本研究主要目的在於探討高中體育班學生心理堅韌性及知覺教練賦權氣候對運動投入的預測。以臺北地區高中體育班206名學生運動員為研究對象（男生160名、女生46名）。研究結果顯示:1.高中體育班學生之心理堅韌性與運動投入呈正相關，學生具有的心理堅韌性越強，越願意投入運動中。知覺教練賦權氣候中亦與運動投入呈現正相關，高中體育班學生知覺教練賦權動機氣候越高，其運動投入越高。2.在心理堅韌性及知覺教練賦權動機氣候預測運動投入方面，迴歸分析結果顯示第一階層中心理堅韌性三個面向僅「積極奮鬥」顯著預測運動投入。第二階層中，將「知覺教練賦權動機氣候」再加入模型後，發現整體模式解釋力為44.1%，其解釋效果提升10 %，顯示在此模式中，發「知覺教練賦權動機氣候」對運動投入具有顯著的預測力，表示「知覺教練賦權動機氣候」可正向預測高中體育班學生之運動投入。

The purpose of this study was to examine the predictive utility of mental toughness and perceived coach-created empowering motivational climate on sport engagement among high schools’ student-athletes. The participants were 206 (160 males and 46 females) high schools’ student-athletes recruited from Taipei. The results of this study indicated that: (1) there was a positive relationship between mental toughness and sport engagement. In other words, high schools’ student-athletes who had greater mental toughness showed greater sport engagement. In addition, perception of empowering motivational climate also positively correlated with sport engagement. (2) with respect to the prediction of mental toughness and perception of empowering motivational climate on sport engagement, hierarchical regression analysis indicated that three aspects of mental toughness, only ‘active struggle’ could significantly predict sport engagement. Adding perception empowering motivational climate to the regression model indicated that the model increased 10% of explained variance. The result showed that empowering motivational climate predicted sport engagement significantly.

一、中文文獻
方同賢（2009）。優秀軟式網球選手之運動心理堅韌性。北體學報，18，13-23。
王俊明（2013）。教練領導行為及團隊動機氣候對選手自我效能及團隊集體效能的影響。運動與健康研究，2（2），13-30。
王俊明、陳其昌（2006）。大專院校教練效能及領導行為對運動員運動動機及運動態度的影響。臺灣運動心理學報，9，1-18。
王清欉（2014）。運動熱情、教練-選手關係對大學棒球選手心理堅韌性之預測。臺灣運動心理學報，14（2），33-49。
李伯倫、陳魁元、李志雄（2017）。UBA公開組男子籃球員知覺其成就目標與教練動機氣候相關之研究。金門體育學報，1（1），58-71。
李靜、劉賀（2009）。青少年運動員心理堅韌性的特點。體育學刊，16（5），83-86。
李雅玲（2007）。2x2 目標取向、運動心理堅韌性與動機調整策略關係（未出版碩士論文）。國立臺北教育大學，臺北市。
季力康（2005）。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告書，行政院國家科學委員會。
東方介德（2015）。賦權動機氣候介入對青少年籃球選手基本需求、動機與幸福感之影響。未出版博士論文，桃園縣，國立體育大學。
林彥志（2011）。運動心理堅韌性研究之探討。中華體育季刊，25（3），509-51。
張少熙、蔡虔祿、洪聰敏（2010）。協助運動員完善生涯規劃之研究。臺北市：行政院體育委員會。
林瑞瑜、林清和、高志強、劉振華（2010）。運動特質性心理堅韌力與賽前狀態性焦慮對跆拳選手運動表現之影響。文化體育學刊，35-41。
邱皓政（2006）。量化研究與統計分析，台北市：五南圖書。
柯秋溢、季力康（2010）。運動動機氣候影響動機、情緒及行為之機轉與應用策略之探討。中華體育季刊，24（3），16-26。
陳宜蓁、何立安、王彥書、林其鈺（2012）。心理技能訓練對柔道選手技能表現和心理堅韌性之影響。文化體育學刊，73-88。
陳怡帆、程瑞福（2013）。以生態系統觀點析論高中體育班學生學習與升學進路。
體育學報，46（4），443-457。
陳信宏（2008）。運動員參與動機與運動心理堅韌性之關係研究。未出版碩士論文，臺北市，國立臺北教育大學。
陳律伶、季力康（2014）。重要他人塑造運動動機氣候之探討。中華體育季刊，8（4），323-330。
陳盈吉、劉榮聰、黃崇儒（2012）。大專籃球、排球選手知覺運動動機氣候、自主性與運動自信心的關係。臺灣運動教育學報，7（2），59-76。
陳惠英、高全寬、謝瑄容（2011）。特質運動心理堅韌性、運動行為態度及身體質量指數對大專學生心肺適能的影響。長庚科技學刊，15，133-140。
陳碧華、林如瀚、陳錦隆（2011）。慢跑課程對國小低年級學童心理堅韌性之影響。臺東大學體育學報，15，53-67。
黃相瑋（2012）。大學羽球代表隊運動心理堅韌性與主觀幸福感之研究-以一般生為例。臺灣體育學術研究，53，91-112。
黃崇儒（2004）。運動心理堅韌性概念的建構與測量。未出版博士論文，臺北市，國立臺灣師範大學。
黃崇儒（2004）。運動員屬性對運動員自信心來源的影響。臺灣運動心理學報，5，1-17。
溫廷傑（2011）。不同背景變項之大專網球選手運動心理堅韌性之研究。休閒運動期刊，10，123-134。
劉義傳、王清欉、黃崇儒（2013）。高中棒球選手心理堅韌性、教練威權領導與競技倦怠的關係。臺灣運動教育學報，8（1），1-13。
