Author: |
林詩怡 Lin, Shih-Yi |
---|---|
Thesis Title: |
The Relationship between Expectation-Reality Gap and Work Adjustment
in Taiwan Hospitality Industry: The Moderating Role of Perceived
Coworker Support and Supervisor Support The Relationship between Expectation-Reality Gap and Work Adjustment in Taiwan Hospitality Industry: The Moderating Role of Perceived Coworker Support and Supervisor Support |
Advisor: |
盧承杰
Lu, Cheng-Chieh |
Committee: |
李栢浡
Lee, Pai-Po 賴志樫 Lai, Chih-Chien 盧承杰 Lu, Cheng-Chieh |
Approval Date: | 2022/04/26 |
Degree: |
碩士 Master |
Department: |
國際人力資源發展研究所 Graduate Institute of International Human Resource Developmemt |
Thesis Publication Year: | 2022 |
Academic Year: | 110 |
Language: | 英文 |
Number of pages: | 76 |
Keywords (in English): | expectation-reality gap, employee work adjustment, perceived coworker support, perceived supervisor support, hospitality industry |
Research Methods: | 調查研究 |
DOI URL: | http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202201096 |
Thesis Type: | Academic thesis/ dissertation |
Reference times: | Clicks: 115 Downloads: 8 |
Share: |
School Collection Retrieve National Library Collection Retrieve Error Report |
ABSTRACT
Attracting and retaining talents in the hospitality industry is a considerable challenge due to the extremely high turnover rate. For new employees, helping them to blend in the new environment and adjust well to a new position are especially important for hospitality practitioners to reduce the new employees' turnover rate. To this end, understanding the difference between new employees' expectations about the organization and what the organization can offer becomes beneficial and meaningful. Therefore, the objective of this study is to delve deeper into the relationship between the new employee expectation-reality gap and work adjustment. Furthermore, perceived coworker support and supervisor support were investigated to see if these two factors have a moderating effect on the relationship between the expectation-reality gap and work adjustment. The convenient and purposive sampling approach was adopted to reach participants and an online self-reported survey was designed to collect the data. The collected data was analyzed using Mplus and SPSS software. Descriptive analysis, correlation analysis and hierarchical regression analysis were performed to describe participants’ demographic profiles and test the hypotheses of this study. The findings show a significant negative relationship between expectation-reality gap and work adjustment. In terms of moderating effect, both perceived coworker support and perceived supervisor support strengthen the negative relationship between expectation-reality gap and work adjustment.
REFERENCES
Arkoff, A. (1968). Adjustment and mental health. McGraw-Hill Book Comp.
Ashford, S. J., & Black, J. S. (1996). Proactivity during organizational entry: The role of desire for control. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(2), 199–214. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.81.2.199
Ashforth, B. E., Saks, A. M., & Lee, R. T. (1998). Socialization and newcomer adjustment: The role of organizational context. Human Relations, 51(7), 897–926. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679805100703
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands‐resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309–328. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Verbeke, W. (2004). Using the job demands-resources model to predict burnout and performance. Human Resource Management, 43(1), 83–104. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20004
Beehr, T. A., Jex, S. M., Stacy, B. A., & Murray, M. A. (2000). Work stressors and coworker support as predictors of individual strain and job performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(4), 391–405. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1379(200006)21:4<391::aid-job15>3.0.co;2-9
Black, J. S., & Gregersen, H. B. (1991). The other half of the picture: Antecedents of spouse cross-cultural adjustment. Journal of International Business Studies, 22(3), 461–477. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490311
Blackl, J. S. (1992). Coming home: The -relationship of expatriate expectations with repatriation adjustment and job performance. Human Relations, 45(2), 177–192. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679204500205
Blomme, R., Van Rheede, A., & Tromp, D. (2009). The hospitality industry: an attractive employer? An exploration of students' and industry workers' perceptions of hospitality as a career field. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 21(2), 6–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10963758.2009.10696939
Blomme, R. J., Tromp, D. M., & Van Rheede, A. (2008). Predictors of turnover intentions of highly educated employees in the hospitality industry. Advances in Hospitality and Leisure, 3–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1745-3542(08)00001-5
Bolarinwa, O. (2016). Principles and methods of validity and reliability testing of questionnaires used in social and health science researches. The Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal, 22, 195–201. https://doi.org/10.4103/1117-1936.173959
Breaugh, J. A. (1993). Recruitment: Science and practice. Wadsworth.
