簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

回結果列表
研究生： 康育萍
Yu-Ping Kang
論文名稱： 芝麻對停經婦女性激素與血脂的影響
The Influences of Sesame on Sex Hormone and Blood Lipids in Postmenopausal Women
指導教授： 吳文惠
Wu, Wen-Huey
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 人類發展與家庭學系
Department of Human Development and Family Studies
論文出版年： 2004
畢業學年度： 92
語文別： 中文
論文頁數： 149
中文關鍵詞： 停經婦女 、芝麻 、植物性雌激素 、性激素 、血脂 、抗氧化 、骨質疏鬆
英文關鍵詞： postmenopausal women, sesame, phytoestrogens, sex hormone, blood lipids, antioxidative status, osteoporosis
論文種類： 學術論文
相關次數： 點閱：464  下載：25 
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報

    • 本研究目的為探討芝麻對停經婦女血液性激素、血脂與抗氧化之影響。招募師大附近健康、飲食規律、停經一年以上、半年內無使用雌激素補充治療之婦女24人，實驗採用cross-over設計，每日分別食用50克泰國黑芝麻（薌園）或安慰劑（米粉）各5週，中間間隔3週清除期。食用芝麻或安慰劑前後收集血液與尿液共四次，比較血脂（血漿及各脂蛋白中三酸甘油酯、膽固醇含量）、抗氧化〔LDL氧化遲滯期、thiobarbituric acid reactive substance（TBARS）產生量、血清α與γ-tocopherol含量〕、雌激素〔血清estrone、estradiol、sex-hormone binding gloubin（SHBG）、dehydroepiandorsterone sulfate（DHEAS）、follicle stimulation hormone（FSH）〕、血糖、血清脂肪酸組成、尿液bicyclo PGE2與鈣、鈉、鉀、氯排出的變化。結果顯示，攝取芝麻後各生化值改變量與攝取米粉後改變量比較，血清SHBG顯著上升（p=0.028）、DHEAS顯著下降（p=0.010）；血漿總膽固醇（p=0.072）、LDL-C（p=0.060）有下降的趨勢；體外以銅氧化LDL之TBARS產生量顯著降低（p=0.031），且血清γ-tocopherol∕total lipid呈明顯上升（p=0.000）；血清linoleic acid顯著增加（p=0.018），arachidonic acid∕linoleic acid則顯著下降（p=0.008）；尿鈣濃度顯著下降（p=0.037）。綜合上述，芝麻可增強體內抗氧化能力；此外，對SHBG增高與DHEA降低的作用，或許能減少乳癌、心血管疾病發生之危險；對尿鈣排出量的降低，也許可減少骨質流失。故攝取芝麻對停經婦女在乳癌、心血管疾病的預防與骨骼健康的維護或許有所裨益。

    Objective: The effects of sesame on sex hormone, blood lipids and antioxidative status were investigated in postmenopausal women.

    Methods: Twenty-four apparently healthy postmenopausal women without hormone replacement therapy participated in this single-blind and randomized crossover-controlled trials. Subjects were supplemented with 50 g either sesame powder or rice powder placebo daily for 5 weeks each which were intervened by a wash-out period of 3 weeks. Fasting blood and first morning urine samples were collected at baseline and at the end of each feeding phase for the measurements of blood lipids, antioxidant capacity (the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation and serum α and γ-tocopherol), serum sex hormones [serum estrone, estradiol, sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG), dehydroepiandor- sterone sulfate (DHEAS), follicle stimulation hormone (FSH) ], serum fatty acid composition, urine bicylo PGE2, urine electrolytes (calcium, sodium, potassium and chloride) and blood sugar.

    Results: Comparing the changes from baseline between sesame and rice supplementation, sesame supplementation increased serum SHBG (p=0.028), decreased serum DHEAS (p=0.010), decreased plasma cholesterol (p=0.072), LDL-C (p=0.060) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) production of LDL oxidized by copper in vitro (p=0.031) and increased γ-tocopherol/total lipid ratio (p=0.000). Serum linoleic acid level (p=0.018) increased and arachidonic acid/linoleic acid ratio decreased (p=0.008) by sesame supplementation. Among the urinary electrolytes measured, only a decrease of calcium excretion was found after sesame consuming (p=0.037).

