三氯沙(Triclosan；TCS)和三氯卡苯(Triclocarban；TCC)是近年新發現具有環境荷爾蒙效應之常用的抗菌劑，且TCS和TCC及其衍生物MTCS、DCC、NCC及四氯卡苯（3,3’,4,4’ - tertachlorocarbanilide; 以下簡稱TetraCC）的共同存在於環境中。
本研究使用自製介面串聯SPME(solid-phase-micro-extraction)與HPLC-DAD及HPLC-MS/MS，對此兩個新型的抗菌性內分泌干擾物質， TCS和TCC，及MTCS、NCC、DCC和TetraCC，在自來水、家庭飲用水、瓶裝水、和河川水中含量檢測建立了一套一小時內快速、綠色、靈敏的方法。研究中有關SPME的影響因子包含樣品氯化鈉濃度、pH值、萃取時間、脫附時間及樣本量等均進行SPME-HPLC-DAD及SPME-HPLC-MS/MS測試過取得最佳條件。由本研究結果可知此兩種檢測方法均有充足的感度、精密度和精確度其偵測濃度範圍可從水中ppt到pbb範圍。
使用SPME-HPLC-DAD分析時，5mL樣本可達方法檢測限(MDL）0.060.21在去離子基質的水樣中和 0.120.73μg/L在河川水基質水樣中。SPME-HPLC-MS/MS時LOD更分別可達0.32-3.44ng/L (去離子水)和0.38-4.67ng/L(河川水)，且基質添加準確度可達10%以內。且所有自來水的樣本中均測得TCS及TCC，可見TCS及TCC已經明顯汙染飲用水系統。平均而言，以70公斤成人為列，每天可能經由飲水攝入約170ng/day的TCC及200ng/day的TCS。可見TCS及TCC這類滅抑菌已經由飲用水威脅人們健康。因此，廢水處理和飲用水淨化流程應立即評估改進。

Triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) are recently discovered EDCs as commonly used antibacterial agents. The co-exist of TCS, TCC and their transformation products, methyl triclosan(MTCS), Carbanilide(NCC), 4,4’-dichloro- carbanilide (DCC) and 3,3’,4,4’ – tertachlorocarbanilide(TetraCC), in the environment.
The presence of TCS and TCC, two endocrine-disrupting chemicals and antimicrobial agents, and transformation products of triclocarban, NCC, DCC and TetraCC, in tap water, treated household drinking water, bottled water, and river water samples were investigated using solid phase micro-extraction(SPME) on-line with HPLC-DAD or HPLC-MS/MS using a homemade interface, a rapid(< 1hour), green and sensitive method. Factors influencing the quantity of the analytes extracted onto the solid phase micro-extraction fiber, such as addition of salt, sample pH, extraction time, desorption time and sample volume, were optimized using SPME-HPLC-DAD and SPME-HPLC-MS/MS. The results showed that the method gave satisfactory sensitivities and precisions for analyzing sub-part-per-trillion levels of triclosan, triclocarban, and transformation products of MTCS, NCC, DCC and TetraCC in samples collected locally.
Using SPME-HPLC-DAD, the method detection limit (MDL) of target compounds in 5 mL sample volumes spiked with analytes was as low as 0.060.21 μg/L for deionized water samples, and 0.120.73 μg/L for river water samples. Limits of detection were in the range of 0.32-3.44 ng/L and 0.38-4.67 ng/L for deionized water and river water samples, respectively using SPME-HPLC-MS/MS. Recoveries for spiked samples were in the range of 10%.
Due to the results of this study, all the analytes were discovered in the tap water samples. Apparently, TCS and TCC are becoming popular contaminants in drinking water supplies. On average, the daily consumption of TCS and TCC by an adult by consuming 2 liters of different types of drinking water were estimated to be 170ng/day of TCC and 200ng/day of TCS. It is believed that the exposure to the antimicrobial agents TCS and TCC and transformation products of TCC in drinking water poses potential risks to human health. Wastewater treatments and drinking water purification processes can be evaluated and improved to prevent possible deterioration of pollution.

