本研究旨在探討Bowen自我分化諮商團體於共依附特質傾向青少年的成效與療效因素。本研究採混合研究之嵌入式設計，主要以質性研究探討本團體對於具共依附特質傾向且有感情困擾之青少年的幫助和療效因素；輔以量化研究探討本團體於提升共依附特質傾向青少年之自我分化、人際親密能力、及自我概念之成效。本研究採前實驗設計之單組前後測設計，並增加團體結束後三個月的追蹤測，依據Bowen理論的自我分化概念，設計八週，每週二小時，共十六小時的諮商團體。本研究六位團體成員為北部某專科五專生，其在中文版共依附量表（The Spann-Fischer Codependency Scale）之平均分數高於3.00，於目前或曾經有感情困擾且自覺在關係中有共依附特質傾向。本研究於團體前後，並於團體結束後三個月時進行量表施測，團體結束後一週進行半結構訪談；量化資料以無母數Wilcoxon配對符號等級檢定進行分析，質性資料則以現象學為研究取向，並以主題分析法進行編碼及分析。
本研究質性資料分析結果，團體對成員的幫助，包括：（1）自我的成長與朝向分化；（2）親密與自主的平衡；（3）學習關係困擾的解決方法等三個向度；本團體的療效因素則包括：（1）家庭與人際互動經驗的覺察；（2）對他人經驗的體會與共鳴；（3）團體提供溫暖信任與回饋的環境；（4）幫助成員解決問題等四個向度。量化資料分析結果顯示，團體於提升成員自我分化、人際親密能力與社會自我概念上具有顯著立即性效果，而於提升成員心理自我概念上則無顯著立即性效果；再者，團體於提升成員人際親密能力與社會自我概念上具有顯著之三個月追蹤性效果，而於提升成員自我分化與心理自我概念上則無顯著之三個月追蹤性效果。
最後，本研究綜合討論質性與量化研究結果與發現，並對未來相關研究與諮商實務工作提出若干建議。

This study aimed to explore the effects and therpaeutic factors of a counseling group based on Bowen's concept of self-differentiation for adolescents with codependency in Taiwan. The study used a mixed method embedded design. The primary purpose of the study was to explore the helpfulness and therapeutic factors of counseling group for adolescents with codependency and intimate relationship problems. The secondary purpose of the study was to examine the effects of the counseling group on improving members' differentiation of self, interpersonal competence, and self-concept. The group model consisted of eight two-hour sessions for a total of sixteen hours for eight weeks. The participants were six female students in a five-year junior college in Taipei, who had an average score greater than 3 on the Chinese version of the Spann-Fischer Codependency Scale. They also experienced codpendent relationships or had problems in the current or past intimate relationships.
Quantitative data were collected at the pre-group, post-group and three-month follow up on the Chinese versions of the Differentiation of Self Inventory, Interpersonal Competence Questionnaire, and Tennessee Self-Concept Scale. The Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks Test was used to analyze guantitative data. With semi-structured interviews and a phenomenological approach, qualitative data were coded and analyzed using thematic analysis.
Participants' perceptions of the ways in which the group was helpful included: (1) progress of individuation and differentiation, (2) balance of intimacy and autonomy, (3) learning solutions for relationship problems. The therapeutic factors of the group included: (1) awareness of the experiences in family and interpersonal interaction, (2) realizing and empathizing with the experiences of others, (3) a warm environment of trust and feedback exchange in the group, (4) helping members solve problems. The quantitative results showed that there were immediate effects of the counseling group on differentiation of self, interpersonal competence, and social self-concept, but no immediate effects were found for psychological self-concept. At the three-month follow up, significant effects were found for interpersonal competence, and social self-concept, but none were found for differentiation of self, psychological self-concept.
The implications of these findings for group counseling and suggestions for future research are discussed.