Brief, A. P., Van Sell, M., & Aldag, R. J. (1979). Vocational decision making among women: Implications for organizational behavior. Academy of Management Review, 4(4), 521–530. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1979.4498329
Caligiuri, P., Phillips, J., Lazarova, M., Tarique, I., & Burgi, P. (2001). The theory of met expectations applied to expatriate adjustment: the role of crosscultural training. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12(3), 357–372. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190121711
Caplan, R. D., Cobb, S., French, J. R., Van Harrison, R., & Pinneau, S. R. (1975). Job demands and worker health: main effects and occupational differences. PsycEXTRA Dataset. https://doi.org/10.1037/e573842014-001
Chen, Y.-C., Lee, C.-S., Yu, T.-H., & Shen, J.-Y. (2014). Effects of gender role and family support on work adjustment among male flight attendants in Taiwan. Social Behavior and Personality: an International Journal, 42(3), 453–463. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2014.42.3.453
Christie, S., & Conger, O. (2019). An analysis of Expatriate adjustment by age - researchgate.net. Retrieved November 10, 2021, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336349364_AN_ANALYSIS_OF_EXPATRIATE_ADJUSTMENT_BY_AGE.
Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 310–357. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310
Cooper‐Thomas, H., Anderson, N., & Cash, M. (2011). Investigating organizational socialization: A fresh look at newcomer adjustment strategies. Personnel Review, 41(1), 41–55. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483481211189938
Dahling, J. J., & Librizzi, U. A. (2015). Integrating the theory of work adjustment and attachment theory to predict job turnover intentions. Journal of Career Development, 42(3), 215–228. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845314545169
Dawis, R. V. (2005). The Minnesota theory of work adjustment. In S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Career Development and Counseling (pp. 3–23). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Dawis, R. V., England, G. W., & Lofquist, L. H. (1964). A theory of work adjustment. Industrial Relations Center, University of Minnesota.
Dawis, R. V., & Lofquist, L. H. (1984). A psychological theory of work adjustment. Minneapolis, MN: Univer. of Minnesota Press.
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499–512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499
Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics. (2021a, June 4). National income statistics and domestic economic outlook. https://www.dgbas.gov.tw
Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics. (2021b, May 27). Statistics of job vacancies in February 2021 and recurring salary increases in 2020. https://www.dgbas.gov.tw
Eisenberger, R., Armeli, S., Rexwinkel, B., Lynch, P. D., & Rhoades, L. (2001). Reciprocation of perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 42–51. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.1.42
Feldman, D. C. (1976). A contingency theory of socialization. Administrative Science Quarterly, 21(3), 433. https://doi.org/10.2307/2391853
Georgopoulos, B. S., Mahoney, G. M., & Jones, N. W. (1957). A path-goal approach to productivity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 41(6), 345–353. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0048473
Greenhaus, J. H., Seidel, C., & Marinis, M. (1983). The impact of expectations and values on job attitudes. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 31(3), 394–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(83)90132-0
Holton, E. F., & Russell, C. J. (1997). The relationship of anticipation to newcomer socialization processes and outcomes: A pilot study. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70(2), 163–172. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1997.tb00640.x
Hom, P. W., Griffeth, R. W., Palich, L. E., & Bracker, J. S. (1998). An exploratory investigation into theoretical mechanisms underlying realistic job previews. Personnel Psychology, 51(2), 421–451. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1998.tb00732.x
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53–60. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254742561_Structural_Equation_Modeling_Guidelines_for_Determining_Model_Fit
House, J. S. (1981). Work stress and social support. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Hutchison, S. (1997). A path model of perceived organizational support. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 12(1), 159–174.
Jones, G. R. (1986). Socialization tactics, self-efficacy, and newcomers' adjustments to organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 29(2), 262–279. https://doi.org/10.5465/256188
Kang, H. J., Busser, J., & Choi, H.-M. (2018). Service climate: How does it affect turnover intention? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 30(1), 76–94. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-04-2016-0185
Karatepe, D. O. (2010). The effect of positive and negative work-family interaction on exhaustion: Does work social support make a difference? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 22(6), 836–856. https://doi.org/10.1108/95961191080000537
Karatepe, O. M., & Aleshinloye, K. D. (2009). Emotional dissonance and emotional exhaustion among hotel employees in Nigeria. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28(3), 349–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2008.12.002
Kim, S.-W., Price, J. L., Mueller, C. W., & Watson, T. W. (1996). The determinants of career intent among physicians at a U.S. Air Force Hospital. Human Relations, 49(7), 947–976. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679604900704
Ko, W.-H. (2008). Training, satisfaction with internship programs, and confidence about future careers among hospitality students: A case study of universities in Taiwan. Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 7(4), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313220802033245
Kottke, J. L., & Sharafinski, C. E. (1988). Measuring perceived supervisory and organizational support. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 48(4), 1075–1079. doi:10.1177/0013164488484024
Kuo, C.-C., Wu, C.-Y., & Lin, C.-W. (2018). Supervisor workplace gossip and its impact on employees. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 33(1), 93–105. https://doi.org/10.1108/jmp-04-2017-0159
Ladd, D., & Henry, R. A. (2000). Helping coworkers and helping the organization: The role of support perceptions, exchange ideology, and conscientiousness. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(10), 2028–2049. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02422.x
