2019 年 9 月，考慮到“黃金時代”（Gouden Eeuw）一詞所代表的片面歷史史實，阿姆斯特丹博物館宣布將在其展覽和館藏中徹底移除這個歷史標籤，並以荷蘭 17 世紀取代之。然而對此決議，荷蘭阿姆斯特丹國家博物館提出了另一種想法與可能性，該博物館除了將繼續使用這一特定術語，更將在 2021 年，同時也是荷蘭西印度公司成立 400 週年紀念，舉辦一場聚焦在奴隸制的展覽，以闡明奴隸貿易的不當行為以及該貿易在荷蘭殖民歷史中所扮演的重要腳色。
關於荷蘭的解殖化進程和荷蘭博物館群的解殖實踐，本論文旨在回答三個主要問題：荷蘭國家博物館該如何在一個解殖化辯論不斷變化的社會中轉型過程中證明自己的合理性？該博物館該如何以解殖民化的方式，通過舉辦與殖民相關的展覽，重構博物館內部的權力知識框架？最終，荷蘭博物館群的解殖主義方法和實踐應該如何繼續？本文以班奈特（Tony Bennett）提出的博物館研究理論框架為支撐，並在文獻分析和實地考察的基礎上，進行兩個面向的探討：首先為文化治理與荷蘭黃金時代的討論，接續著對博物館群的解殖進程探究。
本文以荷蘭阿姆斯特丹國家博物館2021年的特展《奴隸制：十個真實故事》為案例，試圖分析在這一場特展中，該國家博物館如何通過展覽策略構建對一段艱難歷史的集體記憶。

In September 2019, considering the one side story indicated by the term the ‘Golden Age’ (Gouden Eeuw), the Amsterdam Museum declared that this historical label for the Dutch 17th century will no longer be used in its exhibition galleries and materials. In response, the Rijksmuseum announced that they will continue to use this term while an exhibition focuses exclusively on slavery be stage in 2021. As the year marks the 400th anniversary of the establishment of the Dutch West India Company, it is believed to be a reasonable occasion to shed light on the misconduct of the slave trade since it played an integral part in Dutch colonial history.
Regarding the decolonization context of the Netherlands and the decolonial practice in the Dutch Museum World, this thesis aims to answer three main questions: how should the Rijksmuseum transform and justify itself through a changing society that finally joined the debate over colonization? How to reconstruct the power-knowledge framework within the museum by organizing a colonial-related exhibition through a decolonial approach? And ultimately, how should the decolonial approach and practice of Dutch museums continue? Supported by the theoretical framework provided by Tony Bennett on museum studies from a Foucauldian approach, and based on document analysis and field investigation, this thesis aimed to discuss the issue of the Rijksmuseum’s decolonization practice from two aspects, which is the cultural governance and the historical term Dutch Golden Era on one hand and the museum world’s on-going decolonizing process.
Through the case study of the Rijksmuseum’s temporary exhibition Slavery: Ten True Stories, this thesis attempts to analyze the how collective memory toward a difficult history can be constructed in a temporary exhibition through its exhibition strategies.

Allen, S. (2010). Whose Identity? The Responsibilities of Museums in the Representation of the Past and Present [Sociology and Anthropology Honors Theses]. Digital Commons@Trinity University. https://digitalcommons.trinity.edu/socanthro_honors/2
Alpers, S. (1991). The museum as a way of seeing. In I. Karp & S. Lavine (Eds.), Exhibiting cultures: The poetics and politics of museum display (pp. 25-32). Smithsonian Institution Press.
Altes, E. K. (2017) Towards a new museological presentation: The balance between collection and building. In P. Meurs & M.-T. van Thoor (Eds.), Rijksmuseum Amsterdam: Restoration and transformation of a national monument (pp. 171-187). Nai010 Publishers. American Alliance of Museums. (2019, March 19). TrendsWatch 2019 Executive Summary. https://www.aam-us.org/2019/03/19/trendswatch-2019-executive-summary/
Amsterdam museum ditches ‘Golden Age’ in favour of inclusive ‘17th century’. (2019, September. 13). DutchNews.NL. https://www.dutchnews.nl/news/2019/09/amsterdam-museum-ditches-golden-age-in-favour-of-inclusive-17th-century/
‘An emotional moment’ as Benin welcomes back looted treasures from France. (2021, November 10). FRANCE 24. https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20211110-an-emotional-moment-as-benin-welcomes-back-looted-treasures-from-france
Anderson, B. (2006). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. Verso books.
