番紅花是全世界最貴的香料之一，具有許多有助於增進健康的用途，然而，一般大眾對於番紅花之功效卻沒有明確的認知。

據此，本研究之目的為透過系統性文獻回顧，瞭解番紅花介入對於生理層面、心理層面及對於健康行為的效果。本文針對「PubMed」、「華藝線上資料庫」及我國「全國博碩士論文網」中，搜尋2009至2019年間，以中、英文發表的番紅花與健康相關之文獻，經系統性地篩選後，一共納入58篇符合標準之文獻。研究結果發現：

(1)就「生理層面」而言，番紅花介入對於黃斑部病變(n=5）、代謝症候群（n=3）、二型糖尿病（n=3）、認知功能（n=3）、肺活量（n=2）與勃起功能（n=2）具有正向效果。

(2）「心理層面」部分，番紅花介入對於憂鬱症狀 (n=8）、焦慮症（n=5）與認知功能（n=3）具有正向效果。

(3）而在「健康行為」部分，本文獻回顧指出，番紅花介入有助於睡眠(n=1）及降低食慾 (n=1）。

　　整體而言，番紅花介入對於生理、心理及健康行為皆有正向的效益。建議未來能透過不同管道，讓大眾對於番紅花能有正確認識，並透過本土的研究證據，進一步驗證番紅花對於國人健康的效益。

Saffron is one of the most expensive spices in the world, which has been widely used to enhance health in several ways.

However, there is a lack of correct knowledge on saffron for the publics. Therefore, this study aimed to
systematically review the literature investigating the effects of saffron
intervention on physical health, mental health and health behavior.

This study reviewed the articles written in English or Mandarin published from PubMed, Airiti Library and National Digital Library of Theses and Dissertation in Taiwan between 2009 and 2019. A total of 62 articles met the criteria and were included in this study.

The results showed that:
(1) saffron could have a positive effect on the physiological level illness, such as macular degeneration(n = 5), metabolic syndrome (n = 3), type 2 diabetes (n = 3), cognitive function (n = 3), and vital capacity (n = 2) and erection function (n = 2);

(2)saffron could have a positive effect on the psychological level, such as improving depressive symptoms (n=8) and anxiety (n=5);

(3) saffron also had a positive impact on the health behavior level, such as improving sleeping (n=1) and appetite (n=1). To sum up, in taking saffron would benefit people on physical, psychological and behavior level. Future research should further investigate the beneficial effect of saffron, and promote its correct knowledge through different access.