Lee, X., Yang, B., & Li, W. (2017). The influence factors of job satisfaction and its relationship with turnover intention: Taking early-career employees as an example. Anales De Psicología, 33(3), 697–707. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.33.3.238551
Lubinski, D., & Benbow, C. P. (2000). States of excellence. American Psychologist, 55(1), 137–150. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.55.1.137
Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370–396. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054346
Mead, S., Hilton, D., & Curtis, L. (2001). Peer support: A theoretical perspective. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 25(2), 134–141. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0095032
Mignerey, J. T., Rubin, R. B., & Gorden, W. I. (1995). Organizational entry: An investigation of newcomer communication behavior and uncertainty. Communication Research, 22(1), 54–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365095022001003
Morgeson, F. P., & Humphrey, S. E. (2006). The Work Design Questionnaire (WDQ): Developing and validating a comprehensive measure for assessing job design and the nature of work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(6), 1321–1339. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1321
Nadiri, H., & Tanova, C. (2010). An investigation of the role of justice in turnover intentions, job satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behavior in hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(1), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.05.001
Na-Nan, K. (2019). Employee work adjustment scale for small and medium-sized enterprises in Thailand. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 36(8), 1284–1300. doi:10.1108/ijqrm-07-2018-0178
Nicholson, N. (1984). A theory of work role transitions. Administrative Science Quarterly, 29(2), 172–191. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393172
Øgaard, T., Marnburg, E., & Larsen, S. (2008). Perceptions of organizational structure in the hospitality industry: Consequences for commitment, job satisfaction and perceived performance. Tourism Management, 29(4), 661–671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.07.006
Perrone, L., & Vickers, M. H. (2003). Life after graduation as a “very uncomfortable world”: An Australian case study. Education + Training, 45(2), 69–78. doi:10.1108/00400910310464044
Polach, J. L. (2004). Understanding the experience of college graduates during their first year of employment. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 15(1), 5–23. doi:10.1002/hrdq.1084
Porter, L. W., & Steers, R. M. (1973). Organizational, work, and personal factors in employee turnover and absenteeism. Psychological Bulletin, 80(2), 151–176. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0034829
Premack, S. L., & Wanous, J. P. (1985). A meta-analysis of realistic job preview experiments. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70(4), 706–719. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.70.4.706
Raghuram, S., Garud, R., Wiesenfeld, B., & Gupta, V. (2001). Factors contributing to virtual work adjustment. Journal of Management, 27(3), 383–405. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630102700309
Raybould, M., & Wilkins, H. (2005). Over qualified and under experienced. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 17(3), 203–216. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110510591891
Reber, A. S. (1995). The Penguin dictionary of psychology. Penguin.
Rhoades, L., Eisenberger, R., & Armeli, S. (2001). Affective commitment to the organization: The contribution of perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(5), 825–836. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.5.825
Richardson, S. (2009). Undergraduates’ perceptions of tourism and hospitality as a career choice. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28(3), 382–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2008.10.006
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293–315. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.248
Sedgwick, P. (2012). Pearson’s correlation coefficient. British Medical Journal, 345, 1–2. doi:10.1136/bmj.e4483
Shimoni, T., Ronen, S., & Roziner, I. (2005). Predicting expatriate adjustment. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 5(3), 293–312. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470595805060812
Shu, C.-Y., Chiang, Y.-H., & Lu, C.-H. (2018). Authoritarian leadership supervisor support and workers’ compulsory citizenship behavior. International Journal of Manpower, 39(3), 468–485. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijm-10-2016-0191
Sutton, G., & Griffin, M. A. (2004). Integrating expectations, experiences, and psychological contract violations: A longitudinal study of new professionals. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77(4), 493–514. https://doi.org/10.1348/0963179042596487
Swanson, J. L., & Schneider, M. (2013). Minnesota theory of work adjustment. In S. D. Brown, & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work (2nd ed., pp. 29–54). John Wiley.
Thompson, C. B. (2009). Descriptive data analysis. Air Medical Journal, 28(2), 56–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amj.2008.12.001
Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. Wiley.
Wanous, J. P. (1992). Organizational entry: Recruitment, selection, orientation, and socialization of newcomers (2nd ed.). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Wanous, J. P., Poland, T. D., Premack, S. L., & Davis, K. S. (1992). The effects of met expectations on newcomer attitudes and behaviors: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(3), 288–297. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.77.3.288
Weitz, J. (1956). Job expectancy and survival. Journal of Applied Psychology, 40(4), 245–247. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0048082
Wendlandt, N. M., & Rochlen, A. B. (2008). Addressing the college-to-work transition. Journal of Career Development, 35(2), 151–165. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845308325646
Wright, P. M., Dunford, B. B., & Snell, S. A. (2001). Human resources and the resource based view of the firm. Journal of Management, 27(6), 701–721. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630102700607
You, S. (2011). Peer influence and adolescents’ school engagement. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 29, 829–835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.311
Youngberg, C. F. (1963). An experimental study of job satisfaction and turnover in relation to job expectations and self expectations. University Microfilms.