一、中文部份
王行（2002）：家族歷史與心理治療-家庭重塑實務篇。臺北：心理。
王慶福、王郁茗（2007）：大學生性別角色取向與人際能力、關係適應之比較。中山醫學雜誌，18（2）217-230。
王麗斐、林美珠（2000）：團體治療性因素量表之發展與編製。中華輔導學報，9，1-24。
王鑾襄、賈紅鶯（2013）：Bowen自我分化理論與研究：近十年文獻分析初探。輔導季刊，49（4），27-39。
石芳萌、吳麗娟、林世華（2010）：高中職學生親職化、自我分化與身心健康之相關研究。教育心理學報，41（4），823-846。
吳昭儀、吳麗娟（2005）：大學生的共依附與愛情態度之相關研究。教育心理學報，3，241-263。
吳秋月、吳麗娟（1999）：子女知覺父母婚姻暴力經驗、社會支持和共依附之關係。教育心理學報，31（1），63-88。
吳麗娟（1997）：共依附的特質與治療。測驗與輔導，145，3011-3014。
宋耀廷、潘佩妤（2010）：混合研究在教育研究的應用。教育科學研究期刊，55（4），97-130。
林幸台、張小鳳、陳美光審訂（2004）：田納西自我概念量表指導手冊。臺北：測驗出版社。
林清山（1992）：心理與教育統計學。臺北：臺灣東華。
林靜雯、陳蘇陳英（2010）：「自我區分量表」中文版（C-DSI）之效度測量研究報告。香港：香港國際社會服務社。
胡幼慧（1996）：質性研究：理論、方法及本土女性研究實例。臺北：巨流。
胡雅婷（2006）：高職女生自我分化、人際互動與憂鬱傾向之相關研究～以台北市某高職為例。中國文化大學青少年兒童福利研究所。
高明薇（1996）：高中、職學生自我分化與因應方式、心理健康關係之研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
高淑清（2000）：現象學方法及其在教育上的應用。載於中正大學教育研究所（主編）：質的研究方法（93-134）。高雄：麗文。
高淑清（2008a）：質性研究的18堂課：首航初探之旅。高雄：麗文文化。
高淑清（2008b）：質性研究的18堂課：揚帆再訪之旅。高雄：麗文文化。
張春興（2006）：張氏心理學辭典。臺北：台灣東華。
莊慧美、卓紋君（2006）：大學生分離-個體化團體諮商之影響分析。中華輔導學報，19，73-108。
許智傑、謝政廷、吳秀碧（2014）：台灣團體諮商研究之題材與方法之整合性分析：以2001-2012為例。臺灣諮商心理學報，2（2），49-75。
陳志賢、徐西森、連廷嘉（2008）：團體諮商對大學生人際困擾輔導效果及其治療性因素之研究。中華心理衛生學刊，21（1），1-25。
陳秀菁、吳麗娟、林世華（2004）：大學生的共依附特質、人際親密能力與親密感之相關研究。教育心理學報，2，145-164。
陳瑞、周桂如（2002）：團體凝聚力。慈濟護理雜誌，1（1）23-28。
陳詩潔、吳麗娟（2008）：大學生的共依附特質、自我感受與愛情關係品質之相關研究。教育心理學報，1，153-177。
陳靜宜（2001）：自我分化在家庭治療理論中的意義。諮商與輔導，191，17-20。
程玲玲（2008）：共依賴的研究。犯罪與刑事司法研究，10，25-50。
鈕文英（2012）：質性研究方法與論文寫作。臺北：雙葉。
鈕文英（2013）：研究方法與論文寫作（第二版）。臺北：雙葉。
黃珊峨（2007）：青少年的自我分化與生活適應之相關探討。諮商與輔導，256，33-36。
黃韞臻、林淑惠、林佳筠（2011）：大學生性別角色、共依附與愛情態度之相關研究。學校衛生，59，105-131。
劉淑言、周桂如（2000）：兒童青少年團體心理治療。護理雜誌，47（6），59-63。
潘淑滿（2003）：質性研究：理論與應用。臺北：心理。
蔡淑鈴、吳麗娟（2003）：青少年的親子關係與共依附特質之相關研究。教育心理學報，35（1），59-78。
穆佩芬（1996）：現象學研究法。護理研究，4（2），195-202。
賴韻雯（2012）：高中生共依附特質與自我概念之相關研究。國立東華大學諮商與臨床心理學系研究所碩士論文。
謝麗紅（2002）：團體諮商方案設計與實例。臺北：五南。
簡文英（2001）：團體諮商中的改變因子~團體治療因素探討。諮商與輔導，185，8-13。

 
二、英文部分
Anderson, S. C. (1994). A critical analysis of the concept of codependency. Social Work, 39, 677-685.
