本研究應用生物力學原理，探討大專與高中男子短距離選手起跑及起跑後第一步、第二步相關參數之差異，藉由研究所得提供教練及運動員作為訓練參考。本研究受試者為高中與大專男子選手各五名，平均身高為173.6±2.7及174.2±3.2公分，體重為61.4±4.4及67.6±3.2公斤、年齡為15.8±1.1及21.4±0.9歲。本實驗方法使用一台Redlake高速數位攝影機、一組單向測力計以及Kwon3D軟體， 採用獨立樣本t考驗及皮爾遜績差相關進行分析，以SPSS12.0 統計軟體計算，顯著水準訂為α= .05。本研究結論有以下三點。
（一） 本實驗研究發現高中選手在預備姿勢之軀幹角度、起跑重心水平位移皆大於大專選手；而大專選手起跑反應時間快於高中選手，預備姿式前後髖關節、第二步重心垂直位移、第一步、第二步著地重心垂直速度、第二步著地重心高度，均大於高中選手。
（二） 動力學部分：大專選手的前腳最大反作用力大於高中選手，高中選手之後腳總衝量(倍體重)大於大專選手，兩組前腳最大反作用力皆大於後腳之最大反作用力。
（三） 起跑重心水平速度、起跑重心垂直速度與起跑重心合速度與前後髖關節、前後膝關節、軀幹角度、前後腳最大反作用力及前腳總衝量皆未達顯著相關。重心水水平速度與後腳總衝量之倍體重成顯著相關(r＝.66)。
關鍵詞：短距離、起跑、3D攝影分析、生物力學

Biomechanical Analysis of Starts by College and Senior High Male Sprinters
June 2007 Postgraduate: Shu-Yin Chen; Adviser: Shuh-Yuan Hsu
Abstract
Based on the principles of biomechanics, this study explores the differences among the parameters about the start and the fist and second steps following the start by the college and senior high male sprinters. The findings shall be the reference for the training methods adopted by coaches to athletes. Five senior high male athletes and five college ones are the subjects. Averagely, the senior high male athletes are 173.6±2.7 cm (height), 61.4±4.4 kg (weight), and 15.8±1.1 years old (age), while the college male athletes are 174.2±3.2 cm (height), 67.6±3.2 kg (weight), and 21.4±0.9 years old (age). The experiment is conducted with a Redlake high-speed digital camera, a set of unidirectional dynamometers, and the Kwon3D software. The analysis employs the t-test of independent samples and the Pearson product-moment correlation, the calculation adopts the statistical software, SPSS12.0, and α= .05 is the level of significance. The findings and the conclusion are in the three following points:
（四） In the experiment, the senior high athletes have greater trunk angles at the commencing position and greater horizontal displacements of the start cg (center of gravity). At the start, college athletes re-act faster and have greater front and back hip joints at the commencing position, greater vertical displacements of cg at the second step, faster vertical speeds of the landing cg at the first and second steps, and higher heights of the landing cg at the second step.
（五） In dynamics, the college athletes have the greater maximum counterforce of forefeet. The senior high athletes have the greater total impulse of back feet (times the weight). For the two sets of subjects, the maximum counterforce is greater at the forefoot than at the back foot.
（六） The horizontal and vertical speeds and resultant velocity of cg at the start do not reach the level of significance. The maximum counterforce at the front and back hip joints, the front and back knee joints, the trunk angle, and the forefeet and back feet do not, either, and neither does the total impulse at the forefeet. Nevertheless, the relation between the horizontal speed of cg and the total impulse (times the weight) of back feet is quite significant (r＝.66).

