國小資深女性教師幸福感之質性研究
中文摘要
本研究的主要目的在探討國小資深女性教師的幸福感來源、幸福感的影響因素，以及其人格特質與幸福感之間的關係，採取質性的研究方式，以立意抽樣的方式選擇十位目前任職於台北縣、市，具有十年以上的教學經驗之國小女性教師作為研究參與者進行訪談。訪談過程中所得的資料以紮根理論的方式加以分析、整理，並歸納出下列的研究結果：
一、國小資深女性教師的幸福感來源可分為「個體的動機與需求」及「個體的
態度與價值」兩大類，包括自尊需求、成就感的滿足、掌控自我與實現理
想、健康需求、個人成長、信仰寄託、和諧的人際關係、休閒參與、金錢
的滿足、活得比別人好、對生活的樂天知命、自主性、生活目標、為他人
付出等，共計十四項幸福感來源。
二、影響國小資深女性教師的幸福感之因素可分為個人背景因素、環境因素及
個人心理因素等三個面向，其中以工作年資與教學經驗、社會支持、工作
的穩定性、親師生的互動關係、生活品質與個人空間等五項因素的影響層
面最為廣泛，半數以上的國小資深女性教師的幸福感皆受到這些因素相當
程度的影響。
三、部份影響國小資深女性教師的幸福感之因素很難直接論斷其好壞與否，有
時得視個體如何詮釋與因應；更重要的是，個人若能積極的面對並做好足
夠的心理調適，往往可以將其轉化為正向的影響因素，進而更能提昇自身
的幸福感。
四、本研究結果發現，正向積極且圓融的處事態度、足夠的愛心與耐心、高度
的親和力、對工作充滿熱忱、樂觀的個性與正向思考、觀念開放，關心並
樂於接受新事物以及創意等人格特質與幸福感之間具有正向的關係，因此
個體若能積極培養這些人格特質，不但對其教學成效與師生關係有正向的
助益，更能有效的增進其內心的幸福感受。
本研究最後針對上述的主題與研究發現加以描述和討論，並就主要的研究結果提出多方面的建議。

The purpose of this research is to investigate the source of well-being and the factors influencing the well-being of elementary senior female teachers, as well as the relationship between their personality traits and the well-being. With qualitative research method, purpose sampling was used to select 10 elementary senior female teachers as interviewees, who are currently teaching in Taipei County or Taipei City, with over 10 years of teaching experience. The grounded theory was used to analyze and organize the data obtained from the interviews, and results are induced as below:

1. The source for the well-being of elementary senior female teachers were categorized into “individual’s motivation and needs” and “individual’s attitude and value”, which include the 14 detailed sources of well-being : esteem needs, satisfaction with achievement, self-control and accomplishment of the ambition, health needs, personal growth, spiritual sustenance, harmonious interpersonal relationship, participation in leisure activities, financial satisfaction, living better than others, be contented with life, voluntariness, life goals, and devotion for other.
2. The factors influencing the well-being of elementary senior female teachers were divided into their background, environment of theirs, and their personal psychology factor. And the five most common factors are: Career length and teaching experience, social support, job stability, interaction with students and parents, quality of life and personal space were the five most common factors which affected the well-being of half of the elementary senior female teachers.
3. It’s hard to directly judge whether some of the factors influencing the well-being of the elementary senior female teachers are correct or wrong, and sometimes it depends on the individual’s interpretation and adjustment. What’s more important, if the individual could make active contributions and make good psychological adjustment, then usually these factors could be transformed to positive influencing factors, and to enhance the well-being of themselves.
4. Results from this research shows, the personality traits of positive and rounded attitude, love and patience, friendliness, passion for work, optimistic and positive thinking, open-minded, caring and high acceptance of innovation and creativity, are positively correlated to the well-being. Therefore, if individuals could actively cultivate these personality traits, not only will it benefit teaching performance, but also enhance the internal well-being of themselves.

Finally, with regard to the above topic and research findings, further descriptions and discussions were made, and various recommendations were provided.

