目的：藉由平地行走、上下階梯三種日常生活動作，了解規律運動對老年女性在平衡控制上的差異。方法：本研究是以20名65~75歲之健康老年女性，分為規律運動組(平均年齡：67.20±2.53歲)與非規律運動組(平均年齡：67.10±3.35歲)為受試者，以三維動作分析系統擷取老年女性平地行走與上下階梯之動作數據，以測力板同步收取足底壓力中心。以二因子混和設計區分有無規律運動與不同動作(平地行走與上下階梯)對老年女性的平衡控制上是否有差異，顯著水準為α = .05。結果：規律運動組與非規律運動組在各項參數上均無差異。但在不同動作上，平地行走之前後方向之身體質心移動範圍與身體質心速度為三種動作中最高(p<.05)；下階梯之左右方向身體質心移動範圍與身體質心速度為三種動作中最高(p<.05)，但左右方向之壓力中心移動範圍為三種動作中最小(p<.05)。結論：根據本研究的分類，有無規律運動不會影響老年女性的平衡控制表現。

Purpose: To compare the effect of regular exercise for female elders by balance control during walking, stair ascent and decent. Method: 20 healthy female elders (age: 65~75) were divided into exercise group (age: 67.20±2.53) and non-exercise group (age:67.10±3.35). A 3D motion analysis system was used to capture and record movements of the elderly female participants during walking, stair ascent and decent. And a force platform was used to collect the data of center of pressure synchronously. The different in parameters were tested by two way mix design ANOVA, the significant level was as α = .05. Result: There were non-significant differences between two groups during walking, stair ascent and decent. But, there were significant differences among movements (walking, stair ascent and decent). Anterior-posterior direction of COM displacement and COM velocity was greater during walking (p<.05). Medial-lateral direction of COM displacement and COM velocity was greater (p<.05) and medial-lateral of COP displacement was smaller during stair decent (p<.05). Conclusion: Based on the criterion of dividing the groups, the regular exercise did not have the effect on the ability of balance control for female elders.

Andriacchi, T.P., Andersson, G.B.J., Fermier, R.W., Stern, D., Galante,
J.O., (1980). A study of lower-limb mechanics during
stair-climbing. The journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 62 (5),
749–757
Arai, T., Obuchi, S., Inaba, Y., Shiba, Y., Satake, K. (2009). The
relationship between physical condition and change in balance
functions on exercise intervention and 12-month follow-up in
Japanese community-dwelling older people. Archives of
Gerontology and Geriatrics, (48), 61–66
Barr, A. E. (1998). Gait analysis. In J. Spivak & J. Zuckerman (Eds.),
Orthopaedics-A Comprehensive study Guide. New York:
McGraw-Hill.
Bird, M., Hill, K. D., Ball, M., Hetherington, S., Williams, A. D. (2011).
The long-term benefits of a multi-component exercise intervention
to balance and mobility in healthy older adults. Archives of
Gerontology and Geriatrics, 52(2), 211-216
Chou, L. S., Kaufman, K. R., Brey, R.H., Draganich, L. F. (2001). Motion
of the whole body's center of mass when stepping over obstacles of
different heights. Gait and Posture, 13, 17-26
Cochrane, T., Munro, J., Davey, R., Nicholl, J. (1998). Exercise, physical
function and health perceptions of older people. Physiotherapy,
84(12), 598-602
Cock, D. A., Vanrenterghem, J., Willems, T., Witvrouw, E., Clercq, D.
D. (2008). The trajectory of the centre of pressure during barefoot
running as a potential measure for foot function. Gait and Posture,
(27), 669-675
Cochrane, T., Munro, J., Davey, R., Nicholl, J. (1998). Exercise, physical
function and health perceptions of older people. Physiotherapy,
(l84),598-602
Frigo, C., Crenna, P., Jensen L. M. (1996). Moment-angle relationship at
lower limb joints during human walking at different velocities.
Journal of Electromypgraphy and Kinesiol, (6), 177-190
Gobbi, L. T. B., Oliveira-Ferreira, M. D. T., Caetano, M. J. D.,
Lirani-Silva, E., Barbieri, F. A., Stella, F., & Gobbi, S. (2009).
Exercise programs improve mobility and balance in people with
Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders, 15(3),
S49–S52
Grabiner, M. D., Troy, K. L. (2005). Attention demanding tasks during
treadmill walking reduce step width variability in young adults.
Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 2(25), 1-6
Guskiewicz, K.M., Perrin, D.H., (1996). Research and clinical
applications of assessing balance. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation,
(5), 45–63.
Hausdorff, J. M., Balash, J., Giladi, N. (2003). Effects of Cognitive
Challenge on Gait Variability in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease.
Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 16, 53-58
Herna´ndez a, A., Silder A., Heiderscheit, B. C., Thelen, D. G. (2009).
Effect of age on center of mass motion during human walking. Gait
and Posture, (30), 217–222
Hollman, J. H., Kovash, F. M., Kubik, J. J., Linbo, R. A. (2007).
Age-related differences in spatiotemporal markers of gait stability
during dual task walking. Gait & Posture, 26, 113-119
Hsue, B. J., Miller, F., Su, F. C. (2009). The dynamic balance of the
children with cerebral palsy and typical developing during gait.
Part II: Instantaneous velocity and acceleration of COM and COP
and their relationship. Gait and Posture, (29), 471-476
Kaesler, D. S., Mellifont, R. B., Kelly, B. S., Taaffe, D. R. (2007). A
novel balance exercise program for postural stability in older adults:
A pilot study. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 11(1),
37–43
Kang, H. G., Dingwell, J. B. (2008). Separating the effects of age and
walking speed on gait variability. Gait and Posture, (27), 572–577
Kaptoge, S., Benevolenskaya, L. I., Bhalla, A. K., Cannata, J. B., Boonen,
S., Falch, A. J., Felsenberg, D., Finn, J. D., Nuti, R., Hoszowski,
K., Lorenc, R., Miazgowski,T., Jajic, I. Lyritis, G., Masaryk, P.,
Naves-Diaz, M., Poor, G., Reid, D. M., Scheidt-Nave, C., Stepan, J.
J.,Todd, C. J., Weber, K., Woolf, A. D., Roy, D. K., Lunt, M., Pye,
S. R., O’Neill, T. W., Silman, A. J., Reeve, J. (2005). Low BMD is
less predictive than reported falls for future limb fractures in
women across Europe: results from the European Prospective
Osteoporosis Study. Bone, (36), 387– 398
Krishnamoorthy, V., Yang, J. F., Scholz,J. P. (2005). Joint coordination
during quiet stance: effects of vision. Experimental Brain Research,
164, 1-17
Kuo, A. D. (1995). An optimal control model for analyzing human
postural balance. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering,
42, 87-101
Lee, H. J., Chou, L. S. (2007). Balance control during stair negotiation in
older adults. Journal of Biomechanics, 40(11), 2530-2536
Macfadyen, B. J., & Winter, D. A. (1988). An integrated biomechanical
analysis of normal stair ascent and descent. Journal of biomechanics, 21(9), 733-744
Mackinnon, C. D. & Winter, D. A. (1993). Control of whole body balance
in the frontal plane during human walking. Journal of
Biomechanics, 26(6), 633-644
Madureira, M. M., Bonfá, E., Takayama, L., Pereira, R. M. R. (2010). A
12-month randomized controlled trial of balance training in elderly
women with osteoporosis: Improvement of quality of life.
Maturitas , (66), 206–211
Mian, O. S., Narici, M. V., Minetti, A. E., Baltzopoulos, V. (2007). Centre
of mass motion during stair negotiation in young and older men.
Gait and Posture, 26(3), 463–469
Novak, A. C., Brouwer, B. (2011). Sagittal and frontal lower limb joint
moments during stair ascent and descent in young and old er adults.
Gait and Posture, 33(1), 54-60
Pai, Y. C., Patton, J. (1997). Center of mass velocity-position predictions
for balance control. Journal of biomechanics, 30(4), 347-354
Pai, Y. C., Roger, M. K., Patton, J., Cain, T. D., Hanke, T. A. (1998).
Static versus dynamic predictions of protective stepping
following waist-pull perturbations in young and older adults.
Journal of biomechanics, (31), 1111-1118
Prince, F., Corriveau, H., Hkbert, R., Winter, D. A. (1997). Gait in elderly.
Gait and Posture, 5, 128-135
Protopapadaki, A., Drechsler, W. I., Cramp, M. C., Coutts, F. J., Scott, O.
M. (2007). Hip, knee, ankle kinematics and kinetics during stair
ascent and descent in healthy young individuals. Clinical
Biomechanics, 22(2), 203–210
Riener, R., Rabuffetti, M., Frigo,C. (2002). Stair ascent and descent at
different inclinations. Gait and Posture, (15), 32–44
Riley, P. O., DellaCroce, U., Kerrigan, D. C. (2001). Effect of age on
lower extremity joint moment contributions to gait speed. Gait &
Posture, 14, 264-270
Schultz, A.B., Ashton-Miller, J.A., Alexander, N.B. (1997). What leads
to age and gender differences in balance maintenance and
recovery? Muscle and Nerve Supplement , 5, S60-S64
Sheldon, J. H. (1960). On the natural history of falls in old age. British
Medical Journal, 2, 1685-1690
Startzell, J. S., Owens, D. A., Mulfinger, L. M., Cavanagh, P. R. (2000).
Stair Negotiation in Older People: A Review. Journal of the
American Geriatrics Society, 48(5), 567-580
Tideiksaar, R. (1988). Falls in elderly. Bulletin of the New York Academy
of Medicine, 64(2), 145-163
Tinetti, M. E., Speechley, M., & Ginter, S. F. (1988). Risk factors for falls
among elderly persons living in the community. The New England
Journal of Medicine, 319(26), 1701-1707.
Ülger, Ö., Yagli, N. V. (2011). Effects of yoga on balance and gait
properties in women with musculoskeletal problems: A pilot study.
Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 17(1), 13-15
Vaillant, J., Vuillerme N., Martigné, P., Caillat-Miousse, J. L., Parisot, J.,
Nougier, V., & Juvin, R. (2006). Balance, aging, and osteoporosis:
effects of cognitive exercises combined with physiotherapy. Joint
Bone Spine , 73(4), 414–418
Winter, D. A. (1995). Human balance and posture control during standing
and walking. Gait and Posture, 3 (4), 193-214
Wojcik, L. A., Thelen, D. G., Schultz, A. B., Ashton-Miller, J. A.,
Alexander, N. B. (2001). Age and gender differences in peak lower
extremity joint torques and ranges of motion used during
single-step balance recovery from a forward fall. Journal of
Biomechanics, (34), 67-73
Wong, A. M. K., Chou, S. W., Huang, S. C., Lan, C., Chen, H. C., Hong,
W. H., Chen, C. P.C., & Pei, Y. C. (2011). Does different exercise
have the same effect of health promotion for the elderly?
Comparison of training-specific effect of Tai Chi and swimming on
motor control. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 53(4),
e133-e137