摘要
本研究以病例對照研究法探討大台北地區痛風男性其飲食及非飲食危險因子。自民國八十七年七月至八十八年八月於台北市立和平醫院痛風門診及痛風患者工作場所之同事，選取年齡介於20-70歲、家中有電話可連絡且居住於大台北地區的男性236位，以自行發展的結構式問卷與受訪個案進行面對面的訪談以收集資料。經由查閱病歷後，選取92位初診痛風男性與92位非痛風男性問卷資料進行統計分析。結果顯示，病例組之收縮壓、舒張壓、腰圍、臀圍、三頭肌皮層厚度、每月應酬頻率次數(p=0.043)、家族痛風史與家族糖尿病史均高於對照組且達顯著差異。對照組之每月食用蔬菜次數與每月食用水果次數高於病例組且達顯著差異(p=0.0174，p=0.0350)。分析飲食及營養素相關指標後發現，對照組之鈣、鐵、葉酸、維生素C攝取量均高於病例組，而病例組的酒精攝取量顯著高於對照組(p=0.0216)。對數迴歸分析於控制年齡、家族痛風史、家族糖尿病史、教育程度、收縮壓後，結果指出高腰圍組(>84公分)比低腰圍組得痛風危險性提高1.4倍(OR=2.414)。此外，飲食中富含鐵、葉酸及總膳食纖維的食物來源為痛風可能的保護因子(OR=0.003，OR=0.0024，OR=0.0193)。本研究的結論包括酒精為痛風最主要的危險因子;富含總膳食纖維與葉酸的食物可能為痛風的保護因子;並發現腰圍與罹患痛風比體重、三頭肌皮層厚度及身體質量指數的相關性更為顯著。

Abstract
The purpose of this case-control study was to explore potential dietary and lifestyle risk factors associated with gout. Between 1998-1999, we contacted 236 volunteers from the Gout Clinic in Taipei Municipal Ho-Ping Hospital and volunteers’ coworkers for this study. We conducted face-to-face interviews to collect dietary and lifestyle information by structured questionnaires. Final 92 male patients with gout and 92 controls without gout were included in the analysis.
The results showed that systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, waist girth, hip girth , triceps skinfold, the times of social dinner events after work were significantly higher in cases than controls. Family history of gout and diabetes mellitus were positively correlated with gout. Consumption of vegetables and fruits were significantly lower in cases than controls. Calcium, iron , folic acid and vitamin C intakes were lower in cases than controls. However, alcohol consumption was significantly higher in cases than controls.
Logistic regression analyses showed that hip girth, waist-hip ratio and systolic blood pressure increased risks for gout. The food sources rich in iron, vitamin B2 , vitamin C and folic acid may be protective for gout .After controlling for covariates including age, family history of gout and diabetes mellitus , education level and systolic blood pressure , we found high waist girth group (>84cm) showed an OR=2.414 compare to the lower group(<84cm). In addition, we found total dietary fiber, iron and folic acid may be protective.
In conclusion, this case-control study in Taiwan confirm that alcohol is the most significant risk for gout. Dietary factors such as total dietary fiber and folic acid may be protective. Waist girth shows a more significant effect than body weight, triceps skinfold and body mass index with gout occurrence .

參考文獻
壹、中文部份
方進隆 (1990）。長跑訓練和運動強度對青年男子血清尿酸的影響。中華民國體育協會體育學報, 12期, 115~142。
行政衛生署(民87)。國民營養現況 1993-1996國民營養健康狀況變遷調查結果。
何威德 (民75)。 臺灣常用食品的嘌呤和嘧啶含量之分析。中華營誌,11期(3,4),41-62。
余光輝、陳基益、吳詹永嬌、何輝煌、羅淑芬 (民82)。 痛風病人822例之臨床回溯分析。 風濕病雜誌,卷10(1.2期), 20-29.