中文部分
王文科(民79)。教育研究法。台北市：五南。
田秀蘭(民88)。女性對生涯阻礙知覺之質的分析。教育心理學報，31(1)，89-107。
田秀蘭(民89)。紮根理論在諮商心理學研究中的應用。輔導季刊，36(4)，35-40。
朱敬先(民81)。健康心理學。台北市：五南。
行政院主計處(2005)。「社會發展趨勢調查」。2005年9月，取自http://
www.stat.gov.tw/lp.asp?ctNode=666&CtUnit=400&BaseDSD=7。
何淑禎(民91)。職業婦女工作與家庭生活調適之研究：以已婚國小女教師為例。國立嘉義大學家庭教育研究所。
吳衍潔(民91)。大台北地區民眾休閒滿意度與幸福感之研究。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
吳淑敏(民92)。婦女幸福感研究。教育學刊，20，119-140。
吳經熊(民81)。內心悅樂之泉源。台北市：東大。
呂敏昌(民82)。國中學生的生活壓力、因應方式與心理社會幸福感之關係。中國文化大學兒童福利研究所碩士論文。
巫雅菁(民90)。大學生幸福感之研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
李素菁(民91)。青少年家庭支持與幸福感之相關研究--以台中市立國中生為例。靜宜大學青少年兒童福利學系研究所碩士論文。
李清茵(民93)。家庭互動行為、心理需求滿足、關係滿意度與幸福感之相關研究。國立屏東教育大學教育心理與輔導學系碩士論文。
李嵩義(民92)。主觀幸福感理論初探及其對高齡者之啟示。成人教育，74,
42-51。
李蔚虹(民77)。已婚婦女的現代化程度、性別角色與生活滿意度之研究。國立台灣師範大學社會教育研究所碩士論文。
林子雯(民85)。成人學生多重角色與幸福感之相關研究。國立高雄師範大學成人教育研究所碩士論文。
林芝怡(民94)。國中生人格特質、休閒活動與幸福感之相關研究。國立高雄師範大學教育系碩士論文。
林崇逸(民95)。幸福與財富：幸福感影響因素之探討。世新大學財務金融學研究所碩士論文。
林淑芬(民91)。教師退休潮的省思。中等教育，53(1)，177-180。
施建彬(民84)。幸福感來源與相關因素之探討。高雄醫學大學行為科學研究所碩士論文。
柯俊銘(民87)。喪偶婦女之哀傷反應、社會支持與身心健康--以某支持性社團為例。高雄醫學大學行為科學研究所碩士論文。
胡家欣(民89)。大學生的休閒認知、涉入與體驗-兼論人格特質的影響。高雄醫學大學行為科學研究所碩士論文。
孫效智(民86)。道德與幸福之間。人文及社會科學，8(2)，29-43。
孫敏華(民81)。職業婦女與家庭主婦的生活滿意態度及其子女之人格適應、性別刻板與成就動機之研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文
。
梁忠軒(民91)。國中生之幸福感研究。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
陳文德(民90)。老子‧莊子‧孫子。台北市：遠流。
陳彥貝(民92)。國民小學施行親師合作之研究--以一個實施九年一貫課程的二年級班級為例。國立嘉義大學國民教育研究所碩士論文。
陳玲婉(民94)。國小學童母親人格特質與親職壓力、幸福感之相關研究。國立高雄師範大學教育學系研究所碩士論文。
陳媛嬿(民76)。已婚職業婦女的家人關係之研究。中國文化大學家政學研究所碩士論文。
陳鈺萍(民93)。國小教師的幸福感及其相關因素之研究。屏東師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文。
陳騏龍(民90)。國小學童情緒智力與幸福感、人際關係及人格特質之相關研究
。國立屏東師範學院教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
陳嬿竹(民91)。網路與真實人際關係、人格特質及幸福感之相關研究。國立屏東師範學院教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
陸洛(民83)。壓力、人格特質及心理健康：一項縱貫分析。高雄醫學科學雜誌
，10(9)，492-296。
陸洛(民87)。中國人幸福感之內涵、測量及相關因素探討。國家科學委員會研究彙編：人文及社會科學，8(1)，115-137。
曾貝露(民89)。青少年宗教態度、價值導向與幸福感關係之研究。國立高雄師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所博士論文。
曾昭旭(民78)。道德與道德實踐。台北市：漢光。
黃信二(民89)。論亞里斯多德「幸福」觀念在古希臘倫理學脈絡中之意義。文明探索，21，49-76。
黃郁婷(民84)。親子溝通、因應方式與老年人幸福感之關係。私立文化大學家政學系碩士論文。
黃振紅(民93)。淡水地區大學生休閒運動參與及幸福感之研究。大專體育學刊
，6(3),43-57。
黃國城(民92)。高雄市醫院志工幸福感、死亡態度與生命意義感之相關研究。國立高雄師範大學成人教育研究所碩士論文。
黃智慧(民80)。般若菩提心。台北市：耀文。
黃資惠(民91)。國小兒童幸福感之研究。台南師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文。
黃毅志(民87)。社會階層、社會網絡與心理幸福。台灣社會學刊，21，171-210。
黃瓊妙(民89)。台北市在學少年不同休閒參與類型之刺激尋求動機、休閒阻礙對其心理社會幸福感之探討。中國文化大學兒童福利研究所碩士論文。