Anderson, S. & Rodley, E. (Host). (2019, September 12). Decolonization and its Discontents (No. 38) [Audio podcast episode]. In Museopunks. Soundcloud.
Andrews, B. (2021, November 12). Zwarte Piet: the full guide to the Netherlands’ most controversial tradition. DutchReview. https://dutchreview.com/culture/zwarte-piet-explainer/
Anonymous. (1700 - 1899). Slave Shackle [Wrought iron]. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/collection/NG-C-2012-7
Anonymous. (c. 1725 - c. 1750). Toasting Glass ‘To the Prosperity of Siparipabo’ [Glassblowing]. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/collection/NG-2010-133
Anonymous. (c. 1750 - c. 1799). Merchant and an Enslaved Servant [Painting]. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/collection/SK-C-1760
Anonymous. (Before 1745). Cannon [Bronze, silver, gold, rubies, wood]. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/collection/NG-NM-1015
Anonymous. (c. 1820 - c. 1870). Javanese Court Officials [Painting]. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/collection/NG-2010-40
Anonymous. (1834). Spear Rack of Governor-General J.C. Baud [Cutting]. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/collection/NG-BR-554
Banis, D. (2019, February 19). The role of national museums in a time of nationalism. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidebanis/2019/02/19/the-role-of-national-museums-in-a-time-of-nationalism/#125df2166373
Beeckman, A. (1661). The Castle of Batavia [Oil on canvas]. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/collection/SK-A-19
Bennett, T. (2010). Speaking to the eyes: Museums, legibility and the social order. In S. Macdonald (Ed.), The politics of display (pp. 35-43). Routledge.
Bennett, T. (2013). The birth of the museum: History, theory, politics. Routledge.
Bergvelt, E. (2011). The decoration programmes of Cuypers’ Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. Berliner Schriftenreihe zur Museumsforschung, 29, 311-323.
Bourdieu, P., Darbel, A., & Schnapper, D. (1991). The love of art: European art museums and their public. Polity Press.
Bos, J. (1997). ‘De geschiedenis is vastgelegd in boeken, niet in musea’. Van planvorming tot realisatie. Het Nederlands Museum voor Geschiedenis in het Rijksmuseum, 1922-1939. Bulletin van het Rijksmuseum, (4), 262-309.
Bosma, U. (2012). Post-colonial immigrants and identity formations in the Netherlands. Amsterdam University Press.
Boztas, S. (2020, December 10). Rijksmuseum reveals details of ground-breaking slavery exhibition. DutchNews.NL. https://www.dutchnews.nl/news/2020/12/rijksmuseum-reveals-details-of-ground-breaking-slavery-exhibition/
Brown, K. (2020, July 6). In a Historic Move, France Has Taken a Major Step Towards Fully Restituting 27 Looted African Objects to Senegal and Benin. artnet. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/france-objects-benin-deaccession-1895202
Chen, Chia-Li. (2015). From Margin to Representation: The Museum & Cultural
Rights.
Chen, K. T. N. (2013). The Disciplinary Power of Museums. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 3(4). 407-410.
Clifford, J. (1997). Museums as contact zones.
CODART. (2019, October 16). Rembrandt Year 2019: All exhibitions and events. https://www.codart.nl/rembrandt-2019/
CODART. (2021). CODARTfocus: Slavery exhibition at the Rijksmuseum 2021[Video]. Vimeo. https://vimeo.com/540070399?embedded=true&source=video_title&owner=54533314
Connerton, P. (2008). Seven types of forgetting. Memory studies, 1(1), 59-71.
Coombes, A. E., & Phillips, R. B. (Eds.). (2020). Museum transformations: decolonization and democratization. John Wiley & Sons.
Corder, M. (2020, June 20). Black Lives Matter spurs scrutiny of Dutch colonial past. AP News. https://apnews.com/ccda0abce7d6857823200122a98e306f
Corder, M. (2021, May 18). New Dutch exhibition takes unflinching look at slavery. AP News. https://apnews.com/article/europe-race-and-ethnicity-slavery-global-trade-health-bc419a8e4b3c5abed828378ced37fca8
Crang, M. (2003). On display: The poetics, politics and interpretation of exhibitions.In A. Blunt, P. Gruffudd, J. May, M. Ogborn & D. Pinder (Eds.), Culturalgeography in practice (pp. 255-26). London: Arnold.