李群輝、陳孝倫(民83)。紹興酒類中核甘酸之探討。酒類試驗所年報,139-164。
李群輝、陳孝倫(民84)。麥汁及啤酒中核甘酸之探討。酒類試驗所年報,137-159。
林助雄 (民84)。痛風症-食療保健法。台北:禾馬文化事業有限公司。
林孝義 (民86)。痛風與高尿酸血症。台北:健康世界出版社。
林寬佳 (民86)。 金湖鎮社區性高尿酸血症及痛風之流行病學研究。 國立陽明大學公共衛生研究所碩士論文。
金文彪 (民88)。國人高尿酸血症與飲食營養之關係-國民營養健康狀況變遷調查。 中國文化大學生活應用科學研究所碩士論文。
金惠民、王秀媛、金美雲、蘇秀悅、賴昭鴻 (民83)。 疾病.營養與膳食療養。台北:華香園出版社。
張惠貞（民80）。東勢地區農民高尿酸血症者居家生活、飲食習慣及其對痛風認知之調查研究。中華營誌,16,191-209。
陳再晉、游伯村（1995）。台北市成年市民之血糖、血清膽固醇、尿酸及肌酸酐調查報告。 Journal of Nephrology ROC, 9, 109-118.
陳建仁 (民88)。流行病學:原理與方法。台北:聯經出版社。
陳建仁（民88）。流行病學：原理與方法。台北：聯經出版社。
陳清朗 (民86)。痛風與高尿酸血症。台北:台灣新生報出版社。
黃政典 (民84)。高尿酸血症在台北市雙園與北投之流行病學調查。中華衛誌，卷14(3),220-227.
廖龍仁 (民85)。南投縣原住民高尿酸血症之病因探討-橫斷性研究。 中國醫藥學院環境醫學研究所碩士論文。
蔡明海（民80）。尿酸。腎臟與透析,3(1),10-19。
駱錫能、陳翠瑤、陳輝煌 (民85)。水產品嘌呤含量的分析。中華瑩誌,21(4),434-444.
謝明哲、葉松鈴 (民79)。膳食療養學實驗。台北醫學院保健營養學系。
謝博生 (民78)。臨床內科學 (檢驗篇) 。台北:醫學文摘出版社。

貳、英文部份
Abbott, R. D., Btand, F. N., Kannel, W. B., & Castelli, W. P. (1988). Gout and coronary artery disease:the Framilingham Study. J Clin Epidemiol, 41, 237-242.
Beighton, P. (1974). Serum Uric Acid Concentration In An Urbanized South African Negro Population. Annual of the Rheumatic Diseases, 33, 442-445.
Bellwood, P. (1991). The Austronesian dispersal and the origin of languages. Sci Am, 265, 70-75.
Berger, L., & Yu, T. F. (1975). Renal Function in Gout. American Journal of Medicine, 59,605-613.
Berkowitz, D. (1964). Blood Lipid and Uric acid Interrelationships. J.A.M.A.,190,856-858.
Bluhm, G. B., & Riddle, J. M. (1973). Platelets and vascular disease in gout. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2, 355-366.
Boss, G. R., Ragsdale, R. A., Zettner, A., & Seegmiller, J. E. (1980). Failure of folic acid(pteroylglutamic acid) to affect hyperuricemia. J Lab Clin Med, 96(5), 783-789.
Breckenridge, A. (1966). Hypertension and Hyperuricemia. Lancet, 1, 15-19.
Brule, D., Sarwar, G., & Savoie, L. (1988). Purine Content of Selected Canadian Food Products. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 1, 130-138.
Campion, E. W., Glynn, R. J., & Delabry, L. Q. (1987). Asymptomatic hyperuricemia : risks and consequences in the Normative Aging Study. American Journal of Medicine, 82, 421-426.
Chang, N. C. (1983). Rheumatic disease in China. J Rheumatol, 10 (s10), 41-5.
Chen, C. L., Kamatani, N., Nishioka, K., & Mikanagi, K. (1989). Clinical aspects of gouty patients in Taiwan. Advances Experimental Medicine and Biology,253,189-195.
Chonko, A. M. (1980). Urate secretion in isolated rabbit renal tubules. American Joural of Physiology, 239, 454-552.
Chou, C. T., Pain, L., Chang, D. M., Lee, C. F., & Liang, M. H. (1994). Prevalence of rheumatic disease in Taiwan. Journal of Rheumatology, 21, 302-306.
Chou, P., Soong, L. N., & Lin, H. Y. (1993). Commerunity-based epidemiologic study on hyperuricemia in Puli,Taiwan. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 92, 597-602.
Darmawan, J. Valkenburg, H. A., Muirden, K. D., & Wigley, R. D. (1992). The epidemiology of gout and hyperuricemia in a rural population of Java. Journal of Rheumatology, 19, 1595-1599.