楊國樞(1980)。生活素質的心理學觀。中華心理學刊，22，11-24。
楊啟湛(民91)。外行人看教師退休潮。中等教育，53(1)，183-188。
楊瑪利、何琦瑜等箸(民92)。回家找幸福--困頓後的反彈。台北市：天下雜誌。
楊慶豐(民80)。孔子與老子思想之比較研究。中國文化大學哲學研究所博士論文。
甄曉蘭(民92)。教師的課程意識與教學實踐。教育研究集刊，49(1)，63-94
。
劉敏珍(民89)。老年人之人際親密、依附風格與幸福感之關係研究。國立高雄師範大學成人教育研究所碩士論文。
蔡仕君(民77)。從不同家庭生命週期探討已婚職業婦女生活滿意度。文化大學家政學研究所碩士論文。
謝明華(民91)。國小學童之父親參與、幸福感及學業成就之相關研究。國立彰化師範大學教育研究所碩士論文。
顏映馨(民88)。大學生的生活風格、人際親密和幸福感關係之研究。國立高雄師範大學教育研究所碩士論文。
譚守權(民81)。老子哲學評論。台北市：文津。
釋證嚴(民81)。歡喜自在。台北市：慈濟。
釋證嚴(民88)。慈濟心燈。台北市：慈濟。
英文部分
Acker, S. (1994). Creating careers: Women teachers at work. In S. Acker(Ed.), Gendered educations: Sociological reflections on women, teaching and feminism (pp.105-121). Philadelphia: Open University Press.
Altshuler, S. R. & Gleeson, J. P. (1999). Completing the evaluation triangle for the next century: Measuring child “well-being “ in family foster care. Child Welfare, 78, 125-147.
Andrews, F. M. & Withey, S. W. (1976) . Social indicators of well-being. New York: Plenum.
Argyle, M. (2001). The psychology of happiness (2nd ed.). London & New York: Routedge.
Argyle, M. & Lu, L. (1990). Happiness and social skills. Personality and Individual Differernce, 11, 1255-1261.
Argyle, M. (1987). The psychology of happiness. London amd New York：Methuen.
Brunstein, J. C. (1993). Personal goals and subjective well-being：A longitudinal study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1061-1070.
Brunstein, J. C., Schultheiss, O. C. & Grässmann, R. (1998). Personal goals and emotional well-being: The moderating role of motive dispositions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 494-508.
Buhler, C. (1965). Some observations on the psychology of third force. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 5, 54-56.
Campbell, A., Converse, P. E. & Rodgers, W. L. (1976). The quality of American life：Perceptions, evaluations, and satifaction. New York：Russell.
Cantor, N. & Sanderson, C. A. (1999). Life task participation and well-being: The importance of taking part in daily life. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp.230-243). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Carver, C. S. & Scheier, M. F. (1999). Themes and issues in the self-regulation of behavior. In R. S. Wyer (Ed.), Perspectives on behavioral self-regulation: Advances in Social cognition. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Chamberlain, K. (1988). On the structure of the subjective well-being. Social Indicators Research, 20, 581-604.