Cubitt, G. (2014). Atrocity materials and the representation of transatlantic slavery: Problems, strategies and reactions. In L. Smith, G. Cubitt, K. Fouseki & R. Wilson (Eds.) Representing Enslavement and Abolition in Museums: Ambiguous Engagements (pp. 233-263). Routledge.
Dafoe, T. (2021, November 15). In a New Bid for the Return of the Parthenon Marbles, Greece’s Prime Minister Is Offering to Loan the U.K. Other National Treasures. artnet. https://news.artnet.com/art-world/greek-prime-minister-offers-trade-for-parthenon-marbles-2034905
De Cesari, C., & Sariaslan, L. (2018). (Post)Coloniality and Museum Failure: A Report on Colonial Exhibits in Europe (Report No. D2.3). COHERE. https://digitalcultures.ncl.ac.uk/cohere/wordpress/wpcontent/uploads/2018/09/CoHERE_D2.3_CCA_26-09-2019.pdf
Decolonizing the Africa Museum in Tervuren: Turns of the decolonizing debate. (2019, May 27). SPUI25. https://www.spui25.nl/en/sharedcontent/events/events/2019/05/decolonizing-the-africa-museum-in-tervuren.html?cb.
Delvigne, R., & Heij, J. J. (2013). Rehabilitation for Georg Sturm. The Rijksmuseum Bulletin, 61(1), 32.
Demarest, L. (2019, May 31). Decolonizing the museum: How should Belgium's Africa Museum address its colonial past? Africa is a country. https://africasacountry.com/2019/05/decolonizing-the-museum
Dicks, B. (2004). Culture on display: The production of contemporary visitability. McGraw-Hill Education.
Doolan, P. (2014, April 6). Dutch Imperial Past Returns to Haunt the Netherlands.
Imperial & Global Forum. https://imperialglobalexeter.com/2014/04/06/dutch-imperial-past-returns-to-haunt-the-netherlands/#_ftn1
Doolan, P. (2019, May 14). Pride, Shame, and White Fragility in Dutch Colonial History. Imperial & Global Forum. https://imperialglobalexeter.com/2019/05/14/pride-shame-and-white-fragility-in-dutch-colonial-history/
Do Dutch history books adequately represent colonialism, slavery and women? (2020, February 28). DutchNews.NL. https://www.dutchnews.nl/news/2020/02/do-dutch-history-books-adequately-represent-colonialism-slavery-and-women/
Duncan, C., & Wallach, A. (1980). The universal survey museum. Ariel, 137, 212-199.
Duncan, C. (2005). Civilizing rituals: Inside public art museums. Routledge. Dutch Culture USA. (n.d.). Interview with Award-Winning Curator Imara Limon. Kingdom of the Netherlands. https://www.dutchcultureusa.com/blog/interview-with-award-winning-curator-imara-limon/
Dutch gov't won't apologize for slavery because it would cause polarization: PM Rutte. (2020, July 2). NL Times. https://nltimes.nl/2020/07/02/dutch-govt-wont-
apologize-slavery-cause-polarization-pm-rutte
El Hamidi, L. (2016, October 19). Universiteiten kunnen een stuk kleurrijker: Black Minds Matter. De Groene Amsterdammer, 140(42). https://www.groene.nl/artikel/black-minds-matter
Expertmeeting over de presentatie van omstreden erfgoed. (n.d.). Framer Framed. https://framerframed.nl/en/dossier/expertmeeting-over-de-museale-presentatie-van-omstreden-erfgoed/
Foucault, M. (1980). Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings, 1972-1977. Vintage.
Foucault, M. (2007). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison (pp. 445-471). Duke University Press.
Fouseki, K. (2010). ‘Community voices, curatorial choices’: community consultation for the 1807 exhibitions. Museum and Society, 8(3), 180-192.
Frank, C. (2015). Policy briefing: Towards a decolonial curatorial practice. Discover Society. http://discoversociety.org/2015/06/03/policy-briefing-towards-a-decolonial-curatorial-practice/
Frey, B. S. (1998). Superstar museums: An economic analysis. Journal of cultural economics, 22(2-3), 113-125.