蔡文程、郭志騰、楊坤芳（2010）。大專網球選手運動心理堅韌性之研究。休閒保健期刊，3，177-187。
蔡貴蘭（2016）。桌球肢體障礙選手運動動機, 運動心理堅韌性暨驗證運動涉入中介效果。嘉大體育健康休閒期刊，15（3），30-41。
蔡貴蘭、李朝裕、陳昭彥、徐靜輝（2018）。桌球肢障選手運動心理堅韌性、運動涉入與滿意度之研究。高醫通識教育學報，13，1-16。
盧俊宏（1994）。運動心理學。台北：師大書苑。
蕭丞邑、陳志榮、陳東韋（2017）。國高中網球選手心理技能與心理堅韌性之差異研究。嘉大體育健康休閒期刊，16（3），80-92。
薛堯舜（2018）。國中拳擊運動代表隊教練與選手關係對運動表現之影響: 以心理堅韌性為中介變項。運動休閒管理學報，15（3），32-45。
謝欣妤（2018）。高中排球選手知覺賦權與削權動機氣候對心理堅韌性之預測。臺灣師範大學體育學系學位論文，1-55。
劉馥綺、黃英哲 （2008）。心理堅韌性對競技倦怠之預測研究。國立臺北教育大學體育學術研討會，223-227。
二、英文文獻
Anderson, D. F., & Cychosz, C. M. (1994). Development of an exercise identity scale.
Perceptual and Motor Skills, 78(3), 747-751.
Appleton, P. R., Ntoumanis, N., Quested, E., Viladrich, C., & Duda, J. L. (2016).
Initial validation of the coach-created Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire (EDMCQ-C). Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 53-65.
Bull, S. J., Shambrook, C. J., James, W., & Brooks, J. E. (2005). Towards an understanding of mental toughness in elite English cricketers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17(3), 209-227.
Connaughton, D., Wadey, R., Hanton, S., & Jones, G. (2008).
The development and maintenance of mental toughness: Perceptions of elite performers. Journal of sports sciences, 26(1), 83-95.
Conroy, D. E., & Coatsworth, J. D. (2006). Coach training as a strategy for promoting youth social development. The Sport Psychologist, 20(2), 128-144.
Crust, L. (2007). Mental toughness in sport: A review. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 5(3), 270–290.
Crust, L., & Azadi, K. (2010). Mental toughness and athletes’ use of psychological strategies. European Journal of Sport Science, 10(1), 43–51.
Crust, L., & Clough, P. J. (2011). Developing mental toughness: from research to practice. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 2(1), 21–32.
Crust, L., & Swann, C. (2013). The relationship between mental toughness and dispositional flow. European Journal of Sport Science, 13, 215-220.
Fry, M. D., & Gano-Overway, L. A. (2010). Exploring the contribution of the caring climate to the youth sport experience. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 22,
294-304.
Gano-Overway, L., & Guivernau, M. (2014). Caring in the gym: Reflections from middle school physical education teachers. European Physical Education Review, 20, 264-281
Gibson, A. (1998). Mental toughness. New York: Vantage Press.
Gucciardi, D. F., Gordon, S., & Dimmock, J. A. (2008). Towards an understanding of mental toughness in Australian football. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,
20(3), 261-281.
Gucciardi, D. F., Gordon, S., & Dimmock, J. A. (2009a). Evaluation of a mental toughness training program for youth-aged Australian footballers: I. A quantitative
analysis. Journal of applied sport psychology, 21(3), 307-323.
Gucciardi, D. F., Gordon, S., & Dimmock, J. A. (2009b). Evaluation of a mental toughness training program for youth-aged Australian footballers: II. A
quantitative analysis. Journal of applied sport psychology, 21(3), 324-339.