Dieppe, P. A. (1991). Investigation and Management of Gout in the Young and the Elderly. Ann Rheum Dis, 50, 263-266.
Dodge, H. J., & Mikkelsen, W. M. (1970). Observation on the distribution of serum uric acid levels in participants of the Tecumseh ,Michigan ,community health studies. Joural of Chronic Diseases, 23,161-172.
Duffy, W. B., Senekjian, H. O., & Knight, T. F. (1981). Management of asymptomatic hyperuricemia. Journal of American Medical Association, 246, 2215-2216.
Eastmond, C. J., Garton., Robins, S., & Riddoch, S. (1995). The effect of Alcoholic beverages on urate metabolism in gout suffers. British Journal of Rheumatology, 34, 756-759.
Emmerso, B. T. (1991). Identification of the causes of persistent hyperuricemia. Lancet, 337, 1461-1463.
Faller, J., & Fox, I. H. (1982). Ethanol-induced Hyperuricemia: Evidence for Increase Urate Production by Activation of Adenine Nucleotide Turnover. New Engl J Med, 307, 1598-1602.
Fessel, W. J., & Barr, G. D. (1977). Uric acid, lean body weight, and creatinine interactions:regression analysis of 78 variables. Semin Arthritis Rheum, 7, 115-121.
Flanders, W. D., & Austin, H. (1986). Possibilty of selection bias in matched case-control studies using friend controls. American Journal of Epidemiology, 124, 150-153.
Fox, I. H., John, D., Debruyne, S., & Dwosh, I. (1985). Hyperuricemia and hypertriglyceridemia metabolic basis for the association. Metabolism, 34, 741-746.
Goldburt, U., Medalie, J. H., Herman, J. B., & Neufeld, H. N. (1979). Serum Uric Acid:Correlation with biochemical、Anthropometric、Clinical and Behavioral parameters in 10,000 Israeli men. J Chron Dis, 33, 435-443.
Gurwitz, J. H., Kalish, S. C., Bohn, R. L., Glynn, R. J., Monane, M., Mogun, H., & Avorn, J. (1997). Thiazide Diuretics and the Initiation of Anti-Gout Therapy. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 50(8),953-959.
Hall, A. P., Barry, P. E., Dawber, T. R., & McNamara, P. M. (1967). Epidemiology of gout and hyperuricemia:A long term population study. American Joural of Medicine, 42, 27-37.
Hochberg, M. C., Thomas, J., Thomas, D. J., Mead, L., Levine, D. M., & Klag, M. J. (1995). Racial Differences in the Incidence of Gout. Arthritis Rheum, 38(5), 628-632.
Holland, N. W., Jost, D., Beutler, A., Schumacher, H. R., & Agudelo, C. A. (1996). Finger Pad Tophi in Gout. Journal of Rheumatology, 23, 690-692.
Kannel, W. B. (1987). Metabolic risk factors for coronary heart disease in woman: perspective from the Framingham study. Am Heart J, 114, 413-419.
Kelly, W. N., Harris, E. D., Ruddy, S., & Sledge, C. B. (Eds.). (1989). Textbook of Rheumatology. Philadelphia: WB Sanuders.
Klein, R., Klein, B. E., Cornoni, J. C., Marenduy, J., Cassel, J. C., & Tyroler, H. A. (1973). Serum uric acid : Its relationship to coronary heart disease risk factors and cardiovascular disease, Evans Country, Georgia. Archives of Internal Medicine, 132, 401-410.
Klemp, P., Stansfield, S. A., Castle, B., & Robertson, M. C. (1997). Gout is on the increase in New Zealand. Ann Rheum Dis, 56, 22-26.
Koh, W. H., Seah, A., & Chia, P. (1998). Clinical Presentation and Disease Association of Gout : A Hospital-based Study of 100 Patients in Singapore. Annuals of Academy Medicine Singapore, 27, 7-10.
Lally, E. W., Ho, G. R., & Kaplan, S. R. (1986). The clinical spectrum of gouty arthritis in women. Archives of Internal Medicine,146, 2221-2225.
Lawrence, R. C., Hochberg, M. C., & Kelsey, J. L. (1989). Estimates of the prenalence of selected arthritic and musculoskeletal diseases in the United States. Journal of Rheumatology, 16, 427-441.