Furtula, A. & Corder, M. (2021, July 1). Amsterdam mayor apologizes for city fathers’ role in slavery. AP News. https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-amsterdam-europe-business-global-trade-c8aaf243782f0ce65301ead7c4a29488
Germany intends to return Benin bronzes to Nigeria. (2021, October 15). Deutsche Welle. https://www.dw.com/en/germany-intends-to-return-benin-bronzes-to-nigeria/a-59516998
Giblin, J., Ramos, I., & Grout, N. (2019, Sep. 03). Dismantling the master’s house, Third Text, 33:4-5, 471-486. https://doi.org/10.1080/09528822.2019.1653065
Goedde, L. [Yale University Art Gallery]. (2015, October 21). Seascape in the Dutch Golden Age [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4EoxaBslF9w
Government of the Netherlands. (2017, February 27). Four-year study to be conducted into decolonisation of the Dutch East Indies [Press release]. https://www.government.nl/latest/news/2017/02/27/four-year-study-to-be-conducted-into-
decolonisation-of-the-dutch-east-indies
Halbwachs, M. (1992). On collective memory. University of Chicago Press.
Harris, J. (2015). Embodiment in the Museum–What is a Museum?. ICOFOM Study
Series, (43b), 101-115.
Helmers, H. J., & Janssen, G. H. (2018). The Cambridge Companion to the Dutch Golden Age. Cambridge University Press.
Hennop, J. (2020, December 11). Dutch Rijksmuseum announces landmark slavery exhibition. The Jakarta Post. https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2020/12/11/dutch-rijksmuseum-announces-landmark-slavery-exhibition.html
Herle, A. (1997). Museums, politics and representation. Journal of Museum Ethnography, (9), 65-78.
Het Rijksmuseum. (2020). Vision and mission of the Rijksmuseum. https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/organisation/vision-and-mission
Hobsbawm, E. J. (2012). Nations and nationalism since 1780: Programme, myth, reality. Cambridge university press.
Hooper-Greenhill, E. (1989). The museum in the disciplinary society. In. J. Pearce (Ed), Museum Studies in Material Culture (p. 61-72). Leicester University Press.
Hooper-Greenhill, E. (2000). Museums and the interpretation of visual culture. Routledge.
Hooper-Greenhill, E. (2004). Changing values in the art museum: Rethinking communication and learning. In B. M. Carbonell (Ed.), Museum studies (pp. 556-575). Blackwell.
Howarth, F. (2018, October 8). Decolonizing the museum mind. American Alliance of Museums. https://www.aam-us.org/2018/10/08/decolonizing-the-museum-mind/
Israel, J. I., & Evans, R. J. W. (1995). The Dutch Republic: Its rise, greatness, and fall, 1477-1806 (Vol. 321). Clarendon Press.
Kaplan, F. E. S. (2006). Making and remaking national identities. A companion to museum studies, 152-169.
Kassim, S. (2017). The museum will not be decolonised. Media Diversified, 15. https://mediadiversified.org/2017/11/15/the-museum-will-not-be-decolonised/
Kehoe, M. (2016) Asia in Amsterdam. Journal18. https://www.journal18.org/667
Keultjes, H. (2019, September 13). Rutte: Gouden Eeuw is a prachtige term. Het Parool. https://www.parool.nl/nederland/rutte-gouden-eeuw-is-prachtige-term~b698850a/
Kritiek op ban Gouden Eeuw, Rijksmuseum handhaaft de term. (2019, September 13).
NOS. https://nos.nl/artikel/2301505-kritiek-op-ban-gouden-eeuw-rijksmuseum-handhaaft-de-term.html
Krul, W. E. (1995). Huizinga versus Schmidt-Degener. Twee meningen over het Historisch Museum. Bulletin van het Rijksmuseum, (4), 308-316.
Kunstinstituut Melly. (2017, September 7). Public Announcement.https://www.fkawdw.nl/en/about_us/news/public_announcement?utm_content=buffer5b782
Legêne, S. (2009). Oostwaards! Expositie in Tropenmuseum. Framer Framed. https://framerframed.nl/wpcontent/uploads/2011/08/oostwaarts_tropenmuseum.pdf
Lidchi, H. (1997). The poetics and the politics of exhibiting other cultures. In S. Hall (Ed.), Representation: cultural representations and signifying practices (pp. 151-208) (Vol. 2). SAGE.
L'Internationale Online (Ed.,). (2015). Introduction. In Decolonising Museums (pp. 5-7). https://www.internationaleonline.org/library/
Lin, F. C. H. (2019). 'Musealising' the Registered Postcoloniality: The Chosen Display-ness of the National Museum, Malaysia. Journal of Museum and Culture, (17),129-168.
Lijphart, A. (1966). The trauma of decolonization: The Dutch and West New Guinea (Vol. 17). Yale University Press.
