本研究乃採敘事研究法，首先，以自我敘說來探究身為基督徒的自己，十八年來投入非營利媒體創辦行動以實踐關懷的歷程；之後，以敘事訪談來探究非營利媒體needs團隊成員以媒體行動實踐關懷的歷程；最後，建立研究資料庫以敘事分析法來探究中華華美媒體傳播協會needs媒體十四年來實踐關懷的歷程及策略，據此來驗證崇托關懷倫理五階段的實踐。
本研究討論如下：
個人實踐關懷的歷程，對照崇托和諾丁關懷倫理學的三個觀點，歸納為基督徒媒體人關懷實踐的三點討論： 一、「我與上帝有相依存的關係」作爲基督徒媒體人關懷實踐的前提。二、基督徒媒體人以「關懷實踐」來處理「與上帝的相互關係」。三、基督徒媒體人以「關懷實踐」爲基礎，以建立「關懷社會」爲目的。從崇托《道德界限》與《關懷民主》等著作的觀點，探看並討論五項在實作情境中的非營利媒體傳播行動之相互作用：一、非營利媒體的存續是關懷觀點「互爲依存的」事實。二、非營利媒體滿足「需求」切近於關懷之政治實踐，三、非營利媒體工作者被視為是在「道德參與」的狀態。四、非營利媒體以媒體行動降低「關懷危機」。五、「崇托關懷倫理」與「使用和滿足理論」的互為表裡。
本研究結論如下：
壹、非營利媒體基督徒創辦人(我本人)實踐關懷的歷程：一、學習廣播之路，體會實踐神學與關懷倫理學的結合。二、主持婦女節目，體會「母育行思」就是關懷倫理濃縮精練的實踐。三、成立needs RADIO，認同廣播媒體的特性適用於關懷倫理的實踐。四、needs團隊是生命共同體，一起尋求關懷倫理的實踐。五、成立Stars RADIO星蹤之愛廣播網，因為關懷倫理乃社會正義的基礎。六、在專業學術領域持續深造，體會上帝是實踐全人關懷的好神和好父親。七、建設八里媒體基地，就是一種關懷行動。
貳、非營利媒體(needs媒體)廣播節目製播人實踐關懷的歷程：第一階段關心的意識：製播人自身專業能洞察問題或人生經歷能同理需求。第二階段照料的責任：製播人反思自己可以做什麼，定位自身的責任和角色。第三階段關懷的行動：製播人為有需要的對象受眾設計廣播節目的內容。第四階段受關懷的回應：製播人感動於聽友來賓的回應與察覺製播節目的影響力。第五階段關懷的一致性：製播人設定製播過程所需要堅守的倫理原則。
參、非營利媒體(needs媒體)實踐崇托關懷倫理五階段的歷程：第一階段關心的意識：needs媒體進行社會觀察，意識到提昇華人的素質是一個全球性及時代性的需要、意識到不同需要的族群需要長期專屬的支持系統、意識到高齡者迫切所需是身心的尊嚴、意識到婦女角色是社會安定的力量。第二階段照料的責任：needs媒體願意付上為全球華人、有需要的族群、高齡者、婦女族群需求發聲的倡議責任，並決定用媒體專業的行動來回應。第三階段關懷的行動：needs媒體以傳播媒介「廣播」、「劇場」、「音樂欣賞」、「研討會」等方式進行全球華人、獨特族群、高齡者、婦女族群的關懷行動。第四階段受關懷的評估：九成以上的聽友認為needs媒體符合關懷倫理的實踐；needs製播人則回應生命成長、倍受感動、感謝支持及肯定專業能力。第五階段關懷一致性：needs媒體堅持非營利及不對價的原則，並邀請關懷理念一致的伙伴共同加入以媒體進行社會關懷的行列。

This study adopts a narrative research method. First, it uses self-narration to explore the process of being a Christian and engaging in the creation of non-profit media to practice care over the past eighteen years. Then, it uses narrative interviews to explore the members of the non-profit media needs team. The process of practicing caring through media actions; finally, a research database is established to use narrative analysis to explore the process and strategies of the needs media of the Chinese American Media Communication Association in the past fourteen years of practicing caring, and based on this, the practice of the five stages of Chongtuo caring ethics is verified. This study discusses the following : The process of personal care practice is summarized into three points of discussion on the care practice of Christian media people by comparing the three perspectives of Chongto and Nordin care ethics: 1. "I have an interdependent relationship with God" as a Christian media person Prerequisites for caring practice. 2. Christian media people use "caring practice" to deal with "interrelationship with God." 3. Christian media people are based on "caring practice" and aim to build a "caring society". From the perspective of Chongtuo's "Moral Boundaries" and "Caring for Democracy" and other works, explore and discuss the interaction of five non-profit media communication actions in practical situations: 1. The survival of non-profit media is the "interaction" of the caring perspective is a dependent fact. 2. Non-profit media meets "needs" and is close to the political practice of care. 3. Non-profit media workers are regarded as being in a state of "moral participation." 