1. MOE, Strategy Programs on Environmental Endocrine Disruptors（SPEED 98）, Japan, (1998).
2. Skakkebaek, N. E., E. Rajpert-De Meyts, and K. M. Main. "Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects: Opinion." Human reproduction 16.5 (2001): 972-978.
3. Giesy, John P., et al. "Cell bioassays for detection of aryl hydrocarbon (AhR) and estrogen receptor (ER) mediated activity in environmental samples."Marine Pollution Bulletin 45.1 (2002): 3-16.
4. Eertmans, Frank, et al. "Endocrine disruptors: effects on male fertility and screening tools for their assessment." Toxicology in vitro 17.5 (2003): 515-524.
5. Osterlind, A. "Diverging trends in incidence and mortality of testicular cancer in Denmark, 1943-1982." British journal of cancer 53.4 (1986): 501.
6. Carlsen, Elisabeth, et al. "Evidence for decreasing quality of semen during past 50 years." Bmj 305.6854 (1992): 609-613.
7. Miller, Todd R., David R. Colquhoun, and Rolf U. Halden. "Identification of wastewater bacteria involved in the degradation of triclocarban and its non-chlorinated congener." Journal of hazardous materials 183.1 (2010): 766-772.
8. 陳健民、劉銘龍。邁入21世紀人類新環境危機-環境荷爾蒙。第一屆環境荷爾蒙與持久性有機物污染物研討會。環境品質文教基金會、嘉南藥理學院環境工程衛生系， (2000) ，p. I-V。
9. Colborn, Theo, Frederick S. vom Saal, and Ana M. Soto. "Developmental effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans."Environmental health perspectives 101.5 (1993): 378.
10. Vos, Joseph G., et al. "Health effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on wildlife, with special reference to the European situation." Critical reviews in toxicology 30.1 (2000): 71-133.
11. Menditto, A., and L. Turrio-Baldassarri. "Environmental and biological monitoring of endocrine disrupting chemicals." Chemosphere 39.8 (1999): 1301-1307.
12. Sharpe, R. M. "Environmental estrogens and male infertility." Pure and applied chemistry 70.9 (1998): 1685-1701.
13. U.S. EPA, Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP), Federal Register. 63, (1998) , 154.
14. Wang, Ji-Zhong, et al. "Occurrence and phase distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in riverine runoff of the Pearl River Delta, China."Marine pollution bulletin 57.6 (2008): 767-774.
15. 內海 英雄等, 日本平成9年度報告書,( 1998).
16. U.S. EPA, Endocrine disruptor screening and testing advisory committee, Final Report, August, (1998).
17. Kumar, Vikas, et al. "Alteration of testicular steroidogenesis and histopathology of reproductive system in male rats treated with triclosan." Reproductive Toxicology 27.2 (2009): 177-185.
18. Stoker, Tammy E., Emily K. Gibson, and Leah M. Zorrilla. "Triclosan exposure modulates estrogen-dependent responses in the female wistar rat."Toxicological Sciences (2010): kfq180.
19. Ahn, Ki Chang, et al. "In vitro biologic activities of the antimicrobials triclocarban, its analogs, and triclosan in bioassay screens: receptor-based bioassay screens." Environ Health Perspect 116.9 (2008): 1203-1210.
20. Bill, L., “Triclocarban androgen- and estrogen receptor assays” Presentation at 3rd annual Pacific Southwest Organic Residuals Symposium, University of California-Davis, October 1, (2008).
21. Miller, Todd R., et al. "Fate of triclosan and evidence for reductive dechlorination of triclocarban in estuarine sediments." Environmental science & technology 42.12 (2008): 4570-4576.
22. Coogan, Melinda A., et al. "Algal bioaccumulation of triclocarban, triclosan, and methyl-triclosan in a North Texas wastewater treatment plant receiving stream." Chemosphere 67.10 (2007): 1911-1918.
23. Halden, Rolf U., and Daniel H. Paull. "Analysis of triclocarban in aquatic samples by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry."Environmental science & technology 38.18 (2004): 4849-4855.