Christopher, J. C. (1999). Situating psychological well-being：Exploring the cultural roots of its theory and research. Journal of Counseling & Development, 77, 141-152.
Costa, P. T. & McCrae, R. R. (1980). Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 668-678.
DeNeve, K.M. & Cooper, H. (1998). The happy personality: A meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 197-229.
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542-575.
Diener, E. (1994). Assessing subjective well-being:Progress and opportunities. Social Indicators Research, 31, 103-157.
Diener, E. & Larsen, R. J. (1993). The experience of emotional well-being. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland(Eds.), Handbook of emotions(pp.405-415). Guilford:New York.
Diener, E. & Suh, M. E. (1998). Age and subjective well-being: An international analysis. Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 17, 304-324.
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J. & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75.
Diener, E., Sandrik, E., Seidlitz, L. & Diener, M.(1993). The relationship between income and subjective well-being. Social Indicators Research, 28, 195-223.
Diener, E., Suh, E. N., Lucas, R. E. & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Belletin,125, 276-302.
Doyle, R. (2002). Calculus of happiness. Scientific American, 287, 32.
Fry, C. L. (2000). Culture, age and subjective well-being. Journal of Family Issues, 21, 751-776.
Fullan, M. & Hargreaves, A. (1998). What’s worth fighting for out there? New York: Teachers College press.
Furnham, A. & Brewin, C. R. (1990).Personality and happiness. Personality and individual differences, 11(10), 1093-1096.
Goldman, D. (2003). Can money buy happiness? Adweek, 44, 26-28.
Headey, B. & Wearing, A. (1989).Personality, life events, and subjective well-being：Toward a dynamic equilibrium model. Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 731-739.
Hill, C. E., Thompson, B. J. & Williams, E. N. (1997). A guide to conducting Consensual Qualitative Research. The Counseling Psychologist, 25, 517-572.
Hong, J., Seltzer, M. M. & Krauss, M. K. (2001). Changes in Social Support and Psychology Well-Being: A Longitudinal Study of Aging Mothers of Adults with Mental Retardation. Family Relations, 50, 154-163.
Houston, J. P. (1981). The pursuit of happiness. Glenview IL: Scott, Freshman.
Inglehart, R. (1990). Culture shift in advanced industrial society. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Little, B. R. (1989). Personal projects analysis: Trivial pursuits, magnificent obsessions, and the search for coherence. In D. M. Buss & N. Cantor (Eds.), Personality Psychology: Recent trends and emerging directions(pp.15-31).New York: Springer-Verlag.
Lu, L. (2000). Gender and conjugal differences in happiness. Journal of Social Psychology, 1(104),132-142.
Lu, L. & Shih, J. B. (1997a). Personality and happiness: Is mental health a mediator? Personality and Individual Differences, 22, 249-256.
Lu, L. & Shih, J. B. (1997b). Sources of happiness: A qualitative approach. The Journal of Social Psychology, 127, 181-187.
Lu, L., Gilmour, R. & Kao, S. F. (2001). Cultural values and happiness: An East-West dialogue. The Journal of Social Psychology, 141(4), 477-493.
Lu, L., Shih, J.B., Lin, Y.Y. & Ju, L.S. (1997). Personal and Environmental correlates of happiness. Person individ. Diff. 23, 153-462.
Lurie, E. (1984). Predictors of emotional well-being in elderly afeer hospitalization. Counery of Pbulication, U.S.: Ca.
Marks, N. (1996). Flying solo at midlife: Gender, marital status, and psychological well-being. Journal of Marriage Samnd the Family, 58, 917-932.
Mastekaasa, A. (1994). Psychological well-being and marital dissolution: Selection effects? Journal of Family Issues, 15, 208-228.
McCrae, R. & Costa, P. T. (1991).Adding Liebe und Arbeit: The full five-factor model and well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17(2), 227-232.
Michalos, A. C. (1985). Multiple discrepancies theory (MDT). Social Indicators Research, 13, 225-252.
Mookherjee, H. N. (1997). Marital status, gender and perception of well-being. Journal of Social Psychology, 137, 95-105.
Omodei, M. M. & Wearing, A. J. (1990). Need satisfaction and involvement in personal projects: Toward and integrative model of subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(4), 762-769.
Paradise, A. W. & Kernis, M. H. (2002). Self-esteem and psychological well-being: Implications of fragile self-esteem. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 21, 345-361.
Patton, M. Q. (1995)。質的評鑑與研究(吳芝儀、李奉儒譯)。台北縣：桂冠。
Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods. Newbury Park, Califonia: Sage Publications.
Rim, Y. (1993). Happiness and coping styles. Personality and Individual Difference, 14(4), 617-618.
Rim, Y. (1993). Valus,happiness and family structure variable. Personality and Individual Difference, 15(5), 595-598.
Ruehlman, L. S. & Wolchik, S. A. (1988). Personal goals and interpersonal support and hindrance as factors in psychological distress and well-being. Journal of personality and social psychology, 55(2), 293-301.
Ryan, R. M. & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychology, 55(1), 68-78.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudemonic well-being. In S. T. Fiske, D. L. Schacter, & C. Zahn-Waxler (Eds.), Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141-166.
Ryff, C. D. (1989b). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069-1081.
Ryff, C. D. & Singer, B. (2000). Interpersonal flourishing: A positive health agenda for the new millennium. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 30-44.
Schmitt, M. & Jüchtern, J. C. (2001). The structure of subjective well-being in middle adulthood. Aging & Mental Health, 5, 47-55.
Schmutte, P. S. & Ryff, C. D. (1997). Personality and well-being: reexamining methods and meanings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 549-559.
Shapiro, D. (1988). Variability of selfreports of physical and emotional well-being. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association.
Sheldon, K. M. & Kasser, T. (2001). Goals, congruence, and positive well-being: New empirical support for humanistic thories. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 41, 30-50.
Siebert, D. C., Mutran, E. J. & Reitzes, D. C. (1999). Friendship and Social Support: The Important of Role Identity to Aging Adults. Social Work, 44(6), 522-533.
Sivik, T. & Rose, G. (1994). Gender, psychological well-being and somatic cardiovascular risk factors. Integrative Physiological & Behavioral Science,29 , 423-450.
Smith, G. C., Kohn, S. J., Savage-Stevens, S. E., Finch, J. J., Ingate, R. & Lim, Y. (2000). The Effects of Interpersonal and Personal Agency on Perceived Control and Psychological Well-Being in Adulthood. The Gerontologist, 40(4), 458-468.
Stone, M. J. & Kozma, A. (1985). Structural relationships among happiness scales: a second order factorial study. Social Indicators Resarch,17, 19-28.
Strauss, A. & Corbin, J. (2001)。質性研究入門 : 紮根理論研究方法。(吳芝儀、廖梅花譯)。嘉義市 : 濤石。
Thompson, M. G. & Heller, K. (1990). Facets of support related to well-being: Qualitative social isolation and perceived family support in a sample of elderly woman. Psychology and Aging,5(4), 535-544.
van Wel, F., ter Bogt, T. & Raaijmakers, Q.(2002). Changes in the parental bond and the well-being of adolescents and young adults. Adolescence, 37 , 316-333.
Veenhoven, R. (1989). Is happiness a relative? In Forgas, J. P. & Innes, J. M. (Eds.), Recent advance in social psychology: An international perspective. North Holland：Elsevier.
Veenhoven, R. (1994). Is happiness a trait? Tests of the theory that a better society does not make people any happiner. Social Indicators Research, 32, 101-160.
Veroff, J., Douvan, E. & Kulka, R, A. (1981). The Inner American. New York：Basic Books.
Waston, J. & Rennie, D. L. (1994). Qualitative analysis of clients’ subjective experience of significant moments during the exploration of problematic reactions. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41(4), 500-509.
Wilson (1976). Correlates of avowed happiness. Psychological Bulletin, 47(2), 203-231.
Wood, W., Rhoders, N. & Whelan, M. (1989). Sex differences in positive well-being: A consideration of emotional style and marital status. Psychological Bulletin, 106(2), 249-264.
Yamoor, C. M. & Mortimer, J. T. (1990). Age and gender differences in the effects of employment on adolescent achievement and well-being. Youth & Society, 22, 225-233.