    Conclusion: These data indicate that sesame is effective in enhancing antioxidative ability. The increased SHBG and decreased DHEA may have beneficial effect in protecting postmenopasal women from breast cancer and cardiovascular disease. Moreover, the decrease of urinary calcium may indicate the reduction of bone lose.

    中文摘要………………………………………………………… I 英文摘要…………………………………………………………… II 目錄…………………………………………………………………i 表目錄…………………………………………………………………v 圖目錄…………………………………………………………………vi 第一章 緒論…………………………………………………………1 第一節 研究背景與動機…………………………………………1 第二節 研究目的……………………………………………………2 第三節 名詞界定……………………………………………………2 第四節 名詞縮寫……………………………………………………3 第二章 文獻探討……………………………………………………5 第一節 芝麻及其成分之介紹………………………………………5 一、芝麻簡介…………………………………………………………5 二、芝麻成分…………………………………………………………6 第二節 芝麻的生理功能……………………………………………10 一、血脂方面…………………………………………………………10 二、抗氧化方面………………………………………………………11 （一）芝麻中的抗氧化成分及加工的影響………………………11 （二）芝麻及其lignans的抗氧化效果…………………………14 （三）芝麻與維生素E的關係……………………………………15 三、前列腺素方面…………………………………………………18 （一）前列腺素的生合成與代謝…………………………………18 （二）PGE1及PGE2的功能………………………………………19 （三）芝麻及其lignans對前列腺素與其前趨物質生合成的影響..23 第三節 停經婦女的生理與性激素之變化…………………………24 一、停經婦女的定義與生理變化……………………………………24 二、性激素變化………………………………………………………26 （一）雌激素與雄性激素…………………………………………26 （二）性激素結合球蛋白(sex hormone binding globulin；SHBG)29 （三）Dehydroepiandrosterone（DHEA）…………………………30 第四節 Lignans對雌激素的影響……………………………………31 一、亞麻籽（flaxseed）中的lignans………………………………31 二、亞麻籽lignans與雌激素的關係………………………………33 第三章 材料與研究方法……………………………………………35 第一節 研究對象……………………………………………………35 第二節 研究設計……………………………………………………36 第三節 實驗材料……………………………………………………37 第四節 樣本收集與處理……………………………………………39 第五節 分析項目與方法……………………………………………40 一、芝麻成分分析…………………………………………………40 （一）Lignans分析…………………………………………………40 （二）維生素E（α-tocopherol、γ-tocopherol）分析…………41 （三）脂肪酸組成之分析…………………………………………43 （四）草酸含量分析………………………………………………44 （五）鈣含量分析…………………………………………………45 二、血糖含量分析…………………………………………………46 三、雌激素分析……………………………………………………46 （一）Estrone（E1）………………………………………………46 （二）17β-Estrodiol（E2）………………………………………47 （三）Sex Hormone Binding Globulin（SHBG）………………47 （四）Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate（DHEAS）……………48 （五）Follicle Stimulating Hormone（FSH）…………………48 四、脂蛋白分離……………………………………………………49 五、血漿脂質分析…………………………………………………50 （一）膽固醇含量測定……………………………………………50 （二）三酸甘油酯含量測定………………………………………50 六、低密度脂蛋白之體外氧化實驗（in vitro oxidation）……51 （一）LDL的透析及銅離子催化—氧化反應……………………51 （二）共軛雙烯（Conjugated Diene）生成之測定……………52 （三）TBARS（thiobarbituric acid reactive substances）濃度測定...................................................52 七、血清維生素E（α-tocopherol、γ-tocopherol）濃度之測定…53 八、血清脂肪酸組成之測定…………………………………………54 九、尿液creatinine含量測定………………………………………55 十、尿鈣含量測定……………………………………………………55 十一、尿液中鈉、鉀、氯的含量測定………………………………56 十二、尿液中PGE2之代謝物Bicyclo