Littler, J., & Naidoo, R. (Eds.). (2005). The politics of heritage: The legacies of race. Routledge.
López-Calvo, I. (2016). “Coloniality is not over, it’s all over.” Interview with Dr. Walter Mignolo (Nov. 2014, Part II). TRANSMODERNITY: Journal of Peripheral Cultural Production of the Luso-Hispanic World, 6(2).
Lowenthal, D. (1998). Fabricating heritage. History & Memory, 10(1), 5-24.
Lund, K. (2012). Landscapes and narratives: Compositions and the walking body.
Landscape Research, 37(2), 225-237. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2011.651111
Macdonald, S. (Ed.). (2010). The politics of display: Museums, science, culture. Routledge.
McClintock, A. (1995). The lay of the land: Genealogies of imperialism. In Imperial Leather: Race, Gender, and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest (p. 21-74). Routledge.
McGivern, H. (2020, July 6). Decolonising museums: the new network opening up the diversity debate in the Netherlands. The Art Newspaper. https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/dutch-museums-begin-journey-to-decolonisation
McKinsey Quarterly. (2018, Oct. 19). Accidentally agile: An interview with the Rijksmuseum’s Taco Dibbits. McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/people-and-organizational-performance/our-
insights/accidentally-agile-an-interview-with-the-rijksmuseums-taco-dibbits
Mignolo, W. (2011). The darker side of western modernity: Global futures, decolonial options. Duke University Press.
Mignolo, W. (2017). Interview–Walter Mignolo/Part 2: Key Concepts. E-International Relations, 21.
Mignolo, W. D., & Walsh, C. E. (2018). On decoloniality: Concepts, analytics, praxis. Duke University Press.
Ministry of Education, Culture and Science. (2021, January 29). Government: Redressing an injustice by returning cultural heritage objects to their country of origin. Government of the Netherlands. https://www.government.nl/ministries/ministry-of-education-culture-and-science/news/2021/01/29/government-redressing-an-injustice-by-returning-cultural-heritage-objects-to-their-country-of-origin
Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, The Hague and Boekmanstudies, Amsterdam (1968). De Nederlandse museums/Museums in the Netherlands, The Hague: Recreatie en Mattschappelijk Werk.
Ministry of Justice and Security. (n.d.). Return policy. Government of the Netherlands. https://www.government.nl/topics/return-of-foreign-nationals/return-policy
Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations. (2021, July 1). Speech by Kajsa Ollongren,
Minister at Slavery Remembrance Day (Keti Koti). Government of the Netherlands. https://www.government.nl/documents/speeches/2021/07/01/speech-by-kajsa-ollongren-minister-of-the-interior-and-kingdom-relations-at-slavery-remembrance-day-2021-keti-koti
Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap. (2019, October 17). Kamerbrief over instelling Commissie Nationaal kader koloniale collecties. https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten/kamerstukken/2019/10/17/instelling-commissie-nationaal-kader-koloniale-collecties
Mitchell, T. (1991). Colonising Egypt: With a new preface. Univ of California Press.
Moll, M. (2019, December 24). Karwan Fatah-Black: ‘Slavernij is een soort ijkpunt geworden’. Het Parool. https://www.parool.nl/nieuws/karwan-fatah-black-slavernij-is-een-soort-ijkpunt-geworden~b012653e/
Morgan, D. K. (2018). Museums decolonizing with holistic intentionality: Curatorial and descendant community processes [Doctoral dissertation, San Francisco State University]
Muñiz Reed, I. (2017). Thoughts on curatorial practices in the decolonial turn. Decolonizing Art Institutions, 35, 99-105. https://www.on-curating.org/issue-35-reader/thoughts-on-curatorial-practices-in-the-decolonial-turn.html
Musea Bekennen Kleur. (2021, September 28). De Verbintenis. https://museabekennenkleur.nl/
Museums Association. (n.d.). How funders are supporting the understanding of our history. https://www.museumsassociation.org/campaigns/decolonising-museums/supporting-decolonisation-in-museums/funders-blog/#
Navis, J-W. (2018, January 17). Historici hard over aantasting geschiedenis: ‘Stop de vervalsing’. De Telegraaf. https://www.telegraaf.nl/nieuws/1550210/stop-de-
vervalsing
NowThis News [@nowthisnews]. (2020, May 27). ‘Please. Your knee in my neck. I can’t breathe’ [Tweet; attached video]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/nowthisnews/status/1265342740184915974
Nwanazia, Chuka. (2021, July 1). Keti Koti and its significance in the Netherlands. DutchReview. https://dutchreview.com/culture/keti-koti-and-its-significance-in-the-netherlands/
Odell, D. (2017). Review of “Asia in Amsterdam: The Culture of Luxury in the Golden Age” [Review of the book Asia in Amsterdam: The culture of Luxury in the Golden Age, by J. C. Blyberg, K. Corrigan, F. Diercks, and J. van Campen]. Caa.reviews.https://doi.org/10.3202/caa.reviews.2017.34
Oostindie, G. (2003). Squaring the circle: Commemorating the VOC after 400 years. Bijdragen Tot De Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde, 159(1), 135-161.