24. Halden, Rolf U., and Daniel H. Paull. "Co-occurrence of triclocarban and triclosan in US water resources." Environmental Science & Technology 39.6 (2005): 1420-1426.
25. Singer, Heinz, et al. "Triclosan: occurrence and fate of a widely used biocide in the aquatic environment: field measurements in wastewater treatment plants, surface waters, and lake sediments." Environmental Science & Technology36.23 (2002): 4998-5004.
26. Kolpin, Dana W., et al. "Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in US streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance." Environmental science & technology 36.6 (2002): 1202-1211.
27. Latch, Douglas E., et al. "Photochemical conversion of triclosan to 2, 8-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in aqueous solution." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 158.1 (2003): 63-66.
28. Buth, Jeffrey M., et al. "Aquatic photochemistry of chlorinated triclosan derivatives: Potential source of polychlorodibenzo‐P‐dioxins." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 28.12 (2009): 2555-2563.
29. Aranami, Kazushi, and James W. Readman. "Photolytic degradation of triclosan in freshwater and seawater." Chemosphere 66.6 (2007): 1052-1056.
30. Canosa, P., et al. "Aquatic degradation of triclosan and formation of toxic chlorophenols in presence of low concentrations of free chlorine." Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 383.7-8 (2005): 1119-1126.
31. Fiss, E. Matthew, Krista L. Rule, and Peter J. Vikesland. "Formation of chloroform and other chlorinated byproducts by chlorination of triclosan-containing antibacterial products." Environmental science & technology 41.7 (2007): 2387-2394.
32. Montes, R., et al. "Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction applied to the simultaneous derivatization and concentration of triclosan and methyltriclosan in water samples." Journal of Chromatography A 1216.2 (2009): 205-210.
33. Balmer, Marianne E., et al. "Occurrence of methyl triclosan, a transformation product of the bactericide triclosan, in fish from various lakes in Switzerland."Environmental science & technology 38.2 (2004): 390-395.
34. EPA, U. "Definition and Procedure for the Determination of the Method Detection Limit, Revision 1.11." US Environmental Protection Agency. Code of Federal Regulations 40 (1984).
35. Loraine, Gregory A., and Mark E. Pettigrove. "Seasonal variations in concentrations of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in drinking water and reclaimed wastewater in southern California." Environmental Science & Technology 40.3 (2006): 687-695.
36. Verentchikov, Anatoli N., Werner Ens, and Kenneth G. Standing. "Reflecting time-of-flight mass spectrometer with an electrospray ion source and orthogonal extraction." Analytical chemistry 66.1 (1994): 126-133.
37. Krista, L., R. EBBETT VIRGINIA, and J. VIKESLAND PETER. "Formation of Chloroform and Chlorinated Organics by Free-Chlorine-Mediated Oxidation of Triclosan." Environmental Science & Technology 39.9 (2005).
38. Sapkota, Amir, Jochen Heidler, and Rolf U. Halden. "Detection of triclocarban and two co-contaminating chlorocarbanilides in US aquatic environments using isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry."Environmental research 103.1 (2007): 21-29.
39. Kantiani, Lina, et al. "Triclosan and methyl-triclosan monitoring study in the northeast of Spain using a magnetic particle enzyme immunoassay and confirmatory analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry." Journal of hydrology 361.1 (2008): 1-9.
40. Rule, Krista L., Virginia R. Ebbett, and Peter J. Vikesland. "Formation of chloroform and chlorinated organics by free-chlorine-mediated oxidation of triclosan." Environmental science & technology 39.9 (2005): 3176-3185.
41. Inaba, Kazuho, et al. "Formation of bromo-substituted triclosan during chlorination by chlorine in the presence of trace levels of bromide." Water research 40.15 (2006): 2931-2937.
42. Morris, Howard R., et al. "High sensitivity collisionally‐activated decomposition tandem mass spectrometry on a novel quadrupole/orthogonal‐acceleration time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer." Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 10.8 (1996): 889-896.
