學習新的語言也涉及學習表達意義的新方式與規範，而隱喻便是其中之一。儘管已有大量先前研究採用事件相關電位（Event-Related Potential；ERP）的方法對隱喻語言的神經認知處理進行瞭解，但很少有研究從雙語的角度進行探討。本論文探討第二語言英語使用者是否以不同於母語使用者的方式處理隱喻語言，並呈現ERP初步結果。實驗共招募兩組參與者：在台灣的英語母語者與非英語母語者的台灣人。此外，此研究亦使用文化智商量表（Cultural Intelligence Scale）來測量跨文化能力，以控制兩組參與者學習和適應新文化進而擴展到新意義表達方式的能力。實驗材料由語境-目標句對組成，其中目標句根據動詞分為隱喻或字面兩種情境。14名非英語母語者和6名英語母語者的ERP平均數據的質性比較結果顯示，母語和非母語使用者在處理動詞隱喻時存在差異：非母語組在目標句的動詞上觀察到N400，而母語組在賓語的名詞上可能存在N400。此外，在目標句最後一個詞之後的500-800毫秒的時間窗裡，兩個語言組都觀察到持續的晚期負向波，這可能代表著隱喻與字面情境之間的記憶檢索差異。總而言之，本論文支持了不同語言背景的人以不同方式處理隱喻的觀點——具體而言，對於英語母語者和非英語母語者的句子理解歷程而言，隱喻處理在不同階段會產生不同的影響。

Learning a new language involves learning new ways and norms to mean things, including metaphor. Despite much prior research on the neurocognitive processing of metaphorical language using the event-related potential (ERP) methodology, few studies have explored it from a bilingual perspective. This thesis presents preliminary results from an ERP study investigating whether L2 English speakers process metaphorical language differently from native speakers. To undertake this goal, two groups were recruited: native English speakers in Taiwan and Taiwanese non-native English speakers. Additionally, intercultural competence was measured using the Cultural Intelligence Scale (CQS) to control for participants' ability to learn and adapt to new cultures and, by extension, new ways of meaning. Materials consisted of context-target sentence pairs, where target sentences were metaphorical or literal depending on the verb. ERPs based on the grand averages of 14 non-native participants and 6 native English participants were analysed. The results indicated qualitative differences in how native and non-native speakers processed verbal metaphors, with an N400 observed at the verb for the non-native group and a possible N400 seen at the object head noun for the native group. Additionally, a late sustained negativity was observed for both language groups at the 500–800 ms time window following the target sentence final word, possibly indicating memory retrieval differences between metaphorical and literal conditions. In sum, this thesis lends support to the notion that persons of different language backgrounds process metaphors differently—specifically, that metaphors affect different points of the sentence comprehension process for non-native speakers and native-speakers of English.

Agar, M. (1994). Language shock: The culture of conversation. New York: HarperCollins.
Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., Koh, C., Ng, K.Y., Templer, K.J., Tay, C., and Chandrasekar, N.A. (2007). Cultural intelligence: Its measurement and effects on cultural judgement and decision making, cultural adaptation and task performance. Management and Organization Review, 3(3), pp. 335–371. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.l 740-8784.2007.00082.x
Ansah, G. (2011). Metaphor and bilingual cognition: The case of Akan and English in Ghana [Unpublished PhD thesis]. Lancaster University.