Operation Night Watch [@operation.nightwatch]. (n.d.). Posts [Instagram profile]. https://instagram.com/operation.nightwatch
Pasikowska-Schnass, M. (2021, August 31). Colonial-era cultural heritage in European museums. European Parliament. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=EPRS_ATA(2021)696188
Pagani, C. (2020, September 24). Can European museums decolonize themselves? A conversation with Boris Wastiau. Resetdoc.org. https://www.resetdoc.org/story/can-european-museums-decolonize-conversation-boris-wastiau/
Paris, A.-C. (2020, July 27). Colonial slavery in European museums: Arts and representations. Humanities and Social Science Online. https://networks.h-net.org/node/73374/announcements/6278343/colonial-slavery-european-museums-arts-and-representations
Price, J. L. (1998). The Dutch Republic in the seventeenth century. Macmillan International Higher Education.
Price, J. L. (2012). Dutch Culture in the Golden Age. Reaktion Books.
Procter, A. (2020). The whole picture: The colonial story of the art in our museums and why we need to talk about it. Cassell.
Quijano, A. (2000). Coloniality of power, Eurocentrism, and Latin America. Nepentla: Views from the South, 1 (3), 533–580.
Raad voor Cultuur. (2020, October 7). Summary of report Advisory Committee on the National Policy Framework for Colonial Collections. https://www.raadvoorcultuur.nl/english/documenten/adviezen/2020/10/07/summary-of-report-advisory-committee-on-the-national-policy-framework-for-colonial-collections
Raben, R. (2013). A new Dutch Imperial history? Perambulations in a prospective Field. BMGN-Low Countries Historical Review, 128(1), 5-30.
Raben, R. (2018). Koloniale symbolen mogen vallen. Over de Muur. https://overdemuur.org/koloniale-symbolen-mogen-vallen/
Re-imagining the museum. (n.d.). Powell-Cotton Museum. https://powell-cottonmuseum.org/about-us/re-imagining-the-museum/
Returning Heritage. (2021, March 22). Dutch recognise colonial injustice and aim to return stolen objects from state collections. https://www.returningheritage.com/dutch-recognise-colonial-injustice-and-aim-to-return-stolen-objects-from-state-collections
Rijksmuseum. (n.d.-a). Box of the Dutch West India Company, Jean Saint (attributed to), 1749. https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/collection/NG-NM-824
Rijksmuseum. (n.d.-b). OPERATION NIGHT WATCH. https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/stories/operation-night-watch
Rijksmuseum. (n.d.-c) RIJKSMUSEUM & SLAVERY. https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/research/our-research/history/1500-1600/and-slavery
Rijksmuseum. (n.d.-d). The Endangered Swan, Jan Asselijn, c. 1650. https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/collectie/SK-A-4
Rijksmuseum. (n.d.-e). Toasting Glass ‘To the Prosperity of Siparipabo’, anonymous, c. 1725 - c. 1750. https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/collection/NG-2010-133
Rijksmuseum. (2016, May 30). Taco Dibbits new general director of the Rijksmuseum. https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/press/press-releases/taco-dibbits-new-general-director-of-the-rijksmuseum
Rijksmuseum (2019, December 19). Rijksmuseum announces 2019 is its most successful year ever. Press release. https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/press/press-releases/rijksmuseum-announces-2019-is-its-most-successful-year-ever
Rijksmuseum. (2020, December 22). The Rijksmuseum in 2020. https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/press/press-releases/the-rijksmuseum-in-2020
Rijksmuseum. (2021). Artists David Bade,Tirzo Martha and their team [Screenshot byYen-Ni Kao]. Look at Me Now. https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/zien-en-doen/tentoonstellingen/afgelopen/slavernij/lamn.
Rijksmuseum. (2021). Online Exhibition: Lohkay [Screenshot byYen-Ni Kao]. https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/stories/exhibitions/slavery/story/lohkay-story
Rijksmuseum. (2021). Online Exhibition: Oopjen [Screenshot byYen-Ni Kao]. https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/stories/exhibitions/slavery/story/oopjen-story
Rijksmuseum. (2021). Online Exhibition: Paulus [Screenshot byYen-Ni Kao]. https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/stories/exhibitions/slavery/story/paulus-story
Rijksmuseum. (2021). Online Exhibition: Tula [Screenshot byYen-Ni Kao]. https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/stories/exhibitions/slavery/story/tula-story
Rijksmuseum Research Services. (2021, June 23). Rijksleesclub voor medewerkers. The Art of Information. https://theartofinformationblog.wordpress.com/2021/06/23/rijksleesclub-voor-medewerkers/
Roche, M. (2002). Megaevents and modernity: Olympics and expos in the growth of global culture. Routledge.
Rossouw, A. & Twala, P. (2017, August 3). Good hope: A hopeless exhibition in Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. Arena for Contemporary African, African-American
and Caribbean Art. https://africanah.org/good-hope-a-hopeless-exhibition-in-ijksmuseum-amsterdam/
Sahadat, I. & Van Leeuwen, A. (2021, Feburary 4). De komende grote expositie over slavernij in het Rijksmuseum draait om gewiste verhalen. Ze worden verteld door nazaten van bij slavernij betrokken families. De Volkskrant. https://www.volkskrant.nl/cultuur-media/de-komende-grote-expositie-over-slavernij-in-het-rijksmuseum-draait-om-gewiste-verhalen-ze-worden-verteld-door-nazaten-van-bij-slavernij-betrokken-families~b5ff0438/
Said, E. W. (2012). Culture and imperialism. Vintage.
Sansom, A. (2020, October 7). France’s National Assembly votes to return colonial era artefacts to Benin and Senegal. The Art Newspaper. https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/france-s-national-assembly-votes-to-return-colonial-era-artefacts-to-benin-and-senegal
Santing, R. (2020, October 8). Report on National Policy Framework for Colonial Collections: “Recognition of injustice and willingness to rectify it”. DutchCulture. https://dutchculture.nl/en/news/Report-Advisory-Committee-National-Policy-Framework-Colonial-Collections
Schenk, L. & Knol, M. (2020, September 7). The distinction between Western and Non-Western art is outdated. Framer Framed. https://framerframed.nl/en/dossier/het-onderscheid-tussen-westerse-en-niet-westerse-kunst-is-achterhaald/
Schmidt, B. (2005). Review of “The Dutch encounter with Asia, 1600-1950” [Review of the book The Dutch Encounter with Asia, 1600-1950, by K. Zandvliet] Caa.reviews. https://doi.org/10.3202/caa.reviews.2005.47
Schwartz, B. (1996). Introduction: the expanding past. Qualitative Sociology, 19(3), 275-282.
Shoenberger, E. (2019). What does it mean to decolonize a museum? MuseumNext. https://www.museumnext.com/article/what-does-it-mean-to-decolonize-a-museum/
Siebers, H. (2019). Are education and nationalism a happy marriage? Ethnonationalist disruptions of education in Dutch classrooms. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 40(1), 33-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2018.1480354
Siegal, N. (2019, October 25). A Dutch Golden Age? That’s only half the story. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/25/arts/design/dutch-golden-age-and-colonialism.html
Sigmond, J. (1997). Museale presentaties van de Nederlandse Geschiedenis in het Rijksmuseum. Inleiding op twee studies. Bulletin Van Het Rijksmuseum, 45(4), 259-261. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40383063
Simpson, M. G. (2012). Making representations: Museums in the post-colonial era. Routledge.
Sint Nicolaas, E. (2007). Drie'Indische kanonnen'en hun geschiedenis. Bulletin van het Rijksmuseum, (1), 40-57.
Sint Nicolaas, E. & Smeulders, V. (2021). Slavery: The Story of João, Wally, Oopjen, Paulus, Van Bengalen, Surapati, Sapali, Tula, Dirk, Lohkay. Atlas Contact.
Slight, J. (2019, April 8) The Tropenmuseum Amsterdam – An honest reflection of the Dutch Colonial Past. The Open University History Department. http://www.open.ac.uk/blogs/history/?p=507
Small, S. (2011). Slavery, colonialism and museums representations in Great Britain. Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge, 9(4), 117-128.