Prostaglandin E2測定……56 十三、體位測量………………………………………………………57 第六節 統計方法……………………………………………………57 第七節 研究限制……………………………………………………58 第四章 研究結果……………………………………………………59 第一節 受試者招募情形、基本資料與問卷調查結果……………59 一、受試者招募、基本資料與身體組成變化………………………59 二、受試者飲食、藥物服用與運動習慣調查………………………59 第二節 研究用芝麻之成分…………………………………………60 一、Lignans含量分析………………………………………………60 二、α與γ-tocopherol含量分析……………………………………61 三、脂肪酸組成分析………………………………………………61 四、鈣與草酸的含量分析…………………………………………61 第三節 生化分析…………………………………………………61 一、血清中性激素濃度的變化情形………………………………61 二、血漿中的血脂濃度……………………………………………62 （一）血漿與各脂蛋白中膽固醇的濃度變化……………………62 （二）血漿與極低密度脂蛋白中三酸甘油酯的濃度變化………63 三、血液中的抗氧化能力…………………………………………63 （一）LDL氧化conjugated diene形成之lag time及變化情形…63 （二）LDL氧化TBARS產生及變化情形………………………63 （三）血清中α與γ-tocopherol濃度之變化…………………64 四、血清中脂肪酸組成之變化…………………………………64 五、尿液中Bicyclo PGE2濃度之變化…………………………65 六、尿液中鈣、鈉、鉀、氯的濃度之變化……………………65 七、血糖濃度之變化……………………………………………65 第五章 討論………………………………………………100 第一節 受試者基本資料與身體組成變化………………………100 一、受試者身體組成………………………………………………100 二、受試者個人資料………………………………………………101 第二節 研究用芝麻之成分………………………………………102 一、Lignans含量…………………………………………………102 二、α與γ-tocopherol含量………………………………………103 三、脂肪酸組成……………………………………………………103 四、鈣與草酸含量…………………………………………………104 第三節 血清中性激素濃度之變化情形…………………………105 一、Estrone（E1）與estradiol（E2）…………………………105 二、Dehydroepiandrosterone（DHEA）…………………………105 三、性激素結合球蛋白(Sex Hormone Binding Globulin；SHBG)107 四、促濾泡成熟激素（Follicle stimulating hormone；FSH）…109 第四節 血漿中的血脂濃度…………………………………………109 一、血漿與各脂蛋白中膽固醇濃度之變化………………………109 二、血漿與極低密度脂蛋白中三酸甘油酯濃度之變化…………110 第五節 血液中的抗氧化能力……………………………………111 第六節 血清脂肪酸組成與尿液中Bicyclo PGE2濃度之變化……116 第七節 尿液中鈣、鈉、鉀、氯濃度之變化………………………118 第八節 血糖濃度之變化……………………………………………120 第九節 研究第一期、第二期食用芝麻粉末與安慰劑的比較……121 第六章 結論…………………………………………………………128 參考文獻……………………………………………………………129 附錄一 邀請停經婦女參加健康食品研究計畫…………………140 附錄二 研究計畫流程說明會……………………………………141 附錄三 問卷調查…………………………………………………142 附錄四 同意書……………………………………………………146 附錄五 實驗期間注意事項………………………………………147 附錄六 收集尿液與血液注意事項………………………………149

    【中文部分】
    江伯源、王姵文（2002）香、醇、調味、食療聖品~芝（胡）麻。農業世界雜誌225:80-87。
    任倩儀（2002）家庭親子間飲食與身體活動量之研究。國立台灣師範大學家政教育研究所碩士論文。
    食品工業發展研究所（2002）台灣地區食品營養成分資料庫。行政院衛生署。
    陳俊成（2000）芝麻的組成與加工。食品資訊174:39-44。
    蔡世勇（1992）芝麻油之特性及製程介紹。食品工業24(9):33-39。
    徐永鑫（2001）芝麻粕中lignans及lignan glycosides之分析及抗氧化性探討。國立台灣大學食品科技研究所博士論文。
    張瀝分（1999）魚油對有或無投予荷爾蒙治療之停經婦女血脂與脂蛋白之影響。國立台灣師範大學家政教育研究所碩士論文。
    黃惠明（2003）芝麻油lignans對雌性大白鼠之月經週期、血脂、肝脂、前列腺素生成及抗氧化性之影響。國立台灣師範大學家政教育研究所碩士論文。
    劉珍芳（1993）炸油餵食對老鼠體內維生素E代謝之影響。國立台灣大學農業化學研究所博士論文。

    【英文部分】
    Adlercreutz H, Bannwart C, Whl K, Mkel T, Brunow G, Hase T , Arosemena PJ, Kellis JT and Vickery LE (1993) Inhibiton fo human aromatase by mammalian lignans and isoflavonoid phytoestrogens. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 44(2):127-153.