Arzouan, Y., Goldstein, A., and Faust, M. (2007). Brainwaves are stethoscopes: ERP correlates of novel metaphor comprehension. Brain Research, 1160, pp. 69–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.05.034
Athanasopoulos, P. (2015). Conceptual representation in bilinguals: The role of language specificity and conceptual change. In J.W. Schwieter (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of bilingual processing, pp. 275–292. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107447257.012
Baggio, G., and Hagoort, P. (2011). The balance between memory and unification in semantics: A dynamic account of the N400. Language and Cognitive Processes, 26(9), pp. 1338–1367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01690965.2010.542671
Bambini, V., Bertini, C., Schaeken, W., Stella, A., and Di Russo, F. (2016). Disentangling metaphor from context: An ERP study. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(559). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00559
Barsalou, L.W. (1992). Frames, concepts, and conceptual fields. In A. Lehrer and E.F. Kittay (Eds.), Frames, fields, and contrasts: New essays in semantic and lexical organization, pp. 21–74. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Brouwer, H., Fitz, H., and Hoeks, J. (2012). Getting real about semantic illusions: Rethinking the functional role of the P600 in language comprehension. Brain Research, 1446, pp. 127–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2012.01.055
Brown, C., and Hagoort, P. (1993). The processing nature of the N400: Evidence from masked priming. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 5(1), pp. 34–44. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1993.5.1.34
Cameron, L. (1997). Metaphorical use of language in educational discourse: A theoretical and empirical investigation [Unpublished PhD thesis]. University of London, Institute of Education. Retrieved November 20, 2023, from: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10020284/
Cameron, L. (1999). Operationalising ‘metaphor’ for applied linguistic research. In L. Cameron and G. Low (Eds.), Researching and applying metaphor, pp. 3–28. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Chapetón, C.M. (2010). Metaphor identification in EFL argumentative writing: A corpus-driven study. Folios, 2(2), pp. 125–140. Retrieved November 20, 2023, from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262427021_Metaphor_Identification_in_EFL_Argumentative_Writing_A_Corpus-driven_Study
Chen, H., Peng, X., and Zhao, Y. (2013). An ERP study on metaphor comprehension in the bilingual brain. Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics, 36(4), pp. 505–519. https://doi.org/10.1515/cjal-2013-0034
Chomsky, N. (1986). Knowledge of language: Its nature, origin, and use. New York, NY: Praeger.
Coulson, S. (2008). Metaphor comprehension and the brain. In R.W. Gibbs (ed.), The Cambridge handbook of metaphor and thought (pp. 177-196). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved December 23, 2022, from: https://pages.ucsd.edu/~scoulson/Papers/coulson-handmet.pdf9
Coulson, S., and Van Petten, C. (2007). A special role for the right hemisphere in metaphor comprehension?: ERP evidence from hemifield presentation. Brain Research, 1146, pp. 128–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.03.008
Coulson, S., and Van Petten, C. (2002). Conceptual integration and metaphor: An event-related potential study. Memory & Cognition, 30(6), pp. 958–968. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03195780
De Grauwe, S., Swain, A, Holcomb, P.J., Ditman, T., Kuperberg, G. (2010). Electrophysiological insights into the processing of nominal metaphors. Neuropsychologia, 48(7), pp. 1965–1984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.03.017
Deignan, A. (2008). Corpus linguistic data and conceptual metaphor theory. In M.S. Zanotto, L. Cameron, and M.C. Cavalcanti (Eds.), Confronting metaphor in use: An applied linguistic approach, pp. 149–162. Amsterdam/Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.
Delorme, A., and Makeig, S. (2004). EEGLAB: An open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 134, pp. 9–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009
de Saussure, F. (1959). Course in general linguistics (W. Baskin, Trans.). New York: Philosophical Library. (Original work published 1916)
Earley, C., and Ang, S. (2003). Cultural intelligence: Individual interactions across cultures. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Fawcett, R.P. (2000). A theory of syntax for systemic functional linguistics. Amsterdam/Philadelphia, PA: Johns Benjamins.
Fawcett, R.P. (2008). Invitation to systemic functional linguistics trough the Cardiff grammar: An extension and simplification of Halliday’s systemic functional grammar. London: Equinox.
Feldman, J.A. (2006). From molecule to metaphor: A neural theory of language. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Fife, D. (2020). Flexplot: Graphically-based data analysis. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/kh9c3
Fillmore, C.J. (1985). Frames and the semantics of understanding. Quaderni di Semantica, 6, pp. 222–255.
Firth, J. (1968). A Synopsis of Linguistic Theory, 1930-55. In F. R. Palmer (Ed.), Selected Papers of J. R. Firth (1952–59 ) (pp. 168–205). London: Longmans. (Original work published 1957)
García, O., Cieślicka, A.B., and Heredia, R.R. (2015). Nonliteral language processing and methodological considerations. In R.R. Heredia and A.B. Cieślicka (Eds.)., Bilingual figurative language processing, pp. 117–168. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Gentner, D., and Wolff, P. (1997). Alignment in the processing of metaphor. Journal of Memory and Language, 37(3), pp. 331–355. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1997.2527
Gibbs, R.W. (1984). Literal meaning and psychological theory. Cognitive Science, 8(3), pp. 274–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0364-0213(84)80004-X
Giora, R. (2002). Literal vs. figurative language: Different or equal? Journal of Pragmatics, 34(4), pp. 487–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(01)00045-5
Glucksberg, S. (2003). The psycholinguistics of metaphor. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(2), pp. 92–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(02)00040-2
Grice, H.P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole and J.L. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics (vol. 3; pp. 41–58). New York: Academic Press.