參考文獻
Abedimanesh, N., Bathaie, S. Z., Abedimanesh, S., Motlagh, B., Separham, A., & Ostadrahimi, A. (2017). Saffron and crocin improved appetite, dietary intakes and body composition in patients with coronary artery disease. Journal of cardiovascular and thoracic research, 9(4), 200-208. doi:10.15171/jcvtr.2017.35
Akhondzadeh, S., Sabet, M. S., Harirchian, M. H., Togha, M., Cheraghmakani, H., Razeghi, S., . . . Moradi, A. (2010). Saffron in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a 16-week, randomized and placebo-controlled trial. Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics, 35(5), 581-588. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2710.2009.01133.x
Asadollahi, M., Nikdokht, P., Hatef, B., Sadr, S. S., Sahraei, H., Assarzadegan, F., & Pirzad Jahromi, G. (2019). Protective properties of the aqueous extract of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in ischemic stroke, randomized clinical trial. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 238, 111833-111833. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2019.111833
Ashktorab, H., Soleimani, A., Singh, G., Amr, A., Tabtabaei, S., Latella, G., . . . Brim, H. (2019). Saffron: The Golden Spice with Therapeutic Properties on Digestive Diseases. Nutrients, 11(5), 943. doi:10.3390/nu11050943
Ayatollahi, H., Javan, A. O., Khajedaluee, M., Shahroodian, M., & Hosseinzadeh, H. (2014). Effect of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) on coagulation and anticoagulation systems in healthy volunteers. Phytotherapy research : PTR, 28(4), 539-543. doi:10.1002/ptr.5021
Badr, Y. A. A., Sepehran, E., Del Azar, A., Sadeghi, H., & Nouri, M. J. N.-U. M. (2017). The effect of saffron on semen analysis in infertile men with clinical varicocele after varicocelectomy. 9(5).
Baziar, S., Aqamolaei, A., Khadem, E., Mortazavi, S. H., Naderi, S., Sahebolzamani, E., . . . Akhondzadeh, S. (2019). Crocus sativus L. Versus Methylphenidate in Treatment of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized, Double-Blind Pilot Study. Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 29(3), 205-212. doi:10.1089/cap.2018.0146
Begas, E., Bounitsi, M., Kilindris, T., Kouvaras, E., Makaritsis, K., Kouretas, D., & Asprodini, E. K. (2019). Effects of short-term saffron (Crocus sativus L.) intake on the in vivo activities of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in healthy volunteers. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 130, 32-43. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.013
Broadhead, G. K., Grigg, J. R., McCluskey, P., Hong, T., Schlub, T. E., & Chang, A. A. (2019). Saffron therapy for the treatment of mild/moderate age-related macular degeneration: a randomised clinical trial. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie, 257(1), 31-40. doi:10.1007/s00417-018-4163-x
Dwyer, A. V., Whitten, D. L., & Hawrelak, J. A. (2011). Herbal medicines, other than St. John's Wort, in the treatment of depression: a systematic review. Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic, 16(1), 40-49.
Ebrahimi, F., Aryaeian, N., Pahlavani, N., Abbasi, D., Hosseini, A. F., Fallah, S., . . . Heydari, I. (2019). The effect of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) supplementation on blood pressure, and renal and liver function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A double-blinded, randomized clinical trial. Avicenna journal of phytomedicine, 9(4), 322-333.
Elgazar, A. F., Rezq, A. A., & Bukhari, H. M. J. E. J. B. S. (2013). Anti-hyperglycemic effect of saffron extract in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. 5(1), 14-22.
Esalatmanesh, S., Biuseh, M., Noorbala, A. A., Mostafavi, S.-A., Rezaei, F., Mesgarpour, B., . . . Akhondzadeh, S. (2017). Comparison of Saffron and Fluvoxamine in the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Double Blind Randomized Clinical Trial. Iranian journal of psychiatry, 12(3), 154-162.
Fadai, F., Mousavi, B., Ashtari, Z., Ali beigi, N., Farhang, S., Hashempour, S., . . . Bathaie, S. Z. (2014). Saffron aqueous extract prevents metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia on olanzapine treatment: a randomized triple blind placebo controlled study. Pharmacopsychiatry, 47(4-5), 156-161. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1382001
Falsini, B., Piccardi, M., Minnella, A., Savastano, C., Capoluongo, E., Fadda, A., . . . Bisti, S. (2010). Influence of saffron supplementation on retinal flicker sensitivity in early age-related macular degeneration. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 51(12), 6118-6124. doi:10.1167/iovs.09-4995
Farkhondeh, T., & Samarghandian, S. (2014). The effect of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and its ingredients on the management of diabetes mellitus and dislipidemia.
Farokhnia, M., Shafiee Sabet, M., Iranpour, N., Gougol, A., Yekehtaz, H., Alimardani, R., . . . Akhondzadeh, S. (2014). Comparing the efficacy and safety of Crocus sativus L. with memantine in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Human psychopharmacology, 29(4), 351-359. doi:10.1002/hup.2412
Finley, J. W., & Gao, S. (2017). A Perspective on Crocus sativus L. (Saffron) Constituent Crocin: A Potent Water-Soluble Antioxidant and Potential Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 65(5), 1005-1020. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04398
Fukui, H., Toyoshima, K., & Komaki, R. (2011). Psychological and neuroendocrinological effects of odor of saffron (Crocus sativus). Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology, 18(8-9), 726-730. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2010.11.013
Ghaffari, S., & Roshanravan, N. (2019). Saffron; An updated review on biological properties with special focus on cardiovascular effects. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie, 109, 21-27. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.031
Ghajar, A., Neishabouri, S. M., Velayati, N., Jahangard, L., Matinnia, N., Haghighi, M., . . . Akhondzadeh, S. (2017). Crocus sativus L. versus Citalopram in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder with Anxious Distress: A Double-Blind, Controlled Clinical Trial. Pharmacopsychiatry, 50(4), 152-160. doi:10.1055/s-0042-116159
Glanz, K., Rimer, B. K., & Viswanath, K. (2008). Health behavior and health education: theory, research, and practice: John Wiley & Sons.
Hatziagapiou, K., Kakouri, E., Lambrou, G. I., Bethanis, K., & Tarantilis, P. A. (2019). Antioxidant Properties of Crocus Sativus L. and Its Constituents and Relevance to Neurodegenerative Diseases; Focus on Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Current neuropharmacology, 17(4), 377-402. doi:10.2174/1570159X16666180321095705
Hausenblas, H. A., Heekin, K., Mutchie, H. L., & Anton, S. (2015). A systematic review of randomized controlled trials examining the effectiveness of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on psychological and behavioral outcomes. Journal of integrative medicine, 13(4), 231-240. doi:10.1016/S2095-4964(15)60176-5
Heitmar, R., Brown, J., & Kyrou, I. (2019). Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in Ocular Diseases: A Narrative Review of the Existing Evidence from Clinical Studies. Nutrients, 11(3), 649. doi:10.3390/nu11030649
Hoshyar, R., Hosseinian, M., Naghandar, M. R., Hemmati, M., Zarban, A., