本研究旨在驗證兒童期不同類型的外向行為問題與學業成就兩者之間的結構關係，以確認這兩個領域的關係是否受到共同的前置因素所影響；研究者以194位具有外向行為問題的國小二年級至五年級男孩為研究對象，並使用三份標準化評量工具及一份研究者自編的調查表進行測量；資料分析採結構方程模式進行假設考驗。結果發現研究者所提的理論模式跟實際觀察資料無法適配；之後，研究者提出一個改善模式。最後，研究者根據研究結果提出討論與建議。

Previous studies and theory imply that the overlap of externalizing behavior problems with academic achievement in childhood is influenced by such antecedent variables as SES and IQ .To confirm this suggestion, researcher built up a model and hypothesis was tested with boys（N=194）recruited from 34 schools in Taiwan. Standardized assessment of IQ was conducted, externalizing behavior was rated by parents and teachers, and survey data of SES and academic achievement were collected. Results of LISREL analyses from the samples indicated that the model doesn’t fit with empirical data well, and then researcher proposed a modified model. Based on the findings, discussion and implications were proposed.

中文部分
法務部犯罪研究中心（民88）：中華民國八十七年少年兒童犯罪概念及其分析。台北：法務部。
林清山（民81）：多樣本LlSREL分析的理論及應用--男女兩組學生在WISC-R的反應之因素結構相等性考驗研究。中國測驗學會測驗年刊，39，187-208頁。
吳芝儀、李奉儒譯（民84）：質的評鑑與研究。台北：桂冠。
陳順宇（民87）：多變量分析。台北：華泰
黃俊英（民89）：多變量分析＜第七版＞。台北：中國經濟企業研究所。
黃富源（民88）：青少年犯罪與輔導。台北：台灣省國民學校教師研習會。
黃惠玲、莊勝發、王雅琴、陳永成、曾嫦娥、余麗樺、丘彥南、吳英璋、陳映雪（民82）：發展台灣地區的兒童行為多軸衡鑑評量表。台北：行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計劃成果報告（NSC82-0301-H037-002）。
黃毅志（民83）：社經背景與地位取得過程之結構機制：教育、社會資本及文化資本。私立東海大學社會學研究所博士論文。
黃毅志（民88）：台灣地區新職業分類的建構與評估。調查研究，5期，頁5-35。
傅仰止（民89）：電子郵件聯繫的抽樣方法比較：網際網路調查與個人網路抽樣。載於中央研究院調查研究工作室編：新世紀調查研究的課題—方法、對象與倫理。頁3-25。
陳榮華（民86）。魏氏兒童智力量表第三版(中文版)指導手冊。台北：中國行為科學社。
張春興（民80）。現代心理學。台北：東華。
蔡德輝、楊士隆（民83）。少年犯罪：理論與實務。台北：五南。
英文部分
Achenbach,T.M.（1978）.The child behavior profile:I.Boys aged 6-11.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,46,477-488
Achenbach,T.M., & Edelbrock,C.S.（1978）.The classification of child psychopathology:A review and analysis of empirical efforts.Psychological Bulletin,85,1275-1301.
Achenbach,T.M.（1991a）.Manual for Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 and 1991 profile.Burlington:University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry.
Achenbach,T.M.（1991b）.Manual for Teacher’s Report Form and 1991 profile.Burlington:University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry.
Achenbach,T.M.（1993）.Taxonomy and comorbidity of conduct problems: Evidence from empirically based approaches.Development and Psychopathology,5,51-64.
Aguilar,B.,Sroufe,L.A.,Egeland,B. & Carlson,E.（2000）.Distinguishing the early-onset/persistent and adolescence-onset antisocial behavior types: From birth to 16 years.Development and Psychopathology,12,109-132.
Allen,J.P.,Moore,C.M., & Kuperminc,G.P.（1997）.Developmental approaches to understanding adolescent deviance.In Luthar,Burack,Cicchetti,Weisz (Eds).Developmental Psychopathology.United Kingdom:Cambridge University Press.
American Psychiatric Association（1994）.Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(4th ed.).Washington,DC:Aurthor.
Bagozzi,R.P., & Yi,Y.（1988）.On the evaluation of structural equation models. Academic of Marketing Science,16,74-94.
Barkley,R.A.（1997）.Behavior inhibition,sustained attention,and executive functions:Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD.Psychological Bulletin,121(1),65-94.
Baron,R.M., & Kenny,D.A.（1986）.The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research:Conceptual,strategic,and statistical considerations.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,51,1173- 1182.
Bennett,K.J.,Lipman,E.L.,Racine Y., & Offord D. R.（1998）.Annotation:Do measures of externalising behaviour in normal populations predict later outcome? : Implications for targeted interventions to prevent conduct disorder.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,39(8),1059-1070.
Biddle,B.J., & Marlin,M.M.（1987）.Causality,confirmation,credulity,and structural equation modeling.Child Development,58,4-17.
Biederman,J.,Faraone,S.V.,Milberger,S.,Jetton,J.G.,Chen,L.,Mick,E.,Greene,R.W., & Russell,R.L.（1996）Is childhood oppositional deficit disorder a precursor to adolescent conduct disorder?Finding from a four-year follow-up study of children with ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,35(9),1193-1203.
Bilenberg,N.（1999）.The Child Behavior Checklist（CBCL）and related material:Standardization and validation in Danish population baesd and clinically based samples.Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,100,2-52.
Brier.N.（1995）.Predicting antisocial behavior in youngsters displaying poor academic achievement:A review of risk factors.Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics,16(4),271-276.
Cameron,R.J.（1998）.School discipline in the United Kingdom:Promoting classroom behavior which encourages effective teaching and learning. School Psychology Review,27(1),33-44.
Campbell,S.B.,Pierce,E.W.,Moore.G.,Marakovitz,S., & Newby,K.（1996）.Boys’ externalizing problems at elementary school age:Pathways from early behavior problems,maternal control, and family stress.Development and Psychopathology,8,701-719.
Carr,M.,Borkowski,J.G., & Maxwell,S.E.（1991）.Motivational components of underachievement.Developmental Psychology,27(1), 108-118.
Casat,C.D.,Norton,H.J., & Boyle-Whitesel,M.（1999）.Identification of elementary school children at risk for disruptive behavior disturbance: Validation of a combined screening method.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,38(10),1246-1253.
Cole,M., & Cole S.（1993）.The development of children.NY:Scientific American Books.
Crick,N.R., & Dodge,K.A.（1994）.Social information-processing mechanisms in reactive and proactive aggression. Child Development,67,993-1002.
Deater-Deckard,K., & Plomin,R.（1999）.An adoption study of the etiology of teacher and parent reports of externalizing behavior problems in middle childhood.Child Development,70(1),144-154.
Debaryshe,B.,Patterson,G.R., & Capaldi,D.M.（1991）.A performance model for academic achievement.
Dietz,K.R.,Lavigne,J.V.,Arend,R., & Rosenbaum,D.（1997）.Relation between intelligence and psychopathology among preschoolers. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,26,99-107.
Dodge,K.A.,Pettit,G.S., & Bates,J.E.（1994）.Socialization mediators of the relation between socioeconomic status and child conduct problems.Child Development,65,649-665.
Dykens,E.M.（2000）.Annotation:Psychopathology in children with intellectual disability. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,29,407-417.
Fabes,R.A.,Martin,C.L.,Hanish,L.D., & Updegraff,K.A.（2000）.Criteria for evaluating the significance of development research in the twenty-first century:Force and counterforce.Child Development,71(1),212-221.
Farrington,D.P.（1979）.Environmental stress,delinquent behavior,and convictions.In I.G.Sarason & C.D.Spielberger(Eds.),Stress and anxiety(Vol.6,pp. 93-107).Washington,D.C.:Hemisphere.
Fergusson,D.M.,Horwood,L.J., & Lynskey,M.T.（1993）.The effects of conduct disorder and attention deficit in middle childhood on offending and scholastic ability at age 13.Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry,34 (6),899-916.
Fergusson,D.M.,Horwood,L.J., & Lynskey,M.T.（1994）.The childhoods of multiple problem adolescents:A 15-year longitudinal study. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry,35 (1),1077-1092.
Fergusson,D.M., & Horwood,L.J.（1995）.Early disruptive behavior,IQ,and later school achievement and delinquent behavior.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,23(2),183-199.
Fergusson,D.M.,Michael,T.L., & Horwood,L.J.（1997）.Attentional difficulties in middle childhood and psychosocial outcomes in young adulthood.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,38(6),633-644.
Fergusson,D.M., & Horwood,L.J.（1998）.Early conduct problems and later life opportunities. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,39(8),1097- 1108.
Foley,R.M., & Epstein,M.H.（1992）.Correlates of the academic achievement of adolescents with behavioral disorders.Behavioral Disorders,18(1),9-17.
Frick,P.J.（1995）.Academic underachievement and the disruptive behavior disorders：Correction.Journal of Counsulting and Clinical Psychology,59 (2), 220.
Frick,P.J.（1998）.Conduct disorders and severe antisocial behavior.New York: Pleum Press.
Frick,P.J.,Kamphaus,R.W.,Lahey,B.B.,Loeber,R.,Christ,M.A.G.,Hart,E.L., & Tannebaum,L.E.（1991）.Academic underachievement and the disruptive behavior disorders.Journal of Counsulting and Clinical Psychology,59(2), 289-294.
Frick,P. J.,Lahey,B.B.,Loeber,R.,Stouthamer-Loeber,M.,Christ,M.A.G., & Hanson,K.（1992）.Familial risk factors to oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder:Parental psychopathology and maternal parenting. Journal of Counsulting and Clinical Psychology,60 (1), 49-55.
Frick,P.J.,Van Horn,Y.,Lahey,B.B.,Christ,M.A.G.,Loeber,R.,Hart,E.A., Tannenbaum,L., & Hanson,K.（1993）.Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder:A meta-analytic review of factor analyses and cross- validation in clinic sample.Clinical Psychology Review,13,319-340.
Friedman,A.S.,Kramer,S., & Kreisher,C.（1999）.Childhood predictors of behavior.Journal of Clinical psychology,55(7),843-855.
Giancola,P.R.,Mezzich A.C., & Tarter,R.E.（1998）.Executive cognitive functioning,temperament,and antisocial behavior in conduct-disordered adolescent females.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,107(4),629-641.
Greenberg,M.T., & Speitz,M.L.（1988）.Contributions of attachment theory to the understanding of conduct problems during the preschool years.In J.Belsky & T.Nezworski(Eds.),Clinical implications of attachment(pp.177-218).Hillsdale,NJ:Erlbaum.
Griffin,R.S.（1988）.Underachievers in secondary school:Education off the mark.New Jersey:Lawrence Erlbaum.
Girouard,P.C.,Baillargeon,R.H.,Tremblay,R.E.,Glorieux,J.,Lefebvre,F., & Robaey,P.（1998）.Developmental pathways leading to externalizing behaviors in 5 year olds born before 29 weeks.Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics,19(4),244-253.
Gridley,B.E., & Roid,G.H.（1998）.The use of the WISC-III with academic tests. In A.Prifitera, &D.Saklofske,（Eds.）,WISC-III clinical use and interpretation
:Scientist-practitioner perspectives.CA:Academic Prss.
Hart,E.L.,Lahey,B.B.,Loeber,R., & Hanson,K.S.（1994）.Criterion validity of informants in the diagnosis of disruptive behavior disorders in children:A preliminary study.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,62(2), 410-414.
Hartman,C.A.,Hox,J.,Auerbach,J.,Erol,N.,Fonseca,A.C.,Mellenbergh,G.J., Nøvik,T.S.,Oosterlaan,J.,Roussos,A.C.,Shalev,R.S., & Zilber,N.（1999）. Syndrom dimension of the Child Bebavior Checklist and the Teacher Report Form:A critical empirical evaluation.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,40(7),1095-1116.
Hämäläinen,M., & Pulkkinen,L.（1996）.Problem behavior as a precursor of male criminality.Development and Psychopathology,8,443-455.
Hinshaw,S.P.（1992a）.Academic underachievement,attention deficits,and aggression:Comorbidity and imlications for intervention.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,60(6),893-903.
Hinshaw,S.P.（1992b）.Externalizing behavior problems and academic underachievement in childhood and adolescence:Causal relationships and underlying mechanisms.Psychological Bulletin,111(1),127-155.
Hinshaw,S.P.,Lahey,B.B., & Hart,E.L.（1993）.Issues of taxonomy and comorbidity in the development of conduct disorder.Development and Psychopathology,5,31-49.
Hinshaw,S.P., & Zupan,B.A.（1997）.Assessment of antisocial behavior in children and adolescents.In D.M.Stoff, J.Breiling, & J.D.Maser (Eds.), Handbook of antisocial behavior(pp.36-50).New York:John Wiley & Sons.
Holden,E.W., & Black,M.M.（1999）.Theory and concepts of prevention science as applied to clinical psychology.Clinical Psychology Review,19(4), 391-401.
Howard,K.A.,Flora,J., & Griffin,M.（1999）. Violence-prevention programs in schools:State of science and implications for future research.Applied & Preventive Psychology,8,197-215.
Jöreskog,K.G., & Sörbom,D.（1993）.LISREL8:Structual equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language.Chicago:Scientific Software International ,Inc.
Jorm,A.F.,Share,D.L.,Maclean,R., & Matthews,R.（1986）.Cognitive factors at school entry predictive of specific reading retardation and general reading backwardness:A research note.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,27,45-54.
Kaufman,A.S.（1994）.Intelligent testing with the WISC-III.New York:John Wiley & Sons.
Kazdin,A.E.（1987）.Treatment of antisocial behavior in children:Current status and future directions.Psychological Bulletin,102(2),187-203.
Kazdin,A.E.（1995）.Conduct disorders in childhood and adolescence. Thousand Oaks:Sage.
Kazdin,A.E.（1997）.Conduct disorder across the life-span.In S.S.Luthar, J.A.Burack,D.Cicchetti,J.R.Weisz (Eds.),Development and Psychopathology: Perspectives on adjustment,risk,and disorder. United Kingdom:Cambridge University Press.
Keenan K.,Shaw D,Delliquadri E.,Giovannelli J., & Walsh B.（1998）.Evidence for the continuity of early problem behaviors:Application of a development model.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,26(6),441-454.
Kellam,S.G.,Branch,J.D.,Agrawal,D.C., & Ensminger,M.E.（1975）.Mental health and going to school.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Kline,R.B.（1998）.Principles and pactice of structural equation modeling.New York:Guilford.
Kuhne,M.,Schachar,R., & Tannock,R.（1997）.Impact of comorbid oppositional or conduct problems on ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,36(12),1715-1725.
Kuo,M.,Mohler,B.,Raudenbush,S.L., & Earls,F.J.（2000）.Assessing exposure to violence using multiple informants:Application of hierarchical linear model. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,41(8),1049-1056.
Kupersmidt,J.B., & Coie,J.D.（1990）.Preadolescent peer status,aggression, and school adjustment as predictors of externalizing problems in adolescence. Child Development,61,1350-1362.
Lahey,B.,Waldman,I.D., & McBurnett,K.（1999）.Annotation:The development of antisocial behavior:An integrative causal model. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,40(5),669-682.
Lambert,N.M., & Nicoll,R.C.（1977）.Conceptual model for nonintellectual behavior and is relationship to early reading achievement.Journal of Educational Psychology,69,481-490.
Loeber,R.,Burke,J.D.,Lahey,B.,Winters,A., & Zera,M.（2000）.Oppositional defiant and conduct disorder:A review of the past 10 years,part I. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,39(12), 1468-1484.
Loeber,R., & Farrington,D.（1994）.Problems and solutions in longitudinal and experimental treatment studies of child psychopathology and delinquency. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,62(5),887-900.
Loeber,R., & Hay,D.（1997）.Key issues in the development of aggression and violence from childhood to early adulthood.Annual Review of Psychology, 48,371-410.　
Loeber,R.,Wung.P.,Keenan,K.,Giroux,B.,Southamer-Loeber,M.,Van Kammen, W.B., & Maughan,B.（1993）.Developmental pathways in disruptive child behavior.Development and Psychopathology,5,103-133.
Luthar,S.S.（1997）.Sociodemographic disadvantange and psychosocial adjustment:Perspectives from developmental psychopathology. In S.S.,Luthar,J.A.,Burack,D.,Cicchetti, & J.R.,Weisz (Eds.),evelopmental psychopathology:Perspectives on adjustment,risk,and disorder. New York:Cambridge University Press.
Mandel,H,P.（1997）.Conduct disorder and underachievement.New York:John Wiley & Sons.
Mandel,H.P., & Marcus,S.I.（1988）.The psychology of underachievement: Differential diagnosis and differential treatment.New York:John Wiley & Sons.
Marcus,R.F.（1999）.A gender-linked exploratory factor analysis of antisocial behavior in young adolescents.Adelescence,34(133),33-46.
Mash,E.J., & Terdal,L.F.（1997）.Assessment of childhood disorders.New York:Guilford.
Maughan,B.,Gray,G., & Rutter,M.（1985）.Reading retardation and antisocial behavior:A follow-up into employment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,26,741-758.
McGee,R.,Moffitt,T.E.,Williams,S., & Sliva,P.A.（1988）.Reading disability, behaviour problems,and juvenile delinquency.In D.H.Saklofske & S.B.G.Eysenck(Eds.),Individual differences in children and adolescents: International perspectives(pp.158-172).London:Hodder & Stoughton.
McGee,R.,Williams,S.,Share,D.L.,Anderson,J., & Silva.P.A.（1986）.The relationship between specific reading retardation,general reading backwardness,and behavioural problems in a large sample of Dunedin boys:A longitudinal study from five to eleven years. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,27,597-610.
McMahon,R.J.（1994）.Diagnosis,assessment, and treatment of externalizing problems in children:The role of longitudinal data.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,62(5),901-917.
McMichael,P.（1979）.The hen or the egg?Which comes first—antisocial emotional disorders or reading disability?British Journal of Educational Psychology,49,226-238.
Meltzer,L.J.,Levine,M.D.,Karniski,W.,Palfrey,J.S., & Clarke,S.（1984）.An analysis of the learning styles of adolescent delinquents.Journal of Learning Disabilities,17(10),600-608.
Miller,G.E.,Brehm,K., & Whitehouse,S.（1998）.Reconceptualizing school -based prevention for antisocial behavior within a resiliency framework. School Psychology Review,100(4),674-701.
Moffitt,T.E.（1993a）.Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior:A developmental taxonomy.Psychological Review,1100,674-701.
Moffitt,T.E.（1993b）.The neuropsychology of conduct disorder.Development and Psychopathology,5,135-151.
Moffitt,T.E.,Caspi,A.,Dickson,N.,Silva,P., & Stanton,W.（1996）. Childhood- onset versus adolescent-onset antisocial conduct problems in males:Natural history from age 3 to 18 years.Development and Psychopathology, 8,399-424.
Nagin,D., & Tremblay,R.E.（1999）.Trajectories of boy’s physical aggression, opposotion,and hyperactivity on the path to physically violent and nonviolent juvenile delinquency.Child Development,70(5),1181-1196
Olweus,D.（1979）.Stability of aggressive reaction patternsin males:A review.Psychological Bulletin,86(4),852-875.
Olweus,D.（1983）.Low school achievement and aggressive behavior in adolescent boys.In D.Magnusson(Ed.),Human development:An interactional perspective(pp.353-365).San Diego,CA:Academic Press.
Pagani,L.,Boulerice,B.,Vitaro,F., & Tremblay,R.E.（1999）.Effects of poverty on academic failure and delinquency in boys:A change and process model approach.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,40(8),1209-1219.
Palfrey,J.S.,Levine,M.D.,Walker,D.K., & Sullivan,M.（1985）.The emergence of attention deficits in early childhood:A prospective study.Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics,6,339-348.
Patterson,G.R.,DeGarmo,D.S., & Knutson,N.（2000）.Hyperactive and antisocial behaviors: Comorbid or two points in the same process? Development and Psychopathology,12,91-106.
Patterson,G.R.,Forgatch,M.S.,Yoerger,K.L., & Stoolmiller,M.（1998）Variables that imitate and maintain an early-onset trajectory for juvenile offending.Development and Psychopathology,10,531-547.
Pelham,W.,Evans,S.,Gnagy,E., & Greenslade,K.（1992）.Teacher ratings of DSM-III-R symptoms for the disruptive behavior disorders:Prevalence, factor analyses,and conditional probabilities in a special education sample.School Psychological Review,21,258-299.
Pettit,G.S.,Bates,J.E.,Dodge,K.A., & Meece,D.W（1999）.The impact of after-school peer contact on early adolescent externalizing problems is moderated by parental monitoring,perceived neighborhood safety,and prior adjustment.Child Development,70(3),768-778.
Pillow,D.R.,Pelham,Jr.,W.E.,Hoza,B.,Molina,B.S.G., & Stultz,C.H.（1998）. Confirmatory factor analyses examining attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and other childhood disruptive behaviors.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,26(4),293-309.
Rabiner,D.,Coie,J.D., & Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group（2000）. Early attention problems and children’s reading achievement:A longitudinal investigation.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,39(7),859-866.
Rae-Grant,N.,Thomas,B.H.,Offord,D.R., & Boyle,M.H.（1988）.Risk,protective factors,and the prevalence of behavioral and emotional disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,28(2),262-268.
Rapport,M.D.,Scanlan,S.W., & Denney,C.B.（1999）.Attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder and scholastic achievement:A model of dual development pathways.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,40（8）,1169-1183.
Reitman,D.,Hummel,R.,Franz,D.Z., & Gross,A.M.（1998）.A review of methods and instruments for assessing externalizing disorders:Theoretical and practical considerations in rendering a diagnosis.Clinical Psychology Review,18(5),555-584.
Richman,N.,Stevenson,J., & Graham,P.（1982）.Preschool to school:A behavioural study.San Diego,CA:Academic Press.
Schonfeld,I.S.,Shaffer,D.,O’Connor,P., & Portnoy,S.（1988）.Conduct disorder and cognitive functioning:Testing three causal hypotheses.Child Development,59,993-1007.
Séguin,J.R.,Boulerice,B.,Harden,P.W.,Tremblay,R.E., & Pihl,R.O.（1999）. Executive functions and physical aggression after controlling for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,general memory,and IQ. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,40（8）,1197-1208.
Shaw,D.S.,Owens,E.B.,Vondra,J.I.,Keenan,K., & Winslow,E.B.（1996）.Early risk factors and pathways in the development of early disruptive behavior problems.Development and Psychopathology,8, 679-699.
Shaw,D.S.,Winslow,E.B.,Owens,E.B.,VondraJ.I.,Cohn,J.F., & Bell,R.Q.（1998）.The development of early externalizing problems among children from low-income families:A transformational Perspective.Journal of abnormal Child Psychology,26(2),95-107.
Sonuga-Barke,E.J.,Lamparelli,M.,Stevenson,J.,Thompson,M., & Henry,A.（1994）.Behaviour problems and pre-school intellectual attainment:The associations of hyperactivity and conduct problems. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,35(5),949-960.
Speltz,M.L.,DeKlyen,M.,Calderon,R.,Greenberg,M.T., & Fisher,P.A.（1999）. Neuropsychological characteristics and test behaviors of boys with early onset conduct problems.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,108(2),315-325
Stattin,H., & Magnusson,D.（1996）.Antisocial development：A holistic approach. Development and Psychopathology,8,617-645.
Stevens,J.,Quittner,A.L., & Abikoff,H.（1998）.Factors influencing elementary school teachers’ ratings of ADHD and ODD behaviors.Journal of Clinical Child Psychology,27(4),406-414.
Stott,D.H.（1981）.Behaviour disturbance and failure to learn:A study of cause and effect.Educaitonal Research,23,163-172.
Sutton,J.,Michelle,R., & Keogh,E.（2000）.Disruptive behaviour,avoidance of responsibility and theory of mind.British Journal of Developmental Psychology,18,1-11.
Tolan,P.H.,Guerra,N.G., & Kendall,P.C.（1995）.Introduction to special section:Prediction and prevention of antisocial behavior in children and adolescents.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,63(4),515-517.
Taylor,Chadwick,Heptinstall, & Danckaerts,M.（1996）.Hyperactivity and conduct problems as risk factors for adolescent development.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,35(9),1213-1226.
Tremblay,R.E.,Mâsse,B.,Perron D.,Leblanc,Schwartzman,A.E., & Ledingham, J.E.（1992）.Early disruptive behavior,poor school achievement,delinquent behavior,and delinquent personality:Longitudinal analyses.Journal of Counsulting and Clinical Psychology,60(1),64-72.
Tremblay,R.E.,Mâsse,L.C.,Vitaro,F., & Dobkin,P.（1995）.The impact of friends’ deviant behavior on early onset of delinquency:Longitudinal data from 6 to 13 years of age.Development and Psychopathology,7,649-667.
Tremblay,R.E.,Pagani-Kurtz,L.,Mâsse,L.C.,Vitaro,F., & Pihl,R.O.（1995）.A bimodal preventive intervention for disruptive kindergarten boys:Its impact through mid-adolescence. Journal of Counsulting and Clinical Psychology, 63(4),560-568.
Webster-Stratton,C.（1998）.Preventing conduct problems in head start children:Strengthening parenting competencies. Journal of Counsulting and Clinical Psychology,66(5),715-730.
Webster-Stratton,C., & Hammond,M.（1999）.Marital conflict management skills,parenting style,and early-onset conduct problems:Process and pathways. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,40(6),917-927.
Webster-Stratton,C., & Hooven,C.（1998）.Parent training for child conduct problems.In Bellack,A.S. & Hersen,M.(Eds.),Comprehensive clinical psychology：Children and Adolescents:Clinical formulation and treatment(Vol.5,pp185-218).UK:Elserier.
Werry,J.S., & Aman,M.G.（1993）.Practitioner's guide to psychoactive drugs for children and adolescents.New York:Plenum Medical Book Company.
Yoshikawa,H.（1994）.Prevention as cumulative protection:Effects of early family support and education on chronic delinquency and its risks. Psychological Bulletins,115(1),28-54.