43. Illinois, E. P. A. "Illinois EPA Endocrine Disruptors Strategy (Table 1: Preliminary List of Chemicals Associated with Endocrine System Effects in Animals and Humans (*) or In Vitro (+) 1996/10/16)." Springfield, IL: Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (1997).
44. Colborn, Theo, Dianne Dumanoski, and John Peterson Myers. "Our Stolen Future: Are We Threatening Our Fertility, Intelligence and Survival?--a Scientific Detective Story." (1996).
45. Medzihradszky, Katalin F., et al. "The characteristics of peptide collision-induced dissociation using a high-performance MALDI-TOF/TOF tandem mass spectrometer." Analytical Chemistry 72.3 (2000): 552-558.
46. ECHA, Candidate List of substances of very high concern for Authorisation, (2015).
47. European Commission, the European Parliament adopted a Resolution calling upon the Commission to take action on the issue of endocrine disruptors (EDs), (1998).
48. Stockholm Convention, Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are organic chemical substances.( 2015).
49. 持久性有機污染物, 行政院環境保護署, 中華民國104年。
50. 環境荷爾蒙管理計畫滾動修正版,行政院環境保護署，中華民國100年。.
51. Guillette Jr, L. J. "Organochlorine pesticides as endocrine disruptors in wildlife." Central European journal of public health 8 (2000): 34-35.
52. 王正雄、柳家瑞，台灣歷年環境中有機氯殺蟲劑衰減殘留分析之探討（1973-1999）， (2000)。
53. 陳弘成、王一雄、顏瑞泓，，1999 河川魚貝類累積毒研究調查級標準方法建立專案研究計畫， EPA-88-1502-03-01,行政院環境保護署環境檢驗所，(1999) ，79。
54. 黃萬居、巫健次、柳家瑞、鄭資英、江木泳、沈一夫、吳嘉玲淡水河水體環境分析及研究,行政院環境保護署環境檢驗所， (1998)，169頁
55. 黃萬居、巫健次、王漢泉、鄭資英、江木泳、沈一夫、吳嘉玲，朴子溪、頭前溪水質、底泥及魚貝類累積毒監測分析及研究,行政院環境保護署環境檢驗所，(1998)，139頁。
56. 洪楚璋, 台灣地區環境內分泌干擾物質：貝類性變異之研究。第一屆環境荷爾蒙與持久性有機污染物研討會論文集。環境品質文教基金會、嘉南藥理學院，(2000)，153-155頁。
57. 陳雄文,我國焚化爐戴奧辛排放現況分析及未來因應之對策研擬。第一屆環境荷爾蒙與持久性有機污染物研討會論文集。環境品質文教基金會、嘉南藥理學院，(2000)，3-11頁。
58. 王正雄, 戴奧辛之生物毒性。環境檢驗通訊雜誌，(1999)，25，8-9。
59. 王正雄, 環境荷爾蒙－地球村二十一世紀之熱門課題。環境檢驗通訊雜誌4，(2000)，29，6-1。
60. ENDs Daily, Phthalate migration test method validated. (2000).
61. Foran, C. M., E. R. Bennett, and W. H. Benson. "Developmental evaluation of a potential non-steroidal estrogen: triclosan." Marine environmental research50.1 (2000): 153-156.
62. Ishibashi, Hiroshi, et al. "Effects of triclosan on the early life stages and reproduction of medaka Oryzias latipes and induction of hepatic vitellogenin."Aquatic Toxicology 67.2 (2004): 167-179.
63. Matsumura, Naomi, et al. "Effects of nonylphenol and triclosan on production of plasma vitellogenin and testosterone in male South African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis)." Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 28.9 (2005): 1748-1751.
64. Veldhoen, Nik, et al. "The bactericidal agent triclosan modulates thyroid hormone-associated gene expression and disrupts postembryonic anuran development." Aquatic toxicology 80.3 (2006): 217-227.
65. Zorrilla, Leah M., et al. "The effects of triclosan on puberty and thyroid hormones in male Wistar rats." Toxicological Sciences 107.1 (2009): 56-64.
66. Smith, R. D. "Evolution of ESI–mass spectrometry and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance for proteomics and other biological applications."International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 200.1 (2000): 509-544.