Lee, J. (1995). Uric Acid and Coronary Heart Disease Risk:Evidence for a Role of Uric Acid in the Obesity-insulin Resistance Sydrome. American Journal of Epidemiology, 142, 288-293.
Lehninger,. L., Nelson, D. L., & Cox, M. M. (1993). Principles of Biochemistry. N.Y.: Worth.
Levinson, D. J., & Becker, M. A. (1993) Clinical gout and the pathogenesis of hyperuricemia: Metabolic Bone and Joint Disease. Arthritis, 1773-1805.
Li, Y., Stamler, J., Xiao, Z., Folsom, A., Tao, Z., Zhang, H. (1997). Serum uric acid and its correlation in Chinese adult population urban and rural of Beijing. The PRC-USA Collaborative in Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonany Epidemiology. Inter J Epidemiol, 26, 288-296.
Lieber, C. S., Jones, D. P., & Losowsky, M. S. (1962). Interrelationships of uric acid and ethanol metabolism in men. J Clin Invest, 41, 1863-1870.
Loenen, H. M. J. A., Eshuis, H., Lowik, M. R. H., Schouten, E. G., Hulshof, K. F. A. M., Odink, J., & Kok, F. J. (1990). Serum Uric Acid Correlates in Elderly Men and Woman with Special Reference to Body Composition and Dietary Intake(Dutch Nutrition Surveillances System). Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 43, 1297-1303.
Lopes, C. S., Rodrigues, L. C., & Sichieri, R. (1996). The Lack of Selection Bias in a Snowball Sampled Case-Control Study on Drug Abuse. International Journal of Epidemiology, 25(6), 1267-1270.
Macfarlane, D., & Dieppe, P. (1983). Changing Pattern of Hospital Gout. Annual of the Rheumatic Diseases,42, 219.
Matthews, K. A. & Meilaha, E. (1989). Menopause and risk factors for coronary heart disease. The New England Journal of Medicine, 321, 641-646.
Mikkelsen, W. M., Dodge, H. J., & Valdenburg, H. (1965). The distribution of serum uric acid values in a population unselected as to gout or hyperuticemia. American Joural of Medicine, 39, 242-251.
Mody, G. M, & Naidoo, P. D. (1984). Gout in south Africa blacks. Annual of the Rheumatic Diseases, 43, 394-397.
Nishimura, T., Shimizu, T., Mineo, I., & Kawachi, M. (1994). Influece of daily drinking habits on Ethanol-induced hyperuricemia. Metabolism, 43, 745-748.
Okada, M., Jakeshita, M., Urea, K., Omae, J., & Hirota, Y. (1980). Factors influencing the serum uric acid level:A study based on a population survey in Hisayama town，Kyushu，Japan. J Chron Dis. 33, 607-612.
Oster K. A. (1977). Folic acid and xanthine oxidase. Ann Int Med, 86, 367.
Oster, K. A. (1977). Xanthine oxidase and folic acid. Ann Int Med, 87, 252.
Owen-Smith, B. D., & Whyman, A. E. (1981). Diurnal and nocturnal variations of enteral uricolysis during fasting and refeeding. Annuals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 40, 523-524.
Pan, W. H., Wang, H. L., Chang, S. C., & Chen, M. C. (1993). Cooking oil absorption by foods during Chinese stir-frying:Implication for estimating dietary fat intake. Nutrition , 93(12), 1442.
Paulas, H. E., Coutts, A., & Calabro, J. J. (1970). Clinical significance of hyperuricemia in routinely screened hospitalized men. Journal of the American Medicine Association,211, 270-277.
Pike, M., & Robins, J. (1989). Re:Possibility of selection bias in matched case-control studies using friend controls’ (Letter).American Journal of Epidemiology, 130, 209-210.
Pote, S., Vitoon, P., Piyarat, T., Kiang, T., & Sombat,B. Increase Risk of Urinary Stone Disease by Physical Exercise（1996）。Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health， 27(1),172~177.
Puig, J. G., Michan, A. D., Jimenez, M. L., Perez, C. Mateos, F. A., Capitan, C. F., & Gijon, J. B. (1991). Clinical Spectrum and Uric Acid Metabolism. Archives of Internal Medicine, 151, 726-732.