4. Non-profit media use media actions to reduce the "care crisis". 5. The mutual understanding between "the ethics of care" and "use and gratification theory". The conclusions of this study are as follows: 1. The journey of practicing caring as a Christian founder of non-profit media (myself): (1). Learning the path of broadcasting and experiencing the combination of practical theology and caring ethics.(2). Host women's programs and realize that "maternal thinking" is a condensed and refined practice of caring ethics. (3). Establish needs RADIO and recognize that the characteristics of broadcast media are suitable for the practice of care ethics. (4). The needs team is a community of life, seeking the practice of caring ethics together. (5). Establish Stars RADIO Star Trace Love Broadcasting Network, because the ethics of care is the foundation of social justice. (6). Continue further studies in professional and academic fields, and realize that God is a good God and a good father who cares for all people. (7). The construction of Bali Media Base is an act of care. 2. The process of practicing caring by non-profit media (needs media) radio program producers: the first stage of "caring about": producers and broadcasters can have insight into problems or empathize with needs through their own professional experience or life experience. The second stage of "caring for": producers and broadcasters reflect on iv what they can do and position their own responsibilities and roles. The third stage of "care giving": producers and broadcasters design the content of radio programs for target audiences in need. The fourth stage is "care receiving": The producer is moved by the response of the audience and guests and realizes the influence of the program. The fifth stage of "caring with": The producer sets the ethical principles that need to be adhered to during the production and broadcasting process. Refer to the five-stage process of non-profit media (needs media) practicing Chongto’s ethics of care: the first stage of "caring about": needs media conducts social observation and realizes that improving the quality of Chinese people is a global and contemporary need. Ethnic groups with different needs need long-term exclusive support systems, realize that the elderly urgently need physical and mental dignity, and realize that the role of women is a force for social stability. The second stage of "caring for": needs media is willing to assume the initiative responsibility of speaking out for the needs of the global Chinese, needy groups, seniors, and women, and decides to respond with professional media actions. The third stage of "care giving": Needs Media uses the media "broadcast", "theater", "music appreciation", "seminars" and other methods to carry out caring actions for the global Chinese, unique ethnic groups, seniors, and women. The fourth stage of "care receiving": More than 90% of the listeners believe that needs media conforms to the practice of caring ethics; needs producers responded that they have grown in life, are deeply moved, appreciate the support, and affirm their professional abilities. The fifth stage of "caring with": needs media adheres to the principles of non-profit and non-reciprocity, and invites partners with similar caring concepts to join the ranks of social care through media.

中文部分
D. J. Clandinin & F. M. Connelly, 蔡敏玲、余曉雯（譯）（2003）。《敘說探究：質性研究中的經驗與故事》。心理。（原著出版年：2000）
Kim, J.-H, 張曉佩、卓秀足（譯）(2018)。《理解敘說探究：以故事的雕琢與分析作為研究》。心理。
Lieblich, A.,Tuval-Mashiach, R.,Zilber, T., 吳芝儀（譯）（2008）。《敘事研究：閱讀、分析與詮釋》。濤石文化。
三民輔考（2020）。《行政學完全攻略》。三民輔考資訊。
中華華美媒體傳播協會（2020）。《Hello您好！我們是needs！您絕對不會後悔認識我們》。中華華美媒體傳播協會。
尤建捷（2017）。《裘馨氏肌肉失養症成人生命故事之敘事研究》（博士論文，國立彰化師範大學）。台灣博碩士論文加值系統。https://hdl.handle.net/11296/u279gx
方志華（2001）。〈關懷倫理學相關理論開展在社會正義及教育上的意涵〉。《教育研究集刊》， 46，31-51。
王文科、王智弘（2010）。〈質性研究的信度和效度〉。《彰化師大教育學報》，17，29-50。https://doi:10.6769/JENCUE.201006.0029
王勇智、鄧明宇合譯(2003)。《敘說分析》。五南。
王淑女（1999）。〈大眾傳播媒體對青少年暴力行為的影響〉。《犯罪學期刊》，4，53-81。
王順堂（2011）。《非營利組織成員參與動機與組織承諾之相關研究－以我國後備軍人輔導組織為例》（碩士論文，臺灣師範大學）。台灣博碩士論文加值系統。https://hdl.handle.net/11296/v5qvgs
巨克毅（2012）。〈宗教共同體與宗教大同的反思〉。《宗教哲學》，(61)，25-40。
何國華（2020年1月9日）。〈美國非營利新聞贏得信任持續成長〉。岩花館－公共電視。https://rnd.pts.org.tw/Home/Article/FL20200109171619
何縕琪（2008）。〈原住民國中閱讀教學之行動研究〉。《中等教育》，59(1)，56-71。
吳秀瑾（2018）。〈關懷倫理學〉，載於王一奇（主編），《華文哲學百科》（2019 版本）。　　　　　URL=http://mephilosophy.ccu.edu.tw/entry.php?entry_name=關懷倫理學。
吳芝儀（2007）。《敘事研究：閱讀、詮釋與分析》。濤石。
吳夢（2015）。《關懷倫理取向下的公共新聞實踐研究》（碩士論文，世新大學）。台灣博碩士論文加值系統。https://hdl.handle.net/11296/zqg28f
施安祈（2022）。《走在我的探索之路—長期接觸探索教育課程學生自我覺察之自我敘說研究》。（碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學）。台灣博碩士論文加值系統。https://hdl.handle.net/11296/53q6gc
胡元輝（2012b）。〈人人都可以重建新聞業《weReport》在台灣媒改運動中的定位與挑戰〉。《司法改革雜誌》，89，50-53。
胡元輝（2019）。〈數位崩壞時代通往知情社會的鑰匙：公視新聞的核心價值〉，《開鏡》，7，頁8-12。
胡元輝、李岳昇、韋苡爭、陳雅萱、陳佳君、陳威諭、黃汝華、辜子桓、劉昀峰（2010）。《全球崛起的公民媒體：新聞革命進行式》。允晨文化。
胡幼慧、姚美華（1996）。〈一些質性方法上的思考：信度與效度？如何抽樣？如何收集資料、登陸與分析〉。載於胡幼慧（主編），《質性研究-理論、方法及本土女性研究實例》，（頁141－157）。巨流。
韋斯特、董立（2010）。《美國傳媒體制的興衰》。北京大學出版社。
埃默里著（2009）。《美國新聞史—大眾傳播媒介解釋史》（展江譯）。中國人民大學出版社。https://joy.org.tw/holyspirit.asp?num=8529
馬雨沛（2017）。《Arendt與傳播倫理─2位記者的「新聞」判斷與人道關懷研究》（博士論文，國立臺灣師範大學）。台灣博碩士論文加值系統。https://hdl.handle.net/11296/a6wv44
高淑清(2008)。《質性研究的18堂課》。麗文文化事業。
張本原（2021）。《私藏讀本公共管理》。志光教育文化。