Hagoort, P. (2013). MUC (memory, unification, control) and beyond. Frontiers in Psychology, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00416
Hagoort, P., Brown, C., and Groothusen, J. (1993). The syntactic positive shift (SPS) as an ERP measure of syntactic processing. Language and Cognitive Processes, 8(4), pp. 439–483. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690969308407585
Halliday, M.A.K., and Hasan, R. (1989). Language, context, and text: Aspects of language in a social-semiotic perspective (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Halliday, M.A.K., and Matthiessen, C.M.I.M. (1999). Construing experience through meaning: A language-based approach to cognition. Continuum Press.
Hanks, P. (2004). The syntagmatics of metaphor and idiom. International Journal of Lexicography, 17(3), pp. 245–274. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijl/17.3.245
Hanks, P. (2006). Metaphoricity is gradable. In A. Stefanowitsch and S.Th. Gries (Eds.), Corpus-based approaches to metaphor and metonymy, pp. 17–35. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Hanks, P. (2013). Lexical analysis: Norms and exploitations. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Hasan, R. (2015). Ways of saying, ways of meaning: Selected papers of Ruqaiya Hasan (C. Cloran, D. Butt, and G. Williams, eds.). London: Bloomsbury Academic. (Original work published 1996)
INCA. (2004). Assessor manual. European Commission. Retrieved November 19, 2023, from: https://ec.europa.eu/migrant-integration/library-document/inca-project-intercultural-competence-assessment_en
Jankowiak, K., Rataj, K., and Naskręcki, R. (2017). To electrify bilingualism: Electrophysiological insights into bilingual metaphor comprehension. PLoS One, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175578
Jankowiak, K., Naranowicz, M., and Rataj, K. (2021). Metaphors are like lenses: Electrophysiological correlates of novel meaning processing in bilingualism. International Journal of Bilingualism, 25(3), pp. 668–686. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006921996820
Janus, R.A., and Bever, T.G. (1985). Processing of metaphoric language: An investigation of the three-stage model of metaphor comprehension. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 14(5), pp. 473–487. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01666722
Johansson, M., and Mecklinger, A. (2003). The late posterior negativity in ERP studies of episodic memory: Action monitoring and retrieval of attribute conjunctions. Biological Psychology, 64, pp. 91–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0511(03)00104-2
Jung, T.P., Makeig, S., Humphries, C., Lee, T.W., McKeown, M.J., Iragui, V., Sejnowski, T.J. (2000). Removing electroencephalographic artifacts by blind source separation. Psychophysiology, 37(2), pp. 163–178. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-8986.3720163
Keating, G.D., and Jegerski, J. (2015). Experimental designs in sentence processing research: A methodological review and user’s guide. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 37, pp. 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263114000187
Kolers, P.A. (1963). Interlingual word associations. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 2(4), 291–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(63)80097-3
Kövecses, Z. (2010). Metaphor and culture. Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica, 2(2), pp. 197–220. http://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190224868.003.0005
Kövecses, Z. (2015). Where metaphors come from: Reconsidering context in metaphor. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kövecses, Z. (2020). Extended conceptual metaphor theory. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Kroll, J.F., & de Groot, A.M.B. (1997). Lexical and conceptual memory in the bilingual: Mapping form to meaning in two languages. In A.M.B. de Groot & J.F. Kroll (Eds.), Tutorials in bilingualism: Psycholinguistic perspectives (pp. 169–199). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Kroll, J.F., and Stewart, E. (1994). Category interference in translation and picture naming: Evidence for asymmetric connections between bilingual memory representations. Journal of Memory and Language, 33(2), pp. 149–174. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1994.1008
Kuperberg. G.R. (2007). Neural mechanisms of language comprehension: Challenges to syntax. Brain Research, 1146, pp. 23–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.12.063
Kuperberg, G.R., Caplan, D., Sitnikova, T., Eddy, M., and Holcomb, P.J. (2003). Neural correlates of processing syntactic, semantic, and thematic relationships in sentences. Language and Cognitive Processes, 21(5), pp. 489–530. https:/doi.org/10.1080/01690960500094279
Kutas, M., and Federmeier, K.D. (2000). Electrophysiology reveals semantic memory use in language comprehension. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(12), pp. 463–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01560-6