Sorensen, L. F. (1960). The elimination of uric acid in man studied by means of C14 labelled uric acid. Uricolysis. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 12(supp 54), 1-214.
Steel, T. H., & Boner, G.(1973). Origins of the uricosuric response. Joural of Clinical Investigation, 52, 1368-1371.
Takahashi, S., Yamamoto, T., Tsutsumi, Z., Moriwaki, Y., Yamakita, J., & Higashino, K. (1997). Close Correlation Between Visceral Fat Accumulation and Uric Acid Metabolism in Healthu Men. Metabolism, 46(10), 1162-1165.
Tarng, D. C., Lin, H. Y., Shyong, M. L., Wang, J. S., Yang, W. C., & Huang, T. P. (1995). Renal Function in Gout Patients. American Journal of Nephrology,15, 31-37.
The Expert Panel:Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program expert panel on dection , evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults. (1988). Arch Intern Med, 148,39-69.
Tuomilehto, J., Zimmet, P., Wolf, E., Taylor, R., Ram, P., & King, H. (1988). Plasma uric acid level and Its association with diabetes mellitus and some biologic parameters in a biracial population of Fiji. Am J Epidemiol, 127, 321-336.
Vanltallie, T. B. (1998). Waist circuference : a useful index in clinical care and health promotion. Nutrition Review, 56(10), 300-302.
Wallace, S. L., Robinson, H., Masi, A. T. Decker, J. L., McCarty, D. J., & Yu, T. F. (1977). Preliminary criteria for the classification of the acute arthritis of primary gout. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 20, 895-900.
Willett, W. (ed.). (1998). Nutritional Epidemiology. New York:Oxford.
Wolliscroft, J. O., Colfer, H., & Fox, I. H. (1982). Hyperuricemia in acute illness: a poor prognosis sign. Am J Med, 72, 58-62.
Wyngaarden, J. B., & Kelly, W. N. (1976). Gout and Hyperuricemia. New York: Grune & Stratton.
Yamanaka, H., Kawagoe, Y., Taniguchi, A., Kaneko, N., Kimata, S., Hosoda, S., Kamatani, N., & Kashiwazaki, S. (1992). Accelerated purine nucleotide de-gradation by aerobic ergometer muscle exercise. Metabolism, 41(4), 364-369.
Yamashita, S., Matsuzawa, Y., Tokunaga, K (1986). Studies on the impaired metabolism of uric acid in obese subjects:Marked reduction of renal urate excretion and its improvement by a low-calorie diet. Int J Obes, 10, 255-264.
Yano, K., Rhoads, G. G., Kagan, A. (1977). Epidemiology of serum uric acid among 8000 japanese-american men in Hawali. J Chron Dis, 30, 171-184.
Yu, T. F., Berger, L., Dorph, D. J., & Smith, H. (1979). Renal Function in Gout. American Journal of Medicine, 67, 766-771.
Zalokar, J., Lellouch, J., Clande, J. R., & Kuntz, D. (1972). Serum uric acid in 23923 men and gout in a subsample of 4257 men in France. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 25, 305-312.

貳、英文部份
Abbott, R. D., Btand, F. N., Kannel, W. B., & Castelli, W. P. (1988). Gout and coronary artery disease:the Framilingham Study. J Clin Epidemiol, 41, 237-242.
Beighton, P. (1974). Serum Uric Acid Concentration In An Urbanized South African Negro Population. Annual of the Rheumatic Diseases, 33, 442-445.
Bellwood, P. (1991). The Austronesian dispersal and the origin of languages. Sci Am, 265, 70-75.
Berger, L., & Yu, T. F. (1975). Renal Function in Gout. American Journal of Medicine, 59,605-613.
Berkowitz, D. (1964). Blood Lipid and Uric acid Interrelationships. J.A.M.A.,190,856-858.
Bluhm, G. B., & Riddle, J. M. (1973). Platelets and vascular disease in gout. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2, 355-366.
Boss, G. R., Ragsdale, R. A., Zettner, A., & Seegmiller, J. E. (1980). Failure of folic acid(pteroylglutamic acid) to affect hyperuricemia. J Lab Clin Med, 96(5), 783-789.
Breckenridge, A. (1966). Hypertension and Hyperuricemia. Lancet, 1, 15-19.
Brule, D., Sarwar, G., & Savoie, L. (1988). Purine Content of Selected Canadian Food Products. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 1, 130-138.
Campion, E. W., Glynn, R. J., & Delabry, L. Q. (1987). Asymptomatic hyperuricemia : risks and consequences in the Normative Aging Study. American Journal of Medicine, 82, 421-426.
Chang, N. C. (1983). Rheumatic disease in China. J Rheumatol, 10 (s10), 41-5.
Chen, C. L., Kamatani, N., Nishioka, K., & Mikanagi, K. (1989). Clinical aspects of gouty patients in Taiwan. Advances Experimental Medicine and Biology,253,189-195.
Chonko, A. M. (1980). Urate secretion in isolated rabbit renal tubules. American Joural of Physiology, 239, 454-552.
Chou, C. T., Pain, L., Chang, D. M., Lee, C. F., & Liang, M. H. (1994). Prevalence of rheumatic disease in Taiwan. Journal of Rheumatology, 21, 302-306.
Chou, P., Soong, L. N., & Lin, H. Y. (1993). Commerunity-based epidemiologic study on hyperuricemia in Puli,Taiwan. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 92, 597-602.
Darmawan, J. Valkenburg, H. A., Muirden, K. D., & Wigley, R. D. (1992). The epidemiology of gout and hyperuricemia in a rural population of Java. Journal of Rheumatology, 19, 1595-1599.
Dieppe, P. A. (1991). Investigation and Management of Gout in the Young and the Elderly. Ann Rheum Dis, 50, 263-266.
Dodge, H. J., & Mikkelsen, W. M. (1970). Observation on the distribution of serum uric acid levels in participants of the Tecumseh ,Michigan ,community health studies. Joural of Chronic Diseases, 23,161-172.
Duffy, W. B., Senekjian, H. O., & Knight, T. F. (1981). Management of asymptomatic hyperuricemia. Journal of American Medical Association, 246, 2215-2216.
Eastmond, C. J., Garton., Robins, S., & Riddoch, S. (1995). The effect of Alcoholic beverages on urate metabolism in gout suffers. British Journal of Rheumatology, 34, 756-759.
Emmerso, B. T. (1991). Identification of the causes of persistent hyperuricemia. Lancet, 337, 1461-1463.
Faller, J., & Fox, I. H. (1982). Ethanol-induced Hyperuricemia: Evidence for Increase Urate Production by Activation of Adenine Nucleotide Turnover. New Engl J Med, 307, 1598-1602.
Fessel, W. J., & Barr, G. D. (1977). Uric acid, lean body weight, and creatinine interactions:regression analysis of 78 variables. Semin Arthritis Rheum, 7, 115-121.
Flanders, W. D., & Austin, H. (1986). Possibilty of selection bias in matched case-control studies using friend controls. American Journal of Epidemiology, 124, 150-153.
Fox, I. H., John, D., Debruyne, S., & Dwosh, I. (1985). Hyperuricemia and hypertriglyceridemia metabolic basis for the association. Metabolism, 34, 741-746.
Goldburt, U., Medalie, J. H., Herman, J. B., & Neufeld, H. N. (1979). Serum Uric Acid:Correlation with biochemical、Anthropometric、Clinical and Behavioral parameters in 10,000 Israeli men. J Chron Dis, 33, 435-443.
Gurwitz, J. H., Kalish, S. C., Bohn, R. L., Glynn, R. J., Monane, M., Mogun, H., & Avorn, J. (1997). Thiazide Diuretics and the Initiation of Anti-Gout Therapy. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 50(8),953-959.
Hall, A. P., Barry, P. E., Dawber, T. R., & McNamara, P. M. (1967). Epidemiology of gout and hyperuricemia:A long term population study. American Joural of Medicine, 42, 27-37.
Hochberg, M. C., Thomas, J., Thomas, D. J., Mead, L., Levine, D. M., & Klag, M. J. (1995). Racial Differences in the Incidence of Gout. Arthritis Rheum, 38(5), 628-632.
Holland, N. W., Jost, D., Beutler, A., Schumacher, H. R., & Agudelo, C. A. (1996). Finger Pad Tophi in Gout. Journal of Rheumatology, 23, 690-692.
Kannel, W. B. (1987). Metabolic risk factors for coronary heart disease in woman: perspective from the Framingham study. Am Heart J, 114, 413-419.