    Adlercreutz H, Mousavi Y Clark J, Hckerstedt K, Hmlinen E, Whl K, Mkel T and Hase T (1992) Dietary phytoestrogens and cancer: in vitro and in vivo studies. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 41:331-337.
    Arjmandi BH (2001) The role of phytoestrogens in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in ovarian hormone deficiency. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 20(5):398S-402S.
    Borriello SP, Setchell KDR, Axelson M and Lawson AM (1985) Production and metabolism of lignans by the human faecal flora. Journal of Applied Baceriology 58:37-43.
    Brody T (1999) Inorganic nutrients. In: Nutritional Biochemistry. 2nd ed. pp. 781. Academic press.
    Brooks JD, Ward WE, Lewis JE, Hiditch J, Nickell L, Wong E and Thompsoon LU (2004) Supplementation with flaxseed alters estrogen metabolism in postmenopausal women to a greater extent than does supplementation with an equal amount of soy. Am J Clin Nutr 79:318-325.
    Casson PR and Buster JE (1995) DHEA administration to humans: panacea or palaver? Seminars in Reproductive Endocrinology 13(4):247-256.
    Cauley JA, Gutai JP, Kuller LH, Ledonne D and Powell JG (1989) The epidemiology of serum sex hormones in postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 129(6):1120-1131.
    Cayman Chemical Company (2001) About this assay. In: Bicyclo prostaglandin E2 EIA kit. pp. 5-6. Cayman Chemical company.
    Chavali SR and Forse RA (1999) Decreased production of interleukin-6 and prostaglandin-E2 associated with inhibition of D-5 desaturation of ω6 fatty acids in mice fed safflower oil diets supplemented with sesameol. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienens and Essential Fatty Acids 51(6):347-352.
    Chavali SR, Zhong WW, Utsunomiya T and Forse RA (1997) Decreased production of interleukin-1-beta, prostaglandin-E2 and thromboxane-B2, and elevated levels of interleukin-6 and –10 are associated with increased survival during endotoxic shock in mice consuming diets enriched with sesame seed oil supplemented with quil-A saponin. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 114:153-160.
    Christenson RH (1997) Biochemical markers of bone metabolism: an overview. Clinical Biochemistry 30(8):573-593.
    Cooney RV, Custer LJ, Okinaka L and Franke AA (2001) Effects of dietary sesame seeds on plasma tocopherol levels. Nutrition and Cancer 39(1):66-71.
    Curtis-Prior PB (1976) An introduction to their biochemistry, physiology and pharmacology. In: Prostaglandins. pp. 6. North-Holland publishing company.
    Ebeling P and Koivisto VA (1994) Physiological importance of dehydroepiandrosterone. Lancet 343:1479-1481.
    Frmont L (2000) Biological effects of resveratrol. Life Sciences 66(8):663-673.
    Fukuda Y, Osawa T, Namiki M and Ozaki T (1985) Studies on antioxidative in sesame seed. Agric Biol Chem 49(2):301-406.
