尚-巴蒂斯特・卡密爾・柯洛（Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot，1796–1875) 以其抒情風景畫而聞名。柯洛在多幅的風景畫中描繪了平靜與和諧的場景，使人聯想起古羅馬詩人維吉爾 (Virgil，70–19 BC) 對阿卡迪亞理想世界的描繪。對此，與柯洛同時代的藝評家泰奧菲爾・哥提耶 (Théophile Gautier，1811–1872) 也經常將其作品與維吉爾進行比較。有鑑於此，本文將闡明柯洛如何在他的風景畫中體現阿卡迪亞的思想。

針對該議題，本文首先聚焦在柯洛作品《阿卡迪亞的牧羊人》，將其與阿卡迪亞傳統形象相關的繪畫進行圖像分析。接著在第二章，透過柯洛本身對阿卡迪亞思想的理解，以及當時社會背景對他的影響，進一步釐清柯洛大量創作阿卡迪亞意象風景畫的原因。最後，在第三章，筆者將從更廣的視角來理解柯洛的阿卡迪亞思想，分析這位藝術家如何跳脫傳統的先入之見，在風景畫中創造屬於他個人的阿卡迪亞意境。經過上述分析，本文旨在闡明如何識別柯洛的阿卡迪亞風景畫作，並說明他在阿卡迪亞思想的詮釋上，與其他藝術家的區別。透過重新審視柯洛的阿卡迪亞風景畫，我們獲得了新的解讀視角，他的風景畫不僅體現了他個人的理想世界，也反映了他人的烏托邦。

Known for his lyrical landscape paintings, the French artist Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot (1796–1875) made a specialty of depicting calm and harmonious scenes that are seen as ideal retreats, recalling the Arcadian imaginary. Théophile Gautier (1811–1872), the art critic of the time, often compared Corot’s landscape paintings to the ancient Roman poet Virgil (70–19 BC). The aim of this thesis is therefore to clarify the relationship existing between Corot’s art and the Arcadian imaginary by analyzing the visual and textual evidence that contributed to this association.

To tackle this issue, the current thesis will conduct an iconographic investigation by first analyzing in detail Corot's paintings that are connected to the traditional images of Arcadia, in particular his Shepherds of Arcadia (Fig. 1). Next, we will explore the reasons behind the artist’s creation of numerous Arcadian landscape paintings, focusing on Corot’s own understanding of Arcadia and the social background of the time. Finally, we will examine how Corot breaks with tradition and builds his own Arcadian vision in his landscape paintings and see how the embodiment of Arcadia has been (re)articulated in various disguises. This paper seeks to clarify how to identify Corot's Arcadian landscape paintings and how his interpretation in this respect distinguishes Corot among artists. By reconsidering Corot’s Arcadian landscapes, we gain a new interpretive perspective; that is, his landscapes both depict his own ideal world and the utopias of others.

Printed Literature
Baudelaire, Charles, Art in Paris, 1845–62: Salons and Other Exhibitions Reviewed by Charles Baudelaire, New York: Phaidon Press, 1981
Burty, Philippe, Exposition de l’oeuvre de Corot à l’école Nationale des Beaux-Arts, Paris: Typographie Jules-Juteau et fils: 1875
Cafritz, Robert C., Lawrence Gowing and David Rosand, eds., Places of Delight: The Pastoral Landscape, Washington, D.C.: Phillips Collection, 1988
Cantor, Sarah, “The Pastoral Landscape: Politics, Poetry, and Piety in the 17th Century,” in: Klare Scarborough and Susan M. Dixon, eds., Art and Social Change: Essays on the Collection of La Salle University Art Museum, Philadelphia: La Salle University Art Museum, 2016, pp. 17–33
Clarke, Michael, Corot and the Art of Landscape, New York: Abbeville Press, 1991
Conisbee, Philip, Sarah Faunce and Jeremy Strick, eds., The Light of Italy: Corot and Early Open-Air Painting, Washington: National Gallery Washington, 1996
Courthion, Pierre and Pierre Cailler, Corot, raconté par lui-même et par ses amis, vol. 1, Geneva, 1946
Curtius, Ernst Robert, European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages, translated by Willard R. Trask, Bollingen Series, no. 35, New York: Pantheon Books, 1953
Davis, Gregson, ed., Virgil’s Eclogues, translated by Len Krisak, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010
Eiling, Alexander, “‘Immer das Gleiche: ein Meisterwerk’ Corots späte Landschaften,” in: Margret Stuffmann and Dorit Schafer et al., Camille Corot: Natur und Traum, Heidelberg Berlin: Kehrer Verlag, 2012, pp. 409–415
Erwin Panofsky, Meaning in the Visual Arts, New York: Doubleday, 1955 edition (first published in 1936)
Ford, Caroline, “Nature, Culture and Conservation in France and Her Colonies 1840-1940,” Past & Present, no. 183, 2004
Fry, Roger, “French Art of the Nineteenth Century-Paris,” in: The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs 40, no. 231, 1922, pp. 271–79
Girard, Marie-Hélène, Bonjour, Monsieur Corot. Ensemble des articles de 1836 à 1872, Paris: Nouvelles Editions Séguier, 1996
Hall, Henry Marion, Idylls of Fishermen: A History of the Literary Species, New York: Columbia University Press, 1912
Henriet, Frédéric, Le paysagiste aux champs, Paris: A. Lévy, 1876
Holberton, Paul, A History of Arcadia in Art and Literature, 2 vols., London: ‎Ad Ilissvm, 2022
Hours, Madeleine, Corot (Masters of Art), New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1984
Jolivet, Anna, “Les lacunes du discours historiographique sur la peinture vénitienne en France au XIXe siècle,” in: Revue des Sciences Sociales, no. 44, 2010, pp. 48–55
Kenneth, Clark, Landscape into Art, New York: Harper and Row, 1979
Lafargue, Marc, Corot, Paris, 1925
Leymarie, Jean, Corot, translated by Stuart Gilbert, Geneva: Skira; New York: Rizzoli, 1979
Liversidge, Michael J. H., “Virgil in Art,” in: Charles Martindale, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Virgil, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp. 91–103
Lomazzo, Giovan Paolo, Trattato dell’arte de la pittura, Milan: Paolo Gottardo Pontio, 1584, book 6, chap. 61, pp. 473–74
Markiewicz, Henryk, “Ut Pictura Poesis: A History of the Topos and the Problem,” in: New Literary History 18, no. 3, 1987, pp. 535–58
Martin, Pauline, “Le Flou of the Painter Cannot Be le Flou of the Photographer. An Ambivalent Notion in Mid-Nineteenth Century French Photographic Criticism,” translated by James Gussen, in: Études photographiques, 5 May 2010, pp. 1–12
Martin, Pauline, Le flou et la photographie. Histoire d’une rencontre (1676-1985), Paris: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2023
McWilliam, Neil, Dreams of Happiness: Social Art and the French Left, 1830-1850, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993
Neset, Arne, Arcadian Waters and Wanton Seas: The Iconology of Waterscapes in Nineteenth-Century Transatlantic Culture, Oxford: Peter Lang Ltd International Academic Publishers, 2009
Nochlin, Linda, Bathers, Bodies, Beauty: The Visceral Eye, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006
Nochlin, Linda, Making It Modern: Essays on the Art of the Now, edited by Aruna D’Souza, London: Thames & Hudson, 2022
Pace, Claire, “Peace and Tranquility of Mind: The Theme of Retreat and Poussin’s Landscapes,” in: Keith Christiansen and Pierre Rosenberg, eds., Poussin and Nature: Arcadian Visions, New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2008, pp. 73–89
Pantazzi, Michael, Vincent Pomarède, and Gary Tinterow, eds., Corot, New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1996
Pomarède, Vincent, Chiara Stefani and Gérard Wallens, eds., Corot, un artiste et son temps, Paris: Klincksieck, 1998
Pomarède, Vincent, Corot: Extraordinary Landscapes, New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1996
Rishel, Joseph J., Gauguin, Cézanne, Matisse: Visions of Arcadia, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012
Robaut, Alfred, L’oeuvre de Corot, 4 vols., Paris: H. Floury, 1905
Rosenmeyer, Thomas G., The Green Cabinet: Theocritus and the European Pastoral Lyric, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1969
Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin, Étude sur Virgile, Paris: Michel Levy Frères, 1870
Schama, Simon, Landscape and Memory, New York City: Vintage, 1996
Silvestre, Théophile, Histoire des artistes vivants, français et étrangers, peintres, sculpteurs, architectes, graveurs, photographes: études d'après nature, (Corot, peintre), Paris: E. Blanchard, ancienne maison Hetzel, 1853
Smith, Nicholas D., “Jacopo Sannazaro’s ‘Eclogae Piscatoriae (1526)’ and the ‘Pastoral Debate’ in Eighteenth-Century England,” in: Studies in Philology 99, no. 4, 2002, pp. 432–50
Snell, Bruno, “Arcadia: The Discovery of a Spiritual Landscape,” in: The Discovery of the Mind: the Greek Origins of European Thought, translated by T.G. Rosenmeyer, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1953, pp. 281–309
Starzyk, Lawerence, ‘‘Ut pictura poesis:’ The Nineteenth-Century Perspective,” in: The Victorian Newsletter, no. 102, Fall 2002, pp. 1–9
Stuffmann, Margret and Dorit Schafer et al., Camille Corot: Natur und Traum, Heidelberg Berlin: Kehrer Verlag, 2012
Thomas, Kerstin, “Corot und die Ästhetik der Rêverie,” in: Margret Stuffmann and Dorit Schafer et al., Camille Corot: Natur und Traum, Heidelberg Berlin: Kehrer Verlag, 2012, pp. 363–373
Ulrich, Wolfgang, Die Geschichte der Unschärfe, Berlin: Verlag Klaus Wagenbach, 2002
Valenciennes, Pierre-Henri, Éléments de perspective pratique à l’usage des artistes, suivis de réflexions et conseils à un élève sur la peinture et particulièrement sur le genre du paysage, Paris: Chez l’Auteur, Desenne Libraire and Duprat Libraire, 1799
Watelet, Claude-Henri, Dictionnaire des arts de peinture, sculpture et gravure, Paris: L. F. Prault, 1792
Werth, Margaret, The Joy of Life: The Idyllic in French Art, circa 1900, Oakland: University of California Press, 2002
Wilton, Andrew and Ilaria Bignamini, eds, The Grand Tour: The Lure of Italy in the Eighteenth Century, London: Tate Gallery Publishing, 1996
Wissman, Fronia E., “Arbres torturés, ailes de fées : les sources des peintures de Salon de Corot,” in: Vincent Pomarède, Chiara Stefani and Gérard Wallens, eds., Corot, un artiste et son temps, Paris: Klincksieck, 1998, pp. 247–278
Yanoviak, Eileen, “From Vue to Souvenir: Time, Memory, and Place in Corot’s Late Landscape,” in: Southeastern College Art Conference Review 16, 2012, pp. 171–189
Online Sources
“Souvenir”, in: the website of Dictionnaire de l’Académie Française, 1798, (fifth edition), URL: https://www.dictionnaire-academie.fr/article/A5S1226 (Sighted 21 January 2025)
“The Ferryman,” in: the website of Metropolitan Museum of Art, URL: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/435969 (Sighted 29 December 2024)