Kelly, W. N., Harris, E. D., Ruddy, S., & Sledge, C. B. (Eds.). (1989). Textbook of Rheumatology. Philadelphia: WB Sanuders.
Klein, R., Klein, B. E., Cornoni, J. C., Marenduy, J., Cassel, J. C., & Tyroler, H. A. (1973). Serum uric acid : Its relationship to coronary heart disease risk factors and cardiovascular disease, Evans Country, Georgia. Archives of Internal Medicine, 132, 401-410.
Klemp, P., Stansfield, S. A., Castle, B., & Robertson, M. C. (1997). Gout is on the increase in New Zealand. Ann Rheum Dis, 56, 22-26.
Koh, W. H., Seah, A., & Chia, P. (1998). Clinical Presentation and Disease Association of Gout : A Hospital-based Study of 100 Patients in Singapore. Annuals of Academy Medicine Singapore, 27, 7-10.
Lally, E. W., Ho, G. R., & Kaplan, S. R. (1986). The clinical spectrum of gouty arthritis in women. Archives of Internal Medicine,146, 2221-2225.
Lawrence, R. C., Hochberg, M. C., & Kelsey, J. L. (1989). Estimates of the prenalence of selected arthritic and musculoskeletal diseases in the United States. Journal of Rheumatology, 16, 427-441.
Lee, J. (1995). Uric Acid and Coronary Heart Disease Risk:Evidence for a Role of Uric Acid in the Obesity-insulin Resistance Sydrome. American Journal of Epidemiology, 142, 288-293.
Lehninger,. L., Nelson, D. L., & Cox, M. M. (1993). Principles of Biochemistry. N.Y.: Worth.
Levinson, D. J., & Becker, M. A. (1993) Clinical gout and the pathogenesis of hyperuricemia: Metabolic Bone and Joint Disease. Arthritis, 1773-1805.
Li, Y., Stamler, J., Xiao, Z., Folsom, A., Tao, Z., Zhang, H. (1997). Serum uric acid and its correlation in Chinese adult population urban and rural of Beijing. The PRC-USA Collaborative in Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonany Epidemiology. Inter J Epidemiol, 26, 288-296.
Lieber, C. S., Jones, D. P., & Losowsky, M. S. (1962). Interrelationships of uric acid and ethanol metabolism in men. J Clin Invest, 41, 1863-1870.
Loenen, H. M. J. A., Eshuis, H., Lowik, M. R. H., Schouten, E. G., Hulshof, K. F. A. M., Odink, J., & Kok, F. J. (1990). Serum Uric Acid Correlates in Elderly Men and Woman with Special Reference to Body Composition and Dietary Intake(Dutch Nutrition Surveillances System). Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 43, 1297-1303.
Lopes, C. S., Rodrigues, L. C., & Sichieri, R. (1996). The Lack of Selection Bias in a Snowball Sampled Case-Control Study on Drug Abuse. International Journal of Epidemiology, 25(6), 1267-1270.
Macfarlane, D., & Dieppe, P. (1983). Changing Pattern of Hospital Gout. Annual of the Rheumatic Diseases,42, 219.
Matthews, K. A. & Meilaha, E. (1989). Menopause and risk factors for coronary heart disease. The New England Journal of Medicine, 321, 641-646.
Mikkelsen, W. M., Dodge, H. J., & Valdenburg, H. (1965). The distribution of serum uric acid values in a population unselected as to gout or hyperuticemia. American Joural of Medicine, 39, 242-251.
Mody, G. M, & Naidoo, P. D. (1984). Gout in south Africa blacks. Annual of the Rheumatic Diseases, 43, 394-397.
Nishimura, T., Shimizu, T., Mineo, I., & Kawachi, M. (1994). Influece of daily drinking habits on Ethanol-induced hyperuricemia. Metabolism, 43, 745-748.
Okada, M., Jakeshita, M., Urea, K., Omae, J., & Hirota, Y. (1980). Factors influencing the serum uric acid level:A study based on a population survey in Hisayama town，Kyushu，Japan. J Chron Dis. 33, 607-612.
Oster K. A. (1977). Folic acid and xanthine oxidase. Ann Int Med, 86, 367.
Oster, K. A. (1977). Xanthine oxidase and folic acid. Ann Int Med, 87, 252.