    Gimeno E, Castellote AI, Lamuela-Ravents RM, Torre MC and Lpez-Sabater MC (2000) Rapid determination of vitamin E in vegetable oils by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 881:251-254.
    Haggans CJ, Hutchins AM, Olson A, Thomas W, Martini MC and Slavin JL (1999) Effect of flaxseed consumption on urinary estrogen metabolites in postmenopausal women. Nutrition and Cancer 33(2):188-195.
    Haggans CJ, Travelli EJ, Thomas W, Martini MC and Slavin JL (2000) The effect of flaxseed and wheat bran consumption on urinary estrogen metabolites in premenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 9:719-725.
    Harrington ME, Flynn A and Cashman KD (2001) Effect of dietary fibre extracts on calcium absorption in the rat. Food Chemistry 73:263-269.
    Hirata F, Fujita K, Ishikura Y, Hosoda K, Ishikawa T and Nakamura H (1996) Hypocholesterolemic effect of sesame lignan in humans. Atherosclerosis 122:135-136.
    Hirose N, Inoue T, Hishihara K, Sugano M, Akimoto K, Shimizu S and Yamada H (1991) Inhibiton of cholesterol absorption and synthesis in rats by sesamin. J Lipid Res 32:639-638.
    Hutchins AM, Martini MC, Olson BA, Thomas W and Slavin JL (2001) Flaxseed consumption influences endogenous hormone concentrations in postmenopausal women. Nutrition and Cancer 39(1):58-65.
    Ikeda S, Tohyama T and Yamashita K (2002) Dietary sesame seed and its lignans inhibit 2,7,8-trimethyl-2(2'- carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman excretion into urine of rats fed γ-tocopherol. Journal of Nutrition 132:961-966.
    James MJ, Gibson RA and Cleland LG (2000) Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid and inflammatory mediator production. Am J Clin Nutr 71(suppl):343S-348S.
    Johannes CB, Stellato RK, Feldman HA, Longcope C and McKinlay JB (1999) Relation of dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate with cardiovascular disease risk factors in women: longitudinal results from the Massachusetts women，s health study. J Clin Epidemiol 52(2):95-103.
    Johnson MD, Bebb RA and Sirrs SM (2002) Uses of DHEA in aging and other disease states. Ageing Research Reviews 1:29-41.
    Johnson MM, Swan DD, Surette ME, Stegner J , Chilton T, Fonteh AN and Chilton FH (1997) Dietary supplementation with γ-Linolenic acid alters fatty acid content and eicosanoid production in healthy humans. J Nutr 127:1435-1444.
    Jonathan SB (2002) Novak’s Gynecology—Menopause. 12th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Nikins.
    Kamal-Eldin A, Pettersson D and Appelquvist L (1995) Sesamin (a compound from sesame oil) increases tocopherol levels in rats fed ad libitum. Lipids 30:499-505.
    Kamchan A, Puwastien P, Sirichakwal PP, Kongkachuichai R (2004) In vitro calcium bioavailability of vegetables, legumes and seeds. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 17:311-320.
    Kang MH, Kawai Y, Naito M and Osawa T (1999) Dietary defatted sesame flour decreases susceptibility to oxidative stress in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. J Nutr 129:1885-1890.
    Kang MH, Naito M, Sakai K, Uchida K and Osawa T (2000) Mode of action of sesame lignans in protecting low-density lipoprotein against oxidative damage in vitro. Life Sciences 66(2):161-171.
    Kang MH, Naito M, Tsujihara N and Osawa T (1998) Sesamolin inhibits lipid peroxidation in rat liver and kidney. J Nutr 128:1016-1022.
    Kato MJ, Chu A, Davin LB and Lewis NG (1998) Biosynthesis of antioxidant lignans in Sesamum Indicum seeds. Phtochemistry 47(4):583-591.
    Kristenson M, Ziedn B, Kucinskien Z, Elinder LS, Bergdahl B, Elwing B, Abaravicius A, Razinkovien L, Calkauskas H, Olsson AG (1997) Antioxidant state and mortality from coronary heart disease in Lithuanian and Swedish men: concomitant cross sectional study of men aged 50. BMJ 314:629-33.
    Kurumbail RG, Kiefer JR and Marnett LJ (2001) Cyclooxygenase enzymes : catalysis and inhibition. Current Opinion in Structural Biology 11:753-760.
    Kushi LH, Folsom AR, Prineas RJ, Mink PJ, Wu Y, Bostick RM (1996) Dietary antioxidant vitamins and death from coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 334(18):1156-1162.
    Lemay A, Dodin S, Kadri N, Jacques H and Forest JC (2002) Flaxseed dietary supplement versus hormone replacement therapy in hypercholesterolemic menopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 100:495-504.
    Lemcke-Norojrvi M, Kamal-Eldin A, Appelqvist L, Dimverg LH, hrvall M and Vessby B (2001) Corn and sesame oils increase serum γ-tocopherol concentrations in healthy Swedish women. J Nutr 131:1195-1201.
    Levin G, Duffin KL, Obukowicz MG, Hummert SL, Fujiwara H, Needleman P and Raz A (2002) Differential metabolism of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid by cyclo-oxygenase-1 and cyclo-oxygenase-2: implications for cellular synthesis of prostaglandin E1 and prostaglandin E2. Biochem J 365:489-496.
    Longcope C, Feldman HA, McKinlay JB and Araujo AB (2000) Diet and sex hormone-binding globulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85(1):293-296.
    Longcope C, Hui SL and Johnston CC (1987) Free estradiol, free testosterone, and sex hormone-binding globulin in perimenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 64(3):513-518.
    Loukovaara M, Carson M, Palotie A and Adlercreutz H (1995) Regulation of sex hormone-binding globulin production by isoflavonoids and patterns of isofavonoid conjugation in HepG2 cell cultures. Steroids 60:656-661.
    Markwell MAK, Hass SM, Bieber LL and Tolbert NE (1978) A modification fo the lowary procedure to simplify protein determination in membrane and lipoprotein samples. Anal Biochem 87:206-210.
    Massey LK, Roman-Smith H and Sutton RA (1993) Effect of dietary oxalate and calcium on urinary oxalate and risk of formation of calcium oxalate kidney stones. J Am Diet Assoc 901-906.
    Meilahn EN, Becker RC and Corrao JM (1995) Primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women. Cardiology 86:286-198.
    Miyagi Y, Miwa K and Inoue H (1997) Inhibition of human low-density lipoprotein oxidation by flavoniods in red wine and grape juice. The American Journal of Cardiology 80:1627-1631.
    Mohamed HMA and Awatif II (1998) The use of sesame oil unsaponifiable matter as a natural antioxidant. Food Chemistry 62(3):269-276.
    Nachtigall LE (1999) Sex hormone-binding globulin and breast cancer risk. Prim Care Up-date Ob/Gyns 6:39-45.
    Nagata C, Takatsuka N, Kabuto M and Shimizu H (1998) Asoociation of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate with serum HDL-cholesterol concentrations in post-menopausal Japanese women. Maturitas 31:21-27.
    Namiki M (1995) The chemistry and physiological functions of sesame. Food Reviews International 11(2):281-329.
    Natella F, Ghiselli A, Guidi A, Ursini F and Scaccini C (2001) Red wine mitigates the postprandial increase of LDL susceptibility to oxidation. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 30(9):1036-1044.
    Nonaka M, Yamashita K, Iizuka Y, Namiki M and Sugano M (1997) Effects of dietary sesaminol and sesamin on eicosanoid production and immunoglobulin level in rats given ethanol. Biosci Biotech Biochem 61(5):836-839.
    Ohrvall M, Sundlf G and Vessby B (1996) Gamma, but not alpha, tocopherol levels in serum are reduced in coronary heart disease patients. J Intern Med 239(2):111-117.
    Ohta H, Ikeda T, Masuzawa T, Makita K, Suda Y and Nozawa S (1993) Differences in axial bone mineral density, serum levels of sex steroids, and bone metabolism vetween postmenopausal and age- and body size-matched premenopausal subjects. Bone 14(2):111-116.
    Ohta H, Sugimoto A, Masuda A, Komukai Y, Suda Y, Makita K, Takamatsu K, Horiguchi F and Nozawa S (1996) Decreased bone miniral density associated with early menopause progresses for at least ten years: cross-sectional comparisons between early and normal menopausal women. Bone 18(3):227-231.
    Ogawa H, Sasagawa S, Murakami T and Yoshizumi H (1995) Sesame lignans modulate cholesterol metabolism in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacolgy and Physiology Suppl 1:S310-S312.
    Ogawa H, Sasagawa S, Murakami T, Yoshizumi H, Shimizu S and Yamada H (1993) Effects of sesamin on serum lipoprotein metabolism in normocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic stroke-prone SHR. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 676:338-339.
    Orcheson LJ, Rickard SE, Seidl MM and Thompson LU (1998) Flaxseed and its mammalian lignan precursor cause a lengthening or cessation of estrous cycling in rats. Cancer Letters 125:69-76.
    Osawa T (1999) Protective role of dietary polyphenols in oxidative stress. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 111:133-139.
    Parker RS, Sontag TJ and Swanson JE (2000) Cytochrome P4503A-dependent metabolism of tocopherols and inhibition by sesamin. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communication 277:531-534.
    Pino AM, Valladres LE, Palma MA, Mancilla AM. Yňez M and Albala C (2000) Dietary isoflavones affect sex hormone-binding globulin levels in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85(8):2797-2800.
    Reinecke H, Bogdanski J, Woltering A, Breithardt G, Assmann G, Kerber S and Eckardstein A (2002) Relation of serum levels of sex hormone binding globulin to coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Am J Cardiol 90:364-368.
    Rexrode KM, Manson JE, Lee IM, Ridker PM, Sluss PM, Cook NR and Buring JE (2003) Sex hormone levels and risk of cardiovascular events in postmenopausal women. Circulation 108(14):1688-1693.
    Rich-Edwards JW, Manson JE, Hennekens CH and Buring JE (1995) The primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med 29:1758-1766.
    Rosenkranz B, Fischer C, Boeynaems JM and Frlich J (1983) Metabolic disposition of prostaglandin E1 in man. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 750:231-236.
    Rubin D and Laposata M (1991) Regulation of agonist-induced prostaglandin E1 versus prostaglandin E2 production. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 266(35):23618-23623.
    Ruiz-Larrea MB, Martn C, Martnez R, Navarro R, Lacort M and Miller NJ (2000) Antioxidant activities of estrogens against aqueous and lipophilic radicals; differences between phenol and catechol estrogens. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 105:179-188.
    Saldeen T, Li D and Mehta JL (1999) Differential Effects of α- and γ-tocopherol on low-density lipoprotein oxidation, superoxide activity, platelet aggregation and arterial thrombogenesis. JACC 34(4):1208-1215.
    Satchithanandam S, Chanderbhan R, Kharroubi AT, Calvert RJ, Klurfeld D, Tepper SA and Kritchevsky D (1996) Effect of sesame oil on serum and liver lipid profile in the rat. Internat J Vit Nutr Res 66:386-392.
    Satchithanandam S, Reicks M, Calvert RJ, Cassiy MM and Kritchevsky D (1993) Coconut oil and sesame oil affect lymphatic absorption of cholesterol and fatty acids in rats. J Nutr 123:1852-1858.
    Shahidi F, Amarowicz R, Abou-Gharbia HA and Shehata AAY (1997) Endogenous antioxidants and stability of sesame oil as affected by processing and storage. JAOCS 74(2):143-148.
    Shimizu S, Akimoto K, Shinmen Y, Kawashima H, Sugano M and Yamada H (1991) Sesamin is a potent and specific inhibitor of D5 desaturase in polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. Lipids 26(7):512-516.
    Slemenda C, Hui SL, Longcope C and Johnston CC (1987) Sex steroids and bone mass, a study of changes about the time of menopause. J Clin Invest 80(5):1261-1269.
    Spark RF (2002) Dehydroepiandrosterone: a springboard hormone for female sexuality. Fertility and Sterility 77(Suppl 4):S19-S25.
    Speroff L, Glass RH, Kase N (1994a) Hormone biosynthesis metabolism and mechanism of action. In : Clinical Clnecologic Endocrinology and Infertility. 5th ed. pp. 32, 40, 45-51. Williams & Wilkins press.
    Speroff L, Glass RH, Kase N (1994b) Menopause and postmenopausal hormone therapy. In : Clinical Clnecologic Endocrinology and Infertility. 5th ed. pp. 590-595. Williams & Wilkins press.
    Sugano M , Inoue T, Koba K, Yoshida K, Hirose N, Shinmen Y, Akimoto K and Amachi T (1990) Influence of sesame lignans on various lipid parameters in rats. Agric Biol Chem 54(10):2669-2673.
    Szafran H and Smielak-Korombel W (1998) The role of estrogens in hormonal regulation of lipid metabolism in women. Przeglad Lekarski 55(5):266-270.
    The Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group (2002) Endogenous sex hormones and breast cancer in postmenopausal women: reanalysis of nine prospective studies. Journal of the National Cancer Institue 94(8):606-615.
    Thompson LU, Robb Pm Serraino M and cheung F (1991) Mammalian lignan production from various foods. Nutrition and Cancer 16(1):43-52.
    Tikkanen MJ (1996) Estrogens, progestins and lipid metabolism. Maturitas 23(suppl):S51-S53.
    Tillotson JL, Grandits GA, Bartsch GE and Stamler J (1997) Relation of dietary fiber to blood lipids in the special intervention and usual care groups in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Am J Clin Nutr 65(Suppl 1):S327-S337.
    Tvrzick E, Vecka M, Staňkov B and Žk A (2002) Analysis of fatty acids in plasma lipoproteins by gas chromatography－flame ionization detection. Analytic Chimica Acta 465:337-350.
    Tymchuk CN, Tessler SB and Barnard RJ (2000) Changes in sex hormone-binding globulin, insulin, and serum lipids in postmenopausal women on a low-fat, high-fiber diet combined with exercise. Nutr Cancer 38(2):158-162.---abrstrate
    Umeda-Sawada R, Ogawa M and Igarashi O (1998) The metabolism and n-6/n-3 ratio of essential fatty acids in rats: effect of eidtary arachidonic acid and a mixture of sesame lignans (sesamin and episesamin). Lipids 33(6):567-572.
    Vnnen HK and Hrknen PL (1996) Estrogen and bone metabolism. Maturitas 23(suppl):565-569.
    Vermeulen A (1976) The hormonal activity of the postmenopausal ovary. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 42(2):247-253.
    Wang C, Mkel T, Hase T, Adlercreutz H and Kurzer MS (1994) Lignans and flavonoids inhibit aromatase enzyme in human preadipocyte. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 50:205-212.
    Wasada T, Akamine Y, Kato K, Ibayashi H and Nomura Y (1978) Adrenal contribution to circulating estrogens in woman. Endocrinol Jpn 25(2):123-128.
    Women，s Health Initiative Investigators (2002) Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenpopausal women. JAMA 288(3):321-333.
    Yamashita K, Iizuka Y, Imai T and Namiki M (1995) Sesame seed and its lignans produce marked enhancement of vitamin E activity in rats fed a low α-tocopherol diet. Lipids 30(11):1019-1028.
    Yamashita K, Nohara Y, Katayama K and Namiki M (1992) Sesame seed lignans and γ-tocopherol act synergistically to produce vitamin E activity in rats. J Nutr 122: 2440-2446.
    Yoshida H and Takagi S (1997) Effects of seed roasting temperature and time on the quality characteristics of sesame (Sesamum indicum) oil. J Sci Food Agric 75:19-26.

    QR CODE