Gucciardi, D. F., Gordon, S., Dimmock, J. A., & Mallett, C. J. (2009). Understanding the coach's role in the development of mental toughness: Perspectives of elite
Australian football coaches. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(13), 1483-1496.
Gucciardi, D. F., Hanton, S., Gordon, S., Mallett, C. J., & Temby, P. (2015). The concept of mental toughness: tests of dimensionality, nomological network, and traitness. Journal of Personality, 83(1), 26-44.
Hanin, Y. L. (2010). Coping with anxiety in sport. Coping in sport: Theory, methods,and related constructs, 159-175.
Hanton, S., & Connaughton, D. (2002). Perceived control of anxiety and its relationship to self-confidence and performance. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 73(1), 87-97.
Harwood, C. G., Keegan, R. J., Smith, J. M., & Raine, A. S. (2015). A systematic review of the intrapersonal correlates of motivational climate perceptions in sport
and physical activity. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 18, 9-25.
Hodge, K., Lonsdale, C., & Jackson, S. A. (2009). Athlete engagement in elite sport: An exploratory investigation of antecedents and consequences. The Sport Psychologist, 23(2), 186-202.
Hogue, C. M., Fry, M. D., & Fry, A. C. (2017). The differential impact of motivational climate on adolescents’ psychological and physiological stress responses.
Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 30, 118-127.
Jones, G., Hanton, S., & Connaughton, D. (2002).What is this thing called mental toughness? An investigation of elite sport performers. Journal of Applied Sport
Psychology, 14, 205-218.
Jowett, S., & Cockerill, I. M. (2002). Incompatibility in the coach-athlete. In I. M. Cockerill (Ed.), Solutions in sport psychology (pp. 16-31). London: Thomson
Learning.
Keegan, R. J., Harwood, C. G., Spray, C. M., & Lavallee D. E. (2009). A qualitative investigation exploring the motivational climate in early career sport participant:
Coach, parent and peer influence on sport motivation. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(3), 361-372.
Kutner, Michael, Christopher Nachtsheim, & John Neter (2004). Applied Linear Regression Models, 4th ed., Boston, London: McGraw-Hill Education.
Levy, A., Nicholls, A., & Polman, R. (2012). Cognitive appraisals in sport: The direct and moderating role of mental toughness. International Journal of Applied
Psychology, 2(4), 71-76.
Lonsdale, C., Hodge, K., & Jackson, S. A. (2007). Athlete engagement: II. Development and initial validation of the Athlete Engagement Questionnaire.
International Journal of Sport Psychology, 38(4), 471-492.
Lonsdale, C., Hodge, K., & Raedeke, T. D. (2007). Athlete engagement: I. A qualitative investigation of relevance and dimensions. International Journal of Sport
Psychology, 38(4), 451-470.
Mahoney, J. W., Gucciardi, D. F., Ntoumanis, N., & Mallet, C. J. (2014). Mental toughness in sport: Motivational antecedents and associations with performance and psychological health. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 36(3), 281-292.
Mosewich, A. D., Crocker, P. R., & Kowalski, K. C. (2014). Managing injury and other setbacks in sport: Experiences of (and resources for) high-performance women
athletes. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 6(2), 182-204.
Potgieter, J. R., & Fourie, S. (2001). The nature of mental toughness in sport. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 23(2), 63-72.
Sarrazin, Boiché, & Pelletier. (2007). Intrinsic motivation and Self-Determination in Exercise and Sport. Human Kinetics.
Schaufeli, W. B., & Salanova, M. (2007). Efficacy or inefficacy, that's the question: Burnout and work engagement, and their relationships with efficacy beliefs.
Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 20(2), 177-196.
Schaufeli, W.B. & Salanova, M. (2007). Efficacy or inefficacy,that’s the question:Burnout and engagement, and theirrelationships with efficacy beliefs.
Anxiety,Coping & Stress,20 , 177-196.
Shank, M. D., & Beasley, F. M. (1998). Fan or fanatic: Refining a measure of sports involvement. Journal of sport behavior, 21(4), 435.
Smith, R. E. (1986). Toward a cognitive-affective model of athletic burnout. Journal of sport psychology, 8(1), 36-50.
Sproule, J., Wang, C. K. J., Morgan, K., McNeill, M., & McMorris, T. (2007). Effects of motivational climate in Singaporean physical education lessons on intrinsic
motivation and physical activity intention. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 1037-1049.
Wylleman, P., & Lavallee, D. (2004). A developmental perspective on transitions faced by athletes. Developmental sport and exercise psychology: A lifespan perspective, 507-527.