參考文獻
中文部份：
王金成、徐婉靜、邱靖華、簡鴻玟(1991)。不同足間距離對蹲距式與摩威式起跑法之生物力學分析。中華民國大專院校體育總會八十學年度體育學術研討會，533-546。
林清山(1998)。心理與教育統計學。台北市：東華書局。
王嘉連(1982)。蹲踞式起跑預備姿勢角度探討。師大體育，13，46-49。
吳文忠(1957)。體育史。台北市：正中書局。
姬榮軍、簡岑如(2001)。不同步幅長度對起跑出發之運動學探討。師大體育，45，23-30。
許樹淵、廖貴地(1996)。百公尺跑反應時間分段時間相關之分析。體育學報，21，163-170。
許樹淵(1978)。田徑運動力學。台北市:協進圖書有限公司。
許樹淵(1996)。田徑論。台北市：偉彬體育研究社。
張博智(2004)。國內優秀男子百公尺起跑出發運動學分析。未出版碩士論文，國立體育學院，桃園縣。
陳維科(2000)。100m跑的生物力學分析。固原師範學報，21(3)，90-93。
翁梓林(2000)。影響短距離起跑之生物力學分析。國立臺北師範學院學報，13，569-581。
國際田徑總會(2003)。國際田徑規則2004~2005中譯版。臺北市：中華民國田徑協會。
湯銘新(1997)。奧運百週年發展史。台北市：中華台北奧林匹克委員會。
劉立宇(1982)。不同起跑法之比較分析。師大體育，12，22-26。
劉俊輝(2006)。未出版碩士論文，短距離之中式起跑對生物力學探討。位出版碩士論文。國立台北教育大學，台北市。
簡鴻玟(1994)。蹲踞起跑不同起跑踏板角度之生物力學分析。體育學報，18，171-182。

英文部分：
Arwater, A. E. (1982). Kinematic analyses of sprinting. Track & Field Quarterly Review, 82, 6-12.
Andrew, S. J. and John, M. C.(1970). Effect of hand spacing and rear knee angle on the sprinter start. The Research Quarterly, 41(3).
Baumann, W.(1976). Kinematic and dynamic characteristics of the sprint start, Biomechanics V-B, 194-199.
Bresnahan, Tuttle, Cretz Meyer, Track and Field Athletics, 4, 471-475.
Dempster, W. T. (1955). Space Requirements of the Seated Operator: Geometrical, Kinematic, and Mechanical Aspects of the Body with Special Reference to the Limbs. WADC Technical Report 55-159. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH.
Dickinson, A. D. (1934). The effect of foot spacing on the starting time and speed in sprinting and relation of physical measurements to foot spacing. The Research Quarterly, 5, 12-19.
Henry, F. M.(1952). Force-Time characteristics of the sprint start. The Research Quarterly,23, 310-318.
Harland, H. J. and Steele, J. R. (1997). Biomechanics of the sprint start. Sport Medicine, 23(1), 11-20.
Korchemny, R. (1992). A new concept for sprint start and acceleration training. New Studies in Athletics, 7(4), 65-72.
Mero, A. (1998). Force-Time characteristics and running velocity of male sprinters during the acceleration phase of sprinting. Research Quarterly For Exercise and Sport, 59, 94-98.
Mero, A., Luhtanen, P. & Komi, P. (1983). A biomechanical study of the sprint start. Scandinavian Journal of Sports Science, 5, 20-28.
Moravec, P., et, al. (1988). The 1987 international athletics foundation/IAFF scientific project: Time analysis of the 100m events at the second World Championships in Athletics. New Studies in Athletics, 3(3), 61-96.
Martin, et, al. (1995). Influence of Reaction Time on Athletic Performance, International Amateur Athletic Federation.
Ozolin, E.(1988). The technique of the sprint start. Modern Athlete and Coach, 26(3), 38-39.
P. V. Karpovich(1964). Electrogoniometric study of Locomotion and of some athletic Movements, The Research Quarterly, 35(3).
Stock(1962). Influence of various track starting positions on speed, The Research Quarterly, 33, 607-614.
Volkov, N. I., & Lapin, V. I.(1979). Analysis of the velocity curve in sprint running. Medicine and Science in Sports, 11, 332-337.