Smith, R. (2014). Beyond epistemic disobedience: The importance of humor in Fred Wilson's Mining the Museum [Doctoral dissertation, University of British Columbia].
Smits, A. (2011. November). The Netherlands in Post-Colonial Perspective. (Mari Shields Trans.) Metropolis M, No5 oktober. https://framerframed.nl/en/dossier/niet-willen-weten-nederland-in-postkoloniaal-perspectief/
Spaans, E. (2015). Rijksmuseum guide (3rd ed.). Rijksmuseum.
Statista Research Department. (2021, September 23). Attractions with the most international visitors in the Netherlands 2019-2020. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/639986/top-10-of-attractions-with-the-most-international-visitors-in-the-netherlands/
Steffes-Halmer, A. (2021, July 9). Benin bronzes: Nigerian delegation visits Berlin. Deutsche Welle. https://www.dw.com/en/benin-bronzes-looted-art-nigeria/a-58217234
Stevens, H. (1995). De voc-galerij in het Rijksmuseum: een vroeg-modern bedrijf tentoongesteld. Bulletin van het Rijksmuseum, (4), 266-279.
Suarez, N. (2008). Curatorial practices at the Rijksmuseum. [Doctoral dissertation, The Florida State University].
The Indo Project. (2013, June 15). Keep the Tropenmuseum Open. https://theindoproject.org/keep-the-tropenmuseum-open-2/
The Netherlands Bureau for Tourism and Congresses. (2020, September 3). The Dutch Golden Age. https://www.holland.com/global/tourism/holland- stories/golden-age.htm
The Research Center for Material Culture. [RCMC]. (2018, September 19). Shared History- Eveline Sint Nicolaas [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XXM_Rx9SojI.
Van Beurden, J. (2018). Decolonisation and colonial collections: An unresolved conflict. BMGN-Low Countries Historical Review, 133(2), 66-78.
Van de Wiel, C. (2016, October 1). Slavernijexpert Fatah-Black: ‘Vaderlandse geschiedenis ís koloniale geschiedenis’. Vrij Nederland. https://www.vn.nl/fatah-black-vaderlandse-geschiedenis-koloniale-geschiedenis/
Van der Molen, Tom. (2019, November). The Problem of ‘the Golden Age’. CODART. https://www.codart.nl/feature/curators-project/the-problem-of-the-
golden-age/
Van der Hoeven, R. (2020, October 7). Vernieuwend onderzoek naar kolonialisme: Een integraal verbonden rijk. De Groene Amsterdammer, 144(41). https://www.groene.nl/artikel/een-integraal-verbonden-rijk
Van Huis, I. (2019). Contesting cultural heritage: Decolonizing the Tropenmuseum as an intervention in the Dutch/European memory complex. In T. Lähdesmäki, L. Passerini, S. Kaasik-Krogerus & I. Van Huis (Eds.), Dissonant heritages and memories in contemporary Europe (pp. 215-248). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/g97f
Van Musscher, M. (1687). Thomas Hees and his Servant Thomas and Nephews Jan and Andries Hees [Oil on canvas]. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/collection/SK-C-1215
Van Noord, W. (2015). ‘Asia > Amsterdam: Luxury in the Golden Age,’ an Exhibition at the Rijksmuseum’. The Oriental Ceramic Society Newsletter, 23, 30-31.
Van Rijnberk, J.-W. (2016). “Petition to Keep the Tropenmuseum open”. https://petities.nl/petitions/hou-het-tropenmuseum-open
Van Velse, V. (2018, February 5). The Mauritshuis Bust and the Volatile Heritage Debate in the Netherlands. Frieze. https://www.frieze.com/article/mauritshuis-bust-and-volatile-heritage-debate-netherlands
Vázquez, R. (2017). The museum, decoloniality and the end of the contemporary. In T. Lijster (Ed.), The future of the new, artistic innovation in times of social acceleration (pp. 181-195). Valiz.
Wallace, E. K. (2006). The British slave trade and public memory. Columbia University Press.
Wardle, P. (1997). Summaries. Bulletin Van Het Rijksmuseum, 45(4), 397-408. Yale University Art Gallery. (2015). Views on the Dutch Painting of the Golden Age. https://artgallery.yale.edu/lecture-series-views-dutch-painting-golden-age
Yao, M. L. (2018). National Imagination and Museums: Discourse on National Literature - Case Study of the Yeh Shyr-Tao Literary Memorial Museum. Museology Quarterly, 32(3), 5-25.