Kutas, M., & Federmeier, K. D. (2011). Thirty years and counting: finding meaning in the N400 component of the event-related brain potential (ERP). Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 621–647. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.131123
Kutas, M., and Hillyard, S.A. (1980). Reading senseless sentences: Brain potentials reflect semantic incongruity. Science, 207(4427), pp. 203–205. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7350657
Lai, V.T., and Curran, T. (2013). ERP evidence for conceptual mappings and comparison processes during the comprehension of conventional and novel metaphors. Brain & Language, 127(3), pp. 484–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2013.09.010
Lai, V.T., Curran, T. & Menn, L. (2009). Comprehending conventional and novel metaphors: An ERP study. Brain Research, 1281, pp. 145–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2009.05.088
Lai, V.T., Howerton, O., and Desai, R.H. (2019). Concrete processing of action metaphors: Evidence from ERP. Brain Research, 1714, pp. 202–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2019.03.005
Lakoff, G. (1987). Women, fire, and dangerous things: What categories reveal about the mind. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
Lamb, S.M. (1999). Pathways of the brain: The neurocognitive basis of language. Amsterdam: Johns Benjamins.
Lamb, S.M. (2004). Language and reality (J. Webster, Ed.). London/New York: Continuum.
Lau, E.F., Namyst, A., Fogel, A., and Delgado, T. (2016). A direct comparison of N400 effects of predictability and incongruity in adjective-noun combination. Collabra, 2(1), pp. 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.40
Lau, E.F., Phillips, C., and Poeppel, D. (2008). A cortical network for semantics: (De)constructing the N400. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9, pp. pages 920–933. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2532
Lin, Y.-c., Chen, A.S.-y., and Song, Y.-c. (2012). Does your intelligence help to survive in a foreign jungle? The effects of cultural intelligence and emotional intelligence on cross-cultural adjustment. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36(4), pp. 541–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2012.03.001
Link, P. (2013). An anatomy of Chinese. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Liu, D. (2002). Metaphor, culture, and worldview: The case of American English and the Chinese language. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
Lopez-Calderon, J., & Luck, S. J. (2014). ERPLAB: An open-source toolbox for the analysis of event-related potentials. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8(213). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00213
Low, D.S., Aung, M.T., and Day, M.J. (2020). Cognitive sociology: Developing the 'diversity pathways' model in cultural neuroscience. Human Behavior, Development and Society, 21(4), pp. 66–77.
https://so01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/hbds/article/view/243179
Low, D.S., Mcneill, I., and Day, M.J. (2022). Endangered languages: A sociocognitive approach to language death, identity loss, and preservation in the age of artificial intelligence. Sustainable Multilingualism, 21(1), pp. 1–25. http://doi.org/10.2478/sm-2022-0011
Luck, S.J. (2014). An introduction to the event-related potential technique (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Nguyen-Phuong-Mai, M. (2017). Intercultural communication: An interdisciplinary approach: When neurons, genes, and evolution joined the discourse. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
Oldfield, R.C. (1971). The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia, 9(1), pp. 97–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(71)90067-4
Osterhout, L., and Holcomb, P.J. (1992). Event-related brain potentials elicited by syntactic anomaly. Journal of Memory and Language, 31(6), pp. 785–806. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-596X(92)90039-Z
Pavlenko, A. (1999). New approaches to concepts in bilingual memory. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 2(3), pp. 209–230. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728999000322
Polich, J. (2012). Neuropsychology of P300. In E.S. Kappenman and S.J. Luck (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of event-related potential components. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Psychology Software Tools, Inc. (2016). E-Prime 3.0. Pittsburgh, PA: Psychology Software Tools, Inc. https://pstnet.com/products/e-prime/
Pynte, J., Besson, M., Robichon, F.-H., and Poli, J. (1996). The time-course of metaphor comprehension: An event-related potential study. Brain and Language, 55(3), pp. 293–316. https://doi.org/10.1006/brln.1996.0107
R Core Team. (2022). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. http://www.r-project.org/
Rai, S., and Chakraverty, S. (2020). A survey on computational metaphor processing. ACM Computing Surveys, 53(2). https://doi.org/10.1145/3373265
Sardinha, T.B. (2008). Metaphor probabilities in corpora. In M.S. Zanotto, L. Cameron, and M.C. Cavalcanti (Eds.), Confronting metaphor in use: An applied linguistic approach, pp. 127–148. Amsterdam/Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.