67. Chen, Jiangang, et al. "Triclocarban enhances testosterone action: a new type of endocrine disruptor?." Endocrinology 149.3 (2008): 1173-1179.
68. Zhao, Ru-Song, et al. "Trace determination of triclosan and triclocarban in environmental water samples with ionic liquid dispersive liquid-phase microextraction prior to HPLC–ESI-MS–MS." Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 397.4 (2010): 1627-1633.
69. Levy, Colin W., et al. "Molecular basis of triclosan activity." Nature 398.6726 (1999): 383-384.
70. Jones, Rhonda D., et al. "Triclosan: a review of effectiveness and safety in health care settings." American journal of infection control 28.2 (2000): 184-196.
71. Bhargava, H. N., and Patricia A. Leonard. "Triclosan: applications and safety."American journal of infection control 24.3 (1996): 209-218.
72. Latch, Douglas E., et al. "Aqueous photochemistry of triclosan: Formation of 2, 4‐dichlorophenol, 2, 8‐dichlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin, and oligomerization products."Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24.3 (2005): 517-525.
73. ECHA, The Biocidal Products Committee adopts 11 opinions Helsinki, 25, (2015).
74. Tanaka, Koichi, et al. "Protein and polymer analyses up to m/z 100 000 by laser ionization time? of? flight mass spectrometry." Rapid communications in mass spectrometry 2.8 (1988): 151-153.
75. Brausch, John M., and Gary M. Rand. "A review of personal care products in the aquatic environment: environmental concentrations and toxicity."Chemosphere 82.11 (2011): 1518-1532.
76. McAvoy, Drew C., et al. "Measurement of triclosan in wastewater treatment systems." Environmental toxicology and chemistry 21.7 (2002): 1323-1329.
77. Lopez-Avila, Viorica, and Ronald A. Hites. "Organic compounds in an industrial wastewater. Their transport into sediments." Environmental science & technology 14.11 (1980): 1382-1390.
78. Boyd, Glen R., et al. "Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in stormwater canals and Bayou St. John in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA." Science of the Total Environment333.1 (2004): 137-148.
79. Benotti, Mark J., et al. "Pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds in US drinking water." Environmental science & technology 43.3 (2008): 597-603.
80. Dougherty, Jennifer A., et al. "Occurrence of herbicides and pharmaceutical and personal care products in surface water and groundwater around Liberty Bay, Puget Sound, Washington." Journal of environmental quality 39.4 (2010): 1173-1180.
81. Kasprzyk-Hordern, Barbara, Richard M. Dinsdale, and Alan J. Guwy. "The occurrence of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, endocrine disruptors and illicit drugs in surface water in South Wales, UK." Water Research 42.13 (2008): 3498-3518.
82. Kim, Joon-Woo, et al. "Occurrence of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in surface water from Mankyung River, South Korea."Journal of Health Science 55.2 (2009): 249-258.
83. Loraine, Gregory A., and Mark E. Pettigrove. "Seasonal variations in concentrations of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in drinking water and reclaimed wastewater in southern California." Environmental Science & Technology 40.3 (2006): 687-695.
84. Moldovan, Zaharie. "Occurrences of pharmaceutical and personal care products as micropollutants in rivers from Romania." Chemosphere 64.11 (2006): 1808-1817.
85. Yoon, Yeomin, et al. "Occurrence of endocrine disrupting compounds, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products in the Han River (Seoul, South Korea)." Science of the Total Environment 408.3 (2010): 636-643.
86. Lindström, Anton, et al. "Occurrence and environmental behavior of the bactericide triclosan and its methyl derivative in surface waters and in wastewater." Environmental science & technology 36.11 (2002): 2322-2329.
87. Buser, Hans-Rudolf, et al. "Occurrence of UV filters 4-methylbenzylidene camphor and octocrylene in fish from various Swiss rivers with inputs from wastewater treatment plants." Environmental science & technology 40.5 (2006): 1427-1431.