Owen-Smith, B. D., & Whyman, A. E. (1981). Diurnal and nocturnal variations of enteral uricolysis during fasting and refeeding. Annuals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 40, 523-524.
Pan, W. H., Wang, H. L., Chang, S. C., & Chen, M. C. (1993). Cooking oil absorption by foods during Chinese stir-frying:Implication for estimating dietary fat intake. Nutrition , 93(12), 1442.
Paulas, H. E., Coutts, A., & Calabro, J. J. (1970). Clinical significance of hyperuricemia in routinely screened hospitalized men. Journal of the American Medicine Association,211, 270-277.
Pike, M., & Robins, J. (1989). Re:Possibility of selection bias in matched case-control studies using friend controls’ (Letter).American Journal of Epidemiology, 130, 209-210.
Pote, S., Vitoon, P., Piyarat, T., Kiang, T., & Sombat,B. Increase Risk of Urinary Stone Disease by Physical Exercise（1996）。Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health， 27(1),172~177.
Puig, J. G., Michan, A. D., Jimenez, M. L., Perez, C. Mateos, F. A., Capitan, C. F., & Gijon, J. B. (1991). Clinical Spectrum and Uric Acid Metabolism. Archives of Internal Medicine, 151, 726-732.
Sorensen, L. F. (1960). The elimination of uric acid in man studied by means of C14 labelled uric acid. Uricolysis. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 12(supp 54), 1-214.
Steel, T. H., & Boner, G.(1973). Origins of the uricosuric response. Joural of Clinical Investigation, 52, 1368-1371.
Takahashi, S., Yamamoto, T., Tsutsumi, Z., Moriwaki, Y., Yamakita, J., & Higashino, K. (1997). Close Correlation Between Visceral Fat Accumulation and Uric Acid Metabolism in Healthu Men. Metabolism, 46(10), 1162-1165.
Tarng, D. C., Lin, H. Y., Shyong, M. L., Wang, J. S., Yang, W. C., & Huang, T. P. (1995). Renal Function in Gout Patients. American Journal of Nephrology,15, 31-37.
The Expert Panel:Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program expert panel on dection , evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults. (1988). Arch Intern Med, 148,39-69.
Tuomilehto, J., Zimmet, P., Wolf, E., Taylor, R., Ram, P., & King, H. (1988). Plasma uric acid level and Its association with diabetes mellitus and some biologic parameters in a biracial population of Fiji. Am J Epidemiol, 127, 321-336.
Vanltallie, T. B. (1998). Waist circuference : a useful index in clinical care and health promotion. Nutrition Review, 56(10), 300-302.
Wallace, S. L., Robinson, H., Masi, A. T. Decker, J. L., McCarty, D. J., & Yu, T. F. (1977). Preliminary criteria for the classification of the acute arthritis of primary gout. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 20, 895-900.
Willett, W. (ed.). (1998). Nutritional Epidemiology. New York:Oxford.
Wolliscroft, J. O., Colfer, H., & Fox, I. H. (1982). Hyperuricemia in acute illness: a poor prognosis sign. Am J Med, 72, 58-62.
Wyngaarden, J. B., & Kelly, W. N. (1976). Gout and Hyperuricemia. New York: Grune & Stratton.
Yamanaka, H., Kawagoe, Y., Taniguchi, A., Kaneko, N., Kimata, S., Hosoda, S., Kamatani, N., & Kashiwazaki, S. (1992). Accelerated purine nucleotide de-gradation by aerobic ergometer muscle exercise. Metabolism, 41(4), 364-369.
Yamashita, S., Matsuzawa, Y., Tokunaga, K (1986). Studies on the impaired metabolism of uric acid in obese subjects:Marked reduction of renal urate excretion and its improvement by a low-calorie diet. Int J Obes, 10, 255-264.
Yano, K., Rhoads, G. G., Kagan, A. (1977). Epidemiology of serum uric acid among 8000 japanese-american men in Hawali. J Chron Dis, 30, 171-184.
Yu, T. F., Berger, L., Dorph, D. J., & Smith, H. (1979). Renal Function in Gout. American Journal of Medicine, 67, 766-771.
Zalokar, J., Lellouch, J., Clande, J. R., & Kuntz, D. (1972). Serum uric acid in 23923 men and gout in a subsample of 4257 men in France. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 25, 305-312.