Searle, J.R. (1993). Metaphor. In A. Ortony (Ed.), Metaphor and thought (2nd ed.; pp. 83–111). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. (Original work published 1979)
Silaški, N., and Kilyeni, A. (2014). The money is solid metaphor in economic and business terminology in English. Professional Communication and Translation Studies, 7(1), pp. 73–79. Retrieved January 10, 2024, from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264929828_THE_MONEY_IS_SOLID_METAPHOR_IN_ECONOMIC_AND_BUSINESS_TERMINOLOGY_IN_ENGLISH
Swaab, T.Y., Ledoux, K., Camblin, C.C., and Boudewyn, M.A. (2012). Language-related ERP components. In E.S. Kappenman and S.J. Luck (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of event-related potential components. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tang, X., Shen, L., Yang, P., Huang, Y., Huang, S., Huang, M., and Ren, W. (2022). Bilingual processing mechanisms of scientific metaphors and conventional metaphors: Evidence via a contrastive event-related potentials study. Frontiers in Psychology, 13(894114). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.894114
The MathWorks Inc. (2022). MATLAB version: 9.13.0 (R2022b). Natick: The MathWorks Inc. https://www.mathworks.com
Thibodeau, P.H., Matlock, T., and Flusberg, S.J. (2019). The role of metaphor in communication and thought. Language and Linguistics Compass, 13(5). https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12327
Trevisan, P., and García, A.M. (2019). Systemic functional grammar as a tool for experimental stimulus design: New appliable horizons in psycholinguistics and neurolinguistics. Language Sciences, 75, pp. 35–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2019.101237
Uen, J.-F., Teng, S.-K., Wu, L-C., and Tsao, S.-A. (2018, May). The antecedents and consequences of cultural intelligence: An exploratory study of Taiwanese expatriates [Paper presentation]. 5th International Conference on Business and Industrial Research (ICBIR), Bangkok, Thailand. Retrieved, November 18, 2023, from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=8391245
Van Assche, E., Brysbaert, M., and Duyck, W. (2020). Bilingual lexical access. In R.R. Heredia and A.B. Cieślicka (Eds.), Bilingual lexical ambiguity resolution, pp. 42–68. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316535967.004
Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., and Koh, C. (2008). Development and validation of the CQS: The cultural intelligence scale. In S. Ang and L. Van Dyne (Eds.), Handbook f cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications, pp.16–38. Routledge.
Van Valin, R.D., and LaPolla, R.J. (1997). Syntax, structure, meaning and function. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wang, L., Wang, K.T., Heppner, P.P., and Chuang, C.-C. (2017). Cross-national cultural competency among Taiwanese international students. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 10(3), pp. 271–287. http://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000020
Wang, Q. (2018). Neural mechanism and representation of English and Chinese metaphors of bilinguals with different second language proficiency: An ERP study. Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics, 41(1), pp. 67-83. https://doi.org/10.1515/cjal-2018-0004
Waters, T. (2014). Of looking glasses, mirror neurons, culture, and meaning. Perspectives on Science, 22(4), pp. 616–649. https://doi.org/10.1162/POSC_a_00152
Wolk, D.A., Schacter, D.L., Lygizos, M., Mandu Sen, N., Chong, H., Holcomb, P.J., Daffner, K.R., and Budson, A.E. (2007). ERP correlates of remember/know decisions: Association with the late posterior negativity. Biological Psychology, 75(2), pp. 131–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.01.005
Yang, F.-P.G., Bradley, K., Huq, M., Wu, D.-L., and Krawczyk, D.C. (2013). Contextual effects on conceptual blending in metaphors: An event-related potential study. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 26(2), pp. 312–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2012.10.004
Yu, N. (2003). Chinese metaphors of thinking. Cognitive Linguistics, 14(2-3). https://doi.org/10.1515/cogl.2003.006