Beattie, M. (1987). Codependent no more. New York: Harper/Hazelden.
Bordens, K. S., & Abbott, B. B. (2002). Research and design methods: a process approach (5th). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice. New York, NY: Jason Aronson.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
Bray, J. H., Harvey, D. M., & Williamson, D. S. (1987). Intergenerational family relationships: An evaluation of theory and measurement. Psychotherapy, 24, 516-528.
Byrne, M., Edmundson, R., & Rankin, E. D. (2005). Sympotm reduction and enhancement of psychosocial functioning utilizing a relational group treatment program for dependent/codependent population. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 23, 69-84.
Cermak, T. (1986). Diagnosing and treating codependence. Minneapolis, MN: Johnson Institute Books.
Cermak. T. (1991). Co-addiction as a disease. Psychiatric Annuals, 21, 268-272.
Chang, S.-H. (2010). Codependency among College Students in the United States and Taiwan: A Cross-Cultural Study (Doctoral Dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Database.
Chang, S.-H. (2012). A cultural perspective on codependency and its treatment. Asia Pacific Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 3(1), 50-60.
Chang, S.-H. (2014). A Test of the Application of Bowen Theory to Codependency in Taiwanese College Students. Society for Psychotherapy Research 45th International Conference, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Collins, B. G. (1993). Reconstruing codependency using self-in-relation theory: A feminist perspective. Social Work, 39, 470-476.
Corey, G. (2008). Theory and practice of group counseling (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
Cowan, G., & Warren, L. W. (1994). Codependency and gender-stereotyped traits. Sex Roles, 30(9/10) , 631-645.
Crester, G. A., & Lombardo, W. K. (1999). Examining codependency in a college population. College Student Journal, 33, 629-637.
Creswell, J. W. (2012). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Creswell, J. W. (2013). Steps in conducting a scholarly mixed methods study. Paper presented at the Discipline-Based Education Research Group. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1047&context=dberspeakers
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Cullen, J., & Carr, A. (1999). Codependency: An empirical study from a systemic perspective. Contemporary Family Therapy, 21, 505-526.
Dear, G. E., & Roberts, C. M. (2002). The relationships between codependency and femininity and masculinity. Sex Roles, 46, 159-165.
Dear, G. E., Roberts, C. M., & Lange, L. (2005). Defining codependency: A thematic analysis of published definitions. Advances in Psychology, 34, 189-205.
Edmundson, R., Byrne, M., & Rankin, E. D. (2000). Preliminary outcome data on a model treatment group for codependence. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 18, 93-107.
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
Fagan-Pryor, E. C., & Haber, L. C. (1992). Codependency: Another name for Bowen's Undifferentiated self. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 28(4), 24-28.
Fischer, J. L., Spann, L., & Crawford, D. (1991). Measuring codependency. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 8(1), 87-99.
Fleming, W. M., & Anderson, S. A. (1986). Individuation from the family of origin and personal adjustment in late adolescence. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 12(3), 311-315.
Fuller, J. A., & Warner, R. M. (2000). Family stressors as predictors of codependency. Genetic Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 126, 5-22.
Gibson, J. M., & Donigian, J. (1993). Use of Bowen Theory. Journal of Additions & Offender Counseling, 14, 25-35.
Goldenberg, I., & Goldenberg, H. (2012). Family therapy: An Overview(4th). Los Angeles: Brooks/Cole.
Haaken, J. (1993). From A1-Anon to ACOA: Codependency and reconstruction of caregiving. Journal of Women in Cultural and Society, 18, 321-345.
Hogg, J. A., & Frank, M. L. (1992). Toward an interpersonal model of codependence and contradependence. Journal of Counseling & Development, 70, 371-375.