張自賢（2013）。《臺灣餐廳國際化發展之個案研究》。（碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學）。台灣博碩士論文加值系統。取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/45h92n
張德永（2005）。〈非營利組織的特性、功能與發展趨勢〉。《Ｔ＆Ｄ飛訊期刊》，36，6-24。
張鴻邦（2020年11月30日）〈何謂公共媒體？〉。媒體素養教育資源網。https://mlearn.moe.gov.tw/TopicArticle/PartData?key=10656&aid=EqTvSjm3eBCueYirrzfJbLZyHA3oeJuLCYDe6jIFGLs=
教育部（1981）。《重編國語辭典》。臺灣商務印書館。
教育部電子報（2015年4月9日）。〈非營利組織(NPO)〉。教育部電子報。https://epaper.edu.tw/vocabulary.aspx?vocabulary_sn=581
梅爾文·L.德弗勒與埃弗雷特·E.丹尼斯著（1989）。《大眾傳播通論》（嚴建軍等譯）。華夏出版社。
莊雅婷（2013）。《臺灣母親在新加坡的跨文化母職教養經驗之研究》（博士論文，國立臺灣師範大學）。台灣博碩士論文加值系統。https://hdl.handle.net/11296/e4dpy6
莊璧綺（2019年1月15日）。〈以「有感」調查改變世界！非營利媒體ProPublica：我們的力量來自讀者〉。報導者。https://www.twreporter.org/a/media-revolution-propublica
陳世賢（2017年2月21日）。實踐神學基本功：牧養循環。https://practicaltheologysite.wordpress.com/2017/02/21/實踐神學基本功：牧養循環/
陳正雄（2005）。《經營理念與客戶關係管理－以震旦行為例》（碩士論文，逢甲大學）。台灣博碩士論文加值系統。https://hdl.handle.net/11296/n8szag
陳向明（2002）。《社會科學質的硏究》。五南圖書。
陳映式（2014）。〈美國非營利新聞模式的探索與創新〉。《中國記者》。2014，9，119-121。
陳泰伶（2014）。《從媒體倫理論新聞媒體自律之基礎與必要性》（碩士論文，東海大學）。台灣博碩士論文加值系統。https://hdl.handle.net/11296/y6af59
陳欽春（2006）。〈企業與社會的鑲嵌與接軌：企業社會責任的省思〉。中華發展基金管理會主辦政府與企業法制關係學術研討會。
陸中明（2008）。〈數位時代的公共廣播：出國報告(出國類別：考察)〉。公務出國報告資訊網。https://report.nat.gov.tw/ReportFront/PageSystem/reportFileDownload/C09800360/001
彭增軍（2019）。〈“創可貼” 還是 “靈芝草”：非營利新聞能拯救新聞業嗎？〉《新聞記者》，2 。
彭錦鵬、江瑞祥與許耿銘（2011）。〈非營利組織績效評量指標之建構〉。《政治科學論叢》， 49，125-160。
曾信熹 (2006)。《偶發事件對諮商心理師專業發展影響之敘說》（碩士論文，臺灣師範大學）。華藝線上圖書館系統。（系統編號U0021-2304200714103206）
馮建三（2002）。〈建立公集團電視:台灣媒體政策的第三階段〉。《立法院院聞月刊》，30（2），34-47
董家驊（2019）。《21世紀門徒現場：實踐神學新探索》。校園書房。
董家驊（2019年6月4日）。〈實踐神學懶人包〉。教會實踐文化。https://daviddoong.wordpress.com/2019/06/04/實踐神學懶人包/
管中祥（2020）。〈傳播媒體的本質、信仰良知與社會責任〉。《女宣雜誌》，445。 http://gospel.pct.org.tw/AssociatorMagazine.aspx?strTID=4&strISID=445&strMAGID=M2019123104803
趙良慧（2021a）。〈廣播主持人職能歷程與轉化學習之研究－以第三年齡退休人士為例〉。載於中華民國社區教育學會（主編），《活躍樂齡與地方創生》。（初版，頁253-277）。師大書苑發行。
趙良慧（2021b）。〈台灣高齡者世代認同的知識轉譯創作－以「穿越時代，再愛一次」演出文本為例〉。中華民國社區教育學會（主編），《社區教育學會四十週年紀念專書第一輯：社區成人教育與高齡學習》。（初版，頁247-276）。師大書苑發行。
趙良慧（2021年10月16日）。〈非營利根源於信仰與哲思的兩個不同理論基礎〉。Louise愛的生活家隨筆。https://louisechao.blogspot.com/2021/10/blog-post.html
劉惠芬（2008）。《數字媒體應用教程》。機械工業出版社。
潘淑滿（2003）。《質性研究－理論與應用》。心理。
鄭貞銘（2014）。《美國大眾傳播（增修本）》。台灣商務印書館。
儒勒.米什萊（2018）。《論女性》。上海社會科學院。
蕭景容（2003）。《敘事取向生涯諮商中當事人之改變歷程》（碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學）。台灣博碩士論文加值系統。https://hdl.handle.net/11296/2hf83a
蕭新煌、官有垣與陸宛蘋（2017）。《非營利部門：組織與運作（第三版）》。巨流圖書公司。
賴麗萍（2010）。《走在文化心靈之旅的道路上，三位馬來西亞第二付華人的生命歷程與文化認同之敘說》。（碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學）。台灣博碩士論文加值系統。https://hdl.handle.net/11296/59483m
羅世宏等譯(2008)。《質性資料分析文本、影像及聲音》。五南。
羅利‧葛林（2012）。《做神學：一同走進處境神學》。基督教文藝。
 
西文部分
Almiron-Roig, N. (2011). From financialization to low and non-profit: Emerging media models for freedom. Triple C: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society, 9(1), 39-61.
Anderson, R. S. (2001). The shape of practical theology: Empowering ministry with theological praxis. InterVarsity Press.
Ary, D., Jacobs, C., & Sorensen, C. (2010). Introduction to research in education(8th ed.). Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Atkinson, R.(1998). The life story interview. Sage.
Babbie, E. (2005). The basics of research. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth, 5(7), 8.
BBC(2020). BBC Annual Report and Accounts 2019/20. Retrieved 02 July 2021. From http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/reports/annualreport/2019-20.pdf P.50
BBC(2021a). Mission, values and public purposes : The Royal Charter states that the BBC’s object is the fulfilment of its Mission and the promotion of its Public Purposes. Retrieved 06 April 2021. From https://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/governance/mission
Beam, Randal A., Brownlee, Bonnie J., Di Cicco, Damon T. & Weaver, David H. (2009) .Journalism And Public Service In Troubled Times. Journalism Studies. http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/3/7/4/9/4/p374940_index.html
Bochner, A. P. (1997). It's about time: Narrative and the divided self. Qualitative Inquiry, 3(4), 418-438.
Briggs, A., & Burke, P. (2009). A social history of the media: From Gutenberg to the Internet. Polity.
Britannica, T. (2020, May 7). Associated Press. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Associated-Press
Bruner, J. (1986). Actual minds: Possible worlds. Harvard University Press.
Bubeck, Diemut(1995). Care, Gender and Justice. Clarendon Press.
Buzzanell, P. (2011). Feminist discursive ethics. In G. Cheney, S. May, & D. Munshi (Eds.), The handbook of communication ethics ( pp. 64-83 ). Routledge.
Cagé, J. (2016). Saving the media: capitalism, crowdfunding, and democracy. Harvard University Press.
Cahalan, K. A. and Mikoski, G. S. (2014). Opening the Field of Practical Theology: An Introduction. Rowman & Littlefield.
Camponez, C. (2014). Between truth and respect–towards an ethics of care in journalism. Comunicação e Sociedade, 25, 124-136.
Center for Investigative Reporting (n.d.). About Us. The Center for Investigative Reporting. https://revealnews.org/about-us/
Center for Public Integrity(n.d.). WHO WE ARE. The Center for Public Integrity. https://publicintegrity.org/about/
Chase, S. E. (2003). Learning to listen: Narrative principles in a qualitative research methods course. In R. Josselson, A. Lieblich, & D. P. McAdams (Eds.), Up close and personal: The teaching and learning of narrative research (pp. 79–99). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10486-005
Chicago Reporter(n.d.).Our History. Chicago Reporter. https://www.chicagoreporter.com/about/our-history/
Christian Science Monitor(n.d.).What is The Christian Science Monitor. The Christian Science Monitor. https://www.csmonitor.com/About
City Limits Magazine (n.d.).Our Mission and History. City Limits Magazine. https://citylimits.org/about-us/
Clandinin, D. J., & Connelly, F. M. (2004). Narrative inquiry: Experience and story in qualitative research. John Wiley & Sons.
Collins English Dictionary(n.d.) .Definition of not-for-profit organization. Collins. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/not-for-profit-organization
Council on Foundations(2015). 2015 THE IRS AND NONPROFIT MEDIA: A STEP FORWARD TOWARD CREATING A MORE INFORMED PUBLIC. https://www.cof.org/sites/default/files/documents/files/2015-nonprofit-media-report.pdf
Council on Foundations(n.d.). About us. COUNCIL ON FOUNDATIONS. https://cof.org/about
CPB(n.d.). Public Broadcasting Act of 1967. Corporation for Public Broadcasting. https://www.cpb.org/aboutpb/act/
Curran, J. & Gurevitch, M. (Eds.) (2005) .Mass Media and Society 4th edition. Arnold.
Denzin, N. K. (1989). The research act : A theoretical introduction to sociological methods. Prentice Hall.
Dewey, J. (1997). Experience and education. Touchstone.(Original work published 1934)
Dey, I. (1993). Qualitative data analysis: A user-friendly guide for social scientists. Routledge.
Elliot J. Gorn(2021).The History of Mother Jones. Mother Jones. https://www.motherjones.com/about/history/
Ellis,C.,& Bochner, A.P.(2000). Auto ethnography, personal narrative, reflexivity: Researcher ssubject. In H.K. Denzin &Y.S .Lincoln(Eds.), The handbook of qualitative research(733-768). Sage.
Engster, D. (2007). The heart of justice: Care ethics and political theory. OUP Oxford.
European Broadcasting Union(2012). Empowering Society: A declaration on the core values of public service media. https://www.ebu.ch/files/live/sites/ebu/files/Publications/EBU-Empowering-Society_EN.pdf
Fair Observer(n.d.). Mission: Fair Observer aims to inform and educate global citizens of today and tomorrow. Fair Observer. https://www.fairobserver.com/about/
Foley, D. E. (2002). Critical ethnography: The reflexive turn. International journal of qualitative studies in education, 15(4), 469-490.
Foucault, M. (2005). The Hermeneutics of the Subject: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1981–1982. (Burchell, G. Trans.) Palgrave Macmillan.
Franklin, B. (Ed.). (2001). British television policy: a reader. Psychology Press.
Fry III, R. G. (2015). Non-profit news effect: a thesis on the changing dynamics of newsroom culture at an online web outlet. [Doctoral dissertation, Colorado State University]. https://hdl.handle.net/10217/167209
Gall, M. D., Gall, J. P., & Borg, W. R. (2007). Educational research: An introduction(8th ed.). Allyn and Bacon.
Garrau, M. (2015). Joan C. Tronto, Caring Democracy. Markets, Equality and Justice. New York, New York University Press, 2013, 228 p. Terrains/Théories, (3)
Groot, B. C., Vink, M., Haveman, A., Huberts, M., Schout, G., & Abma, T. A. (2019). Ethics of care in participatory health research: Mutual responsibility in collaboration with co-researchers. Educational Action Research, 27(2), 286-302.
Groot, Barbara & Vink, Mavi & Haveman, A. & Huberts, M. & Schout, Gert & Abma, Tineke. (2018). Ethics of care in participatory health research: mutual responsibility in collaboration with co-researchers. Educational Action Research. 27. 1-17.
Guensburg, Carol (2008).Nonprofit News. American Journalism Review. https://web.archive.org/web/20131016133427/http://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=4458
Halliday, M. A. K. (1973). Explorations in the functions of language. Edward Arnold.
Halwani, R. (2003). Care ethics and virtue ethics. Hypatia, 18(3), 161-192
Hamington, M. (2004). Embodied Care: Jane Addams, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and Feminist Ethics. University of Illinois Press.
Held, Virginia(2006). The Ethics of Care. Oxford University Press.
Hossain, M. D., & Aucoin, J. (2018). The ethics of care as a universal framework for global journalism. Journal of Media Ethics, 33(4), 198-211. https://www.cleverism.com/lexicon/management-philosophy/
Ilma Ibrisevic(2022, July 29). Nonprofit Journalism: Funding, Surviving, and Thriving. Donorboxblog. https://donorbox.org/nonprofit-blog/nonprofit-journalism-funding/
INN(n.d.a).INN accelerates and shapes the emerging field of nonprofit news. INSTITUTE FOR NONPROFIT NEWS. https://inn.org/about/who-we-are/
INN(n.d.b). INN builds the field of nonprofit news through the following programs and initiatives. INSTITUTE FOR NONPROFIT NEWS. https://inn.org/about/our-work/
INN(n.d.c).Transforming how communities support the journalism that serves them. INSTITUTE FOR NONPROFIT NEWS. https://inn.org/about/our-work/newsmatch/
InsideClimate News(n.d.). About Us. InsideClimate News. https://insideclimatenews.org/about/
iResearchNet(n.d.). Media Sociology. SOCIOLOGY RESEARCH. http://sociology.iresearchnet.com/media-sociology/
Kim, J. H. (2015). Understanding narrative inquiry: The crafting and analysis of stories as research. Sage publications.
Kittay, Eva Feder(1999). Love’s Labor: Essays on Women, Equality and Dependency. Routledge.
Kittay, Eva Feder(2005). Dependency, difference and the global ethic of lonterm care. The Journal of Political Philosophy, (13)4, 443-469.
Knight Foundation(2013). About the report .Knight Foundation.　https://knightfoundation.org/features/nonprofitnews/
Kvale, S. (1996). Interviews: An Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing. Sage.
Langley A.(1999).Strategies for theorizing from process data. Academy of Management Review, 24(4), 691-710.
Leigh A. & Hopewell N. (2018, July 31). A Technology Capability Framework for broadcasters. Technology and Creativity at the BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/internet/authors/02008f38-495b-406e-ba22-3be22aba4fd7
Lichterman, J.(2018, January 31). How The Christian Science Monitor rethought its workflows with its readers in mind. The Lenfest Institute for Journalism. https://www.lenfestinstitute.org/solution-set/christian-science-monitor-revamped-workflows-readers-mind/
Lieblich, A., Tuval-Mashiach, R., & Zilber, T. (1998). Narrative research: Reading, analysis, and interpretation (Vol. 47). Sage.
Lincoln, Y. S. & Guba, E. G.(1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. Sage.
Lynch, D. (1998). Monitoring Web users' whims at CSMonitor. American Journalism Review, 20(2), 14-15.
Marinaccio, Michael (2016, May 15). It’s time for nonprofit media organizations : Profit-journalism has failed to uphold news as a public good. Medium. https://medium.com/@Marinaccio/its-time-for-nonprofit-media-organizations-c5da3de97c4b
Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (2006). Designing qualitative research (4th ed.). Sage.
Maxwell, J. H. (1992). Understanding and validity in qualitative research. Harvard Educational Review, 62(3), 279-300.
McBride, K. (2002, November 15). The ethics of justice and care in the American media: A tale of two reporters. Poynter. https://www.poynter.org/archive/2002/the-ethics-of-justice-and-care-in-the-american-media/
McLaren, A. (2001). Ethical and social considerations of stem cell research. Nature, 414(6859), 129-131.
Merleau-Ponty, M. (2013). Phenomenology of perception. Routledge.
Merriam, S. B. (1988). Case study research in education: A qualitative approach. Jossey-Bass.
Minn Post (n.d.). About Us. MINNPOST. https://www.minnpost.com/about/
MinnPost(n.d.).About Us:Our Mission. MinnPost. https://www.minnpost.com/about/
Mishler, E. G. (1995). Models of narrative analysis: A typology. Journal of narrative and life history, 5(2), 87-123.
Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. Sage publications.
Ms. Magazine(n.d.). Ms. History. Ms. Magazine. https://msmagazine.com/about/
Norlock, Kate (2011, March 22). Sara Ruddick, 1935-2011 [updated again]. Feminist Philosophers. https://feministphilosophers.wordpress.com/2011/03/22/Sara-ruddick-1935-2011/
NPR (n.d.a). About NPR. NPR. https: //www.npr.org/about/
O’Reilly, Andrea( 2009). Maternal Thinking: Philosophy, Politics, Practice. Demeter Press.
Osterwalder, A., Pigneur, Y., & Tucci, C. L. (2005). Clarifying business models: Origins, present, and future of the concept. Communications of the association for Information Systems, 16(1), 1.
Partridge, Rob (1971, November 13). Radio in London. Billboard. https://www.billboard.com/c/business/radio/
Pettigrew A.M.(1997).What is a processual analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 13(4), 337-348.
Pinnegar, S., & Daynes, J. G. (2007). Locating narrative inquiry historically. Handbook of narrative inquiry: Mapping a methodology, 3-34.
Polkinghorne, D. E. (1988). Narrative knowing and the human sciences. Suny Press.
Polkinghorne, D. E. (1995). Narrative configuration in qualitative analysis. International journal of qualitative studies in education, 8(1), 5-23.
Press, G., (1990). Assessing competitors business philosophies. Long Range planning, 23(5), 71.
ProPublica(n.d.a). About Us. The Mission. ProPublica. https://www.propublica.org/about/
ProPublica(n.d.b). Awards. ProPublica . https://www.propublica.org/awards/
ProPublica(n.d.c). ProPublica Staff. ProPublica .https://www.propublica.org/staff/
Pulitzer, J. (1904). The College of Journalism. The North American Review, 178(570), 641–680. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25119561
Rachels, J., & Rachels, S. (2012). The Elements of Moral Philosophy 7e. McGraw Hill..
Reason, P., and H. Bradbury, eds.(2001). Handbook of Action Research: Participative Inquiry and Practice. Sage.
Riessman, C. K. (1993). Narrative analysis (Vol. 30). Sage.
Ritzer, G. and D. Goodman (2004).Sociological theory(6th ed). McGraw-Hill
Robinson, J.A. , & Hawpe, L. (1986). Narrative thinking as a heuristic process. In T. R. Sarbin (Ed.), Narrative psychology (pp. 111-125). Praeger .
Ruddick, Sara.(1980). Maternal Thinking. Feminist Studies 6 (Summer 1980): 342-67.
Ruddick, Sara.(1989). Maternal Thinking: Toward a Politics of Peace. Ballantine Books.
Sassoon, David (2016, Jul. 20). 7 Things You Need To Know about Non-Profit Journalism. Medium. https://medium.com/insideclimate-news/seven-things-you-need-to-know-about-non-profit-journalism-f1409b95fdad#.dpganivpp
Schaffer, Jan (2013, June 10).Pew: Non-Profit Journalism Sites Need Diversified Revenues for Survival. MEDIASHIFT. https://mediashift.org/2013/06/pew-non-profit-journalism-sites-confident-need-diversified-reveunes/
Seidman, I. (2006). Interviewing as Qualitative Research: A Guide for Researchers in Education and the Social Sciences. Teachers college press.
Sevenhuijsen, S. (1998). Citizenship and the Ethics of Care. Routledge
Shearman, Sarah (2009, April 21). BBC Worldwide wins Queen's Enterprise award. CAMPAIGN. https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/bbc-worldwide-wins-queens-enterprise-award/900033?src_site=mediaweek
Slote, Michael(2007). The Ethics of Care and Empathy. New York: Routledge
Smith, D. W., & Thomasson, A. L. (2005). Phenomenology and philosophy of mind. Clarendon Press.
Steiner, L., & Okrusch, C. M. (2006). Care as a virtue for journalists. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 21(2-3), 102-122.
Stern, R. J. (2008). Stakeholder theory and media management: Ethical framework for news company executives. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 23(1), 51-65.
Terada, Erin (2020). Challenges Faced By Non-Profit Media. Indy Media. https://indymediaic.wordpress.com/2020/10/28/challenges-faced-by-non-profit-media/
The American Prospect(2021). The American Prospect : An independent voice for liberal thought.　 THE AMERICAN PROSPECT. https://prospect.org/about
THE ASSOCIATED PRESS (2021).Our mission is to advance the power of facts. AP. https://www.ap.org/about/our-story/
The Christian Science Monitor(n.d.).What is The Christian Science Monitor. The Christian Science Monitor. https://www.csmonitor.com/About
The Iowa Center for Public Affairs Journalism (n.d.). About. IowaWatch. https://www.iowawatch.org/about/
The Marshall Project(n.d.). About Us. The Marshall Project. https://www.themarshallproject.org/about
The New Criterion(n.d.). On the front lines of the battle for culture. The New Criterion. https://newcriterion.com/about
The Texas Tribune(2022, Nov. 14). About Us. THE TEXAS TRIBUNE. https://www.texastribune.org/about/
The Trace (n.d). Our Mission. THE TRACE. https://www.thetrace.org/about-the-trace/
The Wisconsin Investigative Center(n.d). How we work. Wisconsin watch. https://wisconsinwatch.org/about/how-we-work/
Tronto, J. C. (1993) .Moral Boundaries: A Political Argument for an Ethic of Care. Routledge.
Tronto, J. C. (2009). Joan Tronto. Ethics of care. https://ethicsofcare.org/joan-tronto/
Tronto, J. C. (2013a). The challenges of medical care in a caring democracy. Ethos: Interdisciplinary Ethics Platform. University of Lausanne. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=91g5IvWDhqk
Tronto, J. C. (2013b). Caring Democracy: Markets, Equality, and Justice. New York University Press.
Vanacker, B., & Breslin, J. (2006). Ethics of care: More than just another tool to bash the media?. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 21(2-3), 196-214.
Vanacker, B., & Breslin, J. (2006). Ethics of care: More than just another tool to bash the media?. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 21(2-3), 196-214.
Vinney, Cynthia(2019, April 19).What Is Uses and Gratifications Theory? Definition and Examples. ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/uses-and-gratifications-theory-4628333
Voice of San Diego (n.d.). Our Story and Mission. VOICE of SAN DIEGO. https://voiceofsandiego.org/about-us/our-mission/
Ward, K. (1989). Mass Communications and the Modern World. Macmillan Education. Basingstoke.
West, D. M. (2001). The rise and fall of the media establishment. ST.
Whyte, W. F. (1984). Learning Form the Field: A Guide from Experience. Sage Publications.
Wu, H. D., & Lambert, C. A. (2016). Impediments to journalistic ethics: How Taiwan’s media market obstructs news professional practice. Journal of Media Ethics, 31(1), 35-50.
Yin, R. K. (1994). Case study research: Design and methods, 2d ed. Sage.