88. Poiger, Thomas, Hans‐Rudolf Buser, and Markus D. Müller. "Photodegradation of the pharmaceutical drug diclofenac in a lake: pathway, field measurements, and mathematical modeling." Environmental toxicology and chemistry 20.2 (2001): 256-263.
89. Karas, Michael, and Franz Hillenkamp. "Laser desorption ionization of proteins with molecular masses exceeding 10,000 daltons." Analytical chemistry 60.20 (1988): 2299-2301.
90. Stevens, Kevin J., et al. "Effects of triclosan on seed germination and seedling development of three wetland plants: Sesbania herbacea, Eclipta prostrata, and Bidens frondosa." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 28.12 (2009): 2598-2609.
91. Young, Thayer A., et al. "Ab initio and in situ comparison of caffeine, triclosan, and triclocarban as indicators of sewage-derived microbes in surface waters."Environmental science & technology 42.9 (2008): 3335-3340.
92. Yang, Li‐Hua, et al. "Growth‐inhibiting effects of 12 antibacterial agents and their mixtures on the freshwater microalga pseudokirchneriella subcapitata."Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 27.5 (2008): 1201-1208.
93. Liu, Lei, et al. "Metal‐Free Carbonaceous Materials as Promising Heterogeneous Catalysts." ChemCatChem 7.18 (2015): 2765-2787.
94. U.S. EPA, Pesticide Reregistration Status, March 2010.
95. Glassmeyer, Susan T., et al. "Transport of chemical and microbial compounds from known wastewater discharges: potential for use as indicators of human fecal contamination." Environmental Science & Technology 39.14 (2005): 5157-5169.
96. McMurry, Laura M., Margret Oethinger, and Stuart B. Levy. "Triclosan targets lipid synthesis." Nature 394.6693 (1998): 531-532.
97. Lu, Suying, and Michael C. Archer. "Fatty acid synthase is a potential molecular target for the chemoprevention of breast cancer." Carcinogenesis26.1 (2005): 153-157.
98. Lygre, Henning, et al. "Interaction of triclosan with eukaryotic membrane lipids." European journal of oral sciences 111.3 (2003): 216-222.
99. Franz, Stephanie, et al. "What contributes to the sensitivity of microalgae to triclosan?." Aquatic toxicology 90.2 (2008): 102-108.
100. Kopperman, Herbert L., Robert M. Carlson, and Ronald Caple. "Aqueous chlorination and ozonation studies I. Structure-toxicity correlations of phenolic compounds to Daphnia magna." Chemico-biological interactions 9.4 (1974): 245-251.
101. Carlson, Anthony R., and Patricia A. Kosian. "Toxicity of chlorinated benzenes to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)." Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 16.2 (1987): 129-135.
102. Schultz, T. Wayne, et al. "Structure-toxicity relationships of para-position alkyl-and halogen-substituted monoaromatic compounds." Aquatic Toxicology and Environmental Fate: Eleventh Volume. ASTM International, 1988.
103. Schultz, T. Wayne, and Geoffrey W. Riggin. "Predictive correlations for the toxicity of alkyl-and halogen-substituted phenols." Toxicology letters 25.1 (1985): 47-54.
104. Loeb, Howard A., and William Kelly. Acute oral toxicity of 1,496 chemicals force-fed to carp. No. 471. US Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1963..
105. Orvos, David R., et al. "Aquatic toxicity of triclosan." Environmental toxicology and chemistry 21.7 (2002): 1338-1349.
106. Palenske, Nicole M., Gopinath C. Nallani, and Edward M. Dzialowski. "Physiological effects and bioconcentration of triclosan on amphibian larvae."Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology152.2 (2010): 232-240.
107. TCC Consortium. "High Production Volume (HPV) Chemical Challenge Program Data Availability and Screening Level Assessment for Triclocarban, CAS#: 101-20-2." US Environmental Protection Agency: Washington DC (2002): 1-40.
108. Tatarazako, Norihisa, et al. "Effects of triclosan on various aquatic organisms."Environmental sciences: an international journal of environmental physiology and toxicology 11.2 (2003): 133-140.