Hughes-Hammer, C., Martsolf, D. S., & Zeller, R. A. (1998). Development and testing of the Codependency Assessment Tool. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 12(5), 264-272.
Irwin, H. J. (1995). Codependency, narcissism, and childhood trauma. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51, 658-665.
Kerr, M., & Bowen, M. (1988). Family evaluation. New York: Norton.
Loughead, T. A., Kelly, K. R., & Bartlett-Voigt, B. (1995). Group counseling for codependence: An exploratory study. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 13(4), 51-61.
McInnis-Perry, G. J., & Good, J. M. (2006). A psychoeducational codependency support group for older adults who reside in the community: friends supporting friends. Journal of Geronotological nursing, 32(8), 32-42.
Morgan, J. P. (1991). What is codependency? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47, 720-729.
Murdock, N. L., & Gore Jr, P. A. (2004). Stress, coping, and differentiation of self: a test of Bowen therapy. Contemporary Family Therapy, 26(3), 319-335.
Nichols, M. P. (2009). Family Therapy : Concepts and Methods (9th). New York, NY: Person.
Noriega, G., Ramos, L., Medina-Mora, M. E., & Villa, A. R. (2008). Prevalence of codependency in young women seeking primary health care and associated risk factors. American Psychological Association, 78(2), 199-210.
O'Brien, P. P., & Gaborit, M. (1992). A disorder separate from chemical codependency. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 48(1), 129-136.
O'Gorman, P. (1993). Codependency explored: A social movement in search of definition and treatment. Psychiatric Quarterly, 64, 199-212.
Papero, D. V. (1990). Bowen family systems theory. MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Prager, K. J. (1995). The psychology of intimacy. New York: The Guilford Press.
Prest, L. A., & Protinsky, H. (1993). Family systems theory: A Unifying framework for codependence. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 21, 352-360.
Reyome, N. D., Ward, K. S., & Witkiewitz, K. (2010). Psychosocial variables as mediators of the relationship between childhood history of emotional maltreatment, codependency, and self-silencing. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 19, 159-179.
Rice, F. P., & Dolgin, K. G. (2002). The adolescent: Development, relationships, and culture. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Sandage, S. J., & Jankowski, P. J. (2010). Forgiveness, spiritual instability, mental health symptoms, and well-being: mediator effects of differentiation of self. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 2(3), 168-180.
Scaturo, D. J., Hayes, T., Sagula, D., & Walter, T. (2000). The concept of codependency and its context within family systems theory. Family Therapy, 27, 63-70.
Schaef, A. W. (1987). When Society Becomes an Addict. New York: Haper & Row.
Springer, C. A., Britt, T. W., & Schlenker, B. R. (1998). Codependency: Clarifying the construct. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 20, 141-158.
Teyber, E. (1997). Interpersonal process in psychotherapy: A relational approach (3rd ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Thombs, D. L. (1994). Introduction to addictive behaviors. New York: Guilford Press.
Van Wormer, K. (1990). Co-dependency: Implications for women and therapy. Women & Therapy, 8(4), 51-63.
Verderber, R.F., & Verderber, K.S. (1998). Interact: Using interpersonal communication skills (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Wegscheider-Cruse, S., & Cruse, J. R. (1990). Understanding co-dependency. Deerfield Beach, FL: Health Communications.
Wells, M. C., Glickauf-Hughes, C., & Jones, R. (1999). Codependency: A grass roots construct's relationship to shame-proneness, low self-esteem, and childhood parentification. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 27, 63-71.
Wells, M. C., Hill, M. B., Brack, G., Brack, C. J., & Firestone, E. E. (2006). Codependency's relationship to defining characteristics in college students. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 20(4), 71-84.
Whitfield, C. L. (1991). Co-dependence: Healing the human condition. Deerfield Beach. FL: Health Communication.
Wright, P. H., & Wright, K. D. (1990). Measuring Codependents' close relationships: A preliminary study. Journal of Substance Abuse, 2, 335-344.
Wright, P. H., & Wright, K. D. (1999). The tow faces of codependent relating: A research-based perspective. Contemporary Family Therapy, 21, 527-543.
Yalom, I. D. (1995). The theory and practice of group psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books.