perspective on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 349-366.

    Jones, G. (1995). More than just a game: Research developments and issues in competitive anxiety in sport. British Journal of Psychology, 86, 449-478.

    Keegan, R.J., Harwood, C.G., Spray, C.M., & Lavallee, D. (2014). A qualitative investigation of the motivational climate in elite sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(1), 97-107.

    Kornadt, H. J., Eckensberger, L. H., & Emminghaus, W. B. (1980). Cross-cultural research on motivation and its contribution to a general theory of cross-cultural psychology. In H.C. Triandis & W. J. Lonner (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology: Basic processes (pp. 223-321). Boston,MA: Allyn and Bacon.

    Lam, A. G., & Zane, N. W. (2004). Ethnic differences in coping with interpersonal stressors: A test of selfconstruals as cultural mediators. Journal of CrossCultural Psychology, 35, 446-459.

    Lander, D. M., & Arent, S. M. (2001). Arousal-performance relationships. In J. M. Williams, Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance (4th ed, pp. 206-228). Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.

    Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.

    Lepper, M. R, & Greene, D. (1973). Undermining children's intrinsic interest with extrinsic reward: A test of the "over justification" hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 28(1), 129-137.

    Liem, A. D., & Nie, Y. (2008). Value, achievement goals, and individual-oriented and social-oriented among Chinese and Indonesia secondary school students. International Journal of Psychology, 43, 898-902.

    Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (2000). Paradigmatic controversies, contradictions, and emerging confluences. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed, pp. 163-188). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Mageau, G. A., & Vallerand, R.J (2003). The coach-athlete relationship: a motivational model. Journal of Sport Sciences, 21, 883-905.

    Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological review, 98(2), 224-253.

    Maslow, A.H. (1943). A Theory of Human Motivation.
    Psychological Review, 50,370-396.

    McClelland, D. C. (1963). Motivational patterns in Southeast Asia with special reference to the Chinese case. Journal of Social Iddue, 19(1),6-19.

    McClelland, D. C. (1976). The achieving society. New York, NY: Vington Publishers.

    McClelland, D. C. (1985). Human motivation. New York, NY: Scott, Foresman and Company.

    McClelland, D. C., Atkinson, John W., Clark, R. A., & Lowell, E. L. (1953). The achievement motive. East Norwalk, CT: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

    McGonigal, K.(2003).How to make stress your friend. Retrieved from: https://www.ted.com/talks/kelly_mcgonigal_how_to_make_stress_your_friend?language=en.

    Murray, H. A. (1938). Explorations in personality. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Nicholls, A.R., & Polman, R.C.J (2007). Coping in sport: a systematic review. Journal of Sport Sciences, 25(1), 11-31.

    Roth, S., & Cohen, L. J. (1986). Approach, avoidance, and coping with stress. American Psychologist,41, 813-819.

    Rothbaum, F., Weisz, J. R., & Snyder, S. S. (1982). Changing the world and changing the self: A two-process model of perceived control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 5–37.

    Rumbold, J.L., Fletcher, D., & Daniels, K. (2012) A systematic review of stress management interventions with sport performers. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 1(3), 173-193.

    Ryan, R. M., & Grolnick, W. S. (1986). Origins and pawns in the classroom: Self-report and projective assessments of individual differences in children's perceptions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 550-558.

    Ryan, R. M., Stiller, J. D., & Lynch, J. H. (1994). Representations of relationships to teachers, parents, and friends as predictors of academic motivation and self-esteem. Journal of Early Adolescence, 14, 226-249.

    Ryan, R. M., Stiller, J. D., & Lynch, J. H. (1994). Representations of relationships to teachers, parents, and friends as predictors of academic motivation and self-esteem. Journal of Early Adolescence, 14, 226-249.

    Selye, H. (1980). The stress concept today. In I. L. Kutash & L. B. Schlesinger (Eds.), Handbook on stress and anxiety: Contemporary knowledge, theory, and treatment. (pp. 127-143). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Tao, V.Y.K., & Hong, Y. (2013). When academic achievement is an obligation: Perspectives from social- oriented achievement motivation. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 1-27.

    Vitaliano, P. P., Russo, P., John, E. C., Maiuro, R. D., & Becker, J. (1985). The Ways of Coping Checklist: Revision and psychometric properties. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 20(1), 3-26.

    Weinberg, R., & Gould, D. (2007). Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology (4th ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

    Weiner, B. (1972). Theories of Motivation: From Mechanism to Cognition. Chicago, IL: Markham.

    Yang, L.-S. (1957). The concept of "pao" as a basis for social relations in China. In J.K. Fairbanks (Ed.), Chinese thought and institutions (pp. 291-309). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Yeh, C. J., & Wang, Y. W. (2000). Asian American coping attitudes, sources, and practices: Implications for indigenous counseling strategies. Journal of College Student Development, 41, 94-103

    Yeh, C. J., Kwong, A. A., & Wu, K. A.(2006). A new theoretical model of collectivistic coping. In P. T. P. Wong & L. C. J. W. (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural perpectives on stress and coping(pp. 55-72). New York, NY: Springer.

    Yerkes, R.M., & Dodson, J.D. (1908). The relation of strength of stumulus to rapidity of habit-formation. Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 18, 459-482.

    下載圖示
    QR CODE