109. Memmert, U. "Triclosan: Effects on the Development of Sediment-dwelling Larvae of Chironomus riparius in a water-sediment System with Spiked Sediment." RCC Ltd., Itingen, Switzerland (2006).
110. Dussault, Eve B., et al. "Toxicity of human pharmaceuticals and personal care products to benthic invertebrates." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry27.2 (2008): 425-432.
111. Raut, Samiksha A., and Robert A. Angus. "Triclosan has endocrine‐disrupting effects in male western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 29.6 (2010): 1287-1291.
112. Fort, Douglas J., et al. "Triclosan and anuran metamorphosis: no effect on thyroid-mediated metamorphosis in Xenopus laevis." Toxicological sciences(2009): kfp280.
113. Fraker, Stephanie L., and Geoffrey R. Smith. "Direct and interactive effects of ecologically relevant concentrations of organic wastewater contaminants on Rana pipiens tadpoles." Environmental toxicology 19.3 (2004): 250-256.
114. Smith, Geoffrey R., and Amber A. Burgett. "Effects of three organic wastewater contaminants on American toad, Bufo americanus, tadpoles."Ecotoxicology 14.4 (2005): 477-482.
115. Wilson, Brittan A., et al. "Effects of three pharmaceutical and personal care products on natural freshwater algal assemblages." Environmental Science & Technology 37.9 (2003): 1713-1719.
116. Ciniglia, Claudia, et al. "Application of methods for assessing the geno-and cytotoxicity of triclosan to C. ehrenbergii." Journal of Hazardous Materials122.3 (2005): 227-232.
117. DeLorenzo, Marie E., and Jessica Fleming. "Individual and mixture effects of selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products on the marine phytoplankton species Dunaliella tertiolecta." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 54.2 (2008): 203-210.
118. Lyndall, Jennifer, et al. "Probabilistic risk evaluation for triclosan in surface water, sediments, and aquatic biota tissues." Integrated environmental assessment and management 6.3 (2010): 419-440.
119. Batscher, R. "Methyl-triclosan: Toxicity to Scenedesmus subspicatus in a 72-hour Algal Growth Inhibition Test. RCC Ltd." Environmental Chemistry & Pharmanalytics, Itlingen, Switzerland (2006).
120. Oliveira, Rhaul, et al. "Effects of triclosan on zebrafish early-life stages and adults." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 16.6 (2009): 679-688.
121. Nassef, Mohamed, et al. "Acute effects of triclosan, diclofenac and carbamazepine on feeding performance of Japanese medaka fish (Oryzias latipes)." Chemosphere 80.9 (2010): 1095-1100.
122. Coogan, Melinda A., and Thomas W. La Point. "Snail bioaccumulation of triclocarban, triclosan, and methyltriclosan in a North Texas, USA, stream affected by wastewater treatment plant runoff." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 27.8 (2008): 1788-1793.
123. Guo, Jie-Hong, et al. "Determination of triclosan, triclocarban and methyl-triclosan in aqueous samples by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with rapid liquid chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A1216.15 (2009): 3038-3043.
124. Klein, Dustin R., David F. Flannelly, and Melissa M. Schultz. "Quantitative determination of triclocarban in wastewater effluent by stir bar sorptive extraction and liquid desorption–liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry." Journal of Chromatography A 1217.11 (2010): 1742-1747.
125. USEPA (2009) Edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories. US
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA 822-R-09-011.
126. Pedrouzo, Marta, et al. "Stir-bar-sorptive extraction and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for simultaneous analysis of UV filters and antimicrobial agents in water samples." Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 397.7 (2010): 2833-2839.
127. Medzihradszky, K. F., Campbell, J. M., Baldwin, M. A., Falick, A. M., Juhasz, P., Vestal, M. L., & Burlingame, A. L. (2000). The characteristics of peptide collision-induced dissociation using a high-performance MALDI-TOF/TOF tandem mass spectrometer. Analytical Chemistry, 72(3), 552-558.
128. Geens, Tinne, Hugo Neels, and Adrian Covaci. "Sensitive and selective method for the determination of bisphenol-A and triclosan in serum and urine as pentafluorobenzoate-derivatives using GC–ECNI/MS." Journal of Chromatography B 877.31 (2009): 4042-4046..
129. Lu, Suying, and Michael C. Archer. "Fatty acid synthase is a potential molecular target for the chemoprevention of breast cancer." Carcinogenesis26.1 (2005): 153-157..
130. Kawaguchi, Migaku, et al. "Stir bar sorptive extraction and thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for trace analysis of triclosan in water sample." Journal of Chromatography A 1206.2 (2008): 196-199.
131. Regueiro, Jorge, et al. "Trace analysis of parabens, triclosan and related chlorophenols in water by headspace solid-phase microextraction with in situ derivatization and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry." Journal of Chromatography A 1216.23 (2009): 4693-4702.
132. Winnberg, Ulrika, et al. "Novel octabrominated phenolic diphenyl ether identified in blue mussels from the Swedish west coast." Environmental science & technology 48.6 (2014): 3319-3326.
133. Chang, Matt S., et al. "Determination of three endocrine disrupting chemicals, triclosan, 4-n-nonylphenol, and di-n-butyl phthalate using stir bar sorptive extraction in samples of different matrices." Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 94.6 (2012): 1027-1033.
134. 徐鈺雯、陳盈如、吳金村、張上鎮，固相微萃取技術應用於植物揮發成分之分析，中華林學季刊 (Quarterly Journal of Chinese Forestry) ，(2006)，39(2)，279－292。
135. Chen, Jian, and Janusz B. Pawliszyn. "Solid phase microextraction coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 67.15 (1995): 2530-2533.
136. Boyd-Boland, Anna A., and Janusz B. Pawliszyn. "Solid-phase microextraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of alkylphenol ethoxylate surfactants in water." Analytical chemistry 68.9 (1996): 1521-1529.
137. Chen, Hung‐Yu, et al. "Occurrence of Azaarenes in sediments of the Danshuei River, Taiwan—the use of Azaarenes as indicator of anthropogenic source to the estuarine system." Environmental toxicology 23.1 (2008): 25-35..
138. Canosa, P., et al. "Optimization of solid-phase microextraction conditions for the determination of triclosan and possible related compounds in water samples." Journal of Chromatography A 1072.1 (2005): 107-115.
139. Louch, Derek, Safa Motlagh, and Janusz Pawliszyn. "Dynamics of organic compound extraction from water using liquid-coated fused silica fibers."Analytical Chemistry 64.10 (1992): 1187-1199.
140. Motlagh, Safa, and Janusz Pawliszyn. "On-line monitoring of flowing samples using solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography." Analytica chimica acta 284.2 (1993): 265-273..
141. Prosen, Helena, and Lucija Zupančič-Kralj. "Solid-phase microextraction." TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 18.4 (1999): 272-282.
142. Kasprzyk-Hordern, Barbara, Richard M. Dinsdale, and Alan J. Guwy. "The occurrence of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, endocrine disruptors and illicit drugs in surface water in South Wales, UK." Water Research 42.13 (2008): 3498-3518.
143. Zhao, Jian-Liang, et al. "Occurrence and risks of triclosan and triclocarban in the Pearl River system, South China: from source to the receiving environment." Journal of Hazardous Materials 179.1 (2010): 215-222..
144. Dayan, A. D. "Risk assessment of triclosan [Irgasan®] in human breast milk."Food and chemical toxicology 45.1 (2007): 125-129.
145. Pawliszyn, Janusz. "New directions in sample preparation for analysis of organic compounds." TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 14.3 (1995): 113-122.
146. Janusz Pawliszyn. Solid phase microextraction: theory and practice. John Wiley & Sons, 1997.
147. Chen, Jiangang, et al. "Triclocarban enhances testosterone action: a new type of endocrine disruptor?." Endocrinology 149.3 (2008): 1173-1179.
148. Motlagh, Safa, and Janusz Pawliszyn. "On-line monitoring of flowing samples using solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography. " Analytica chimica acta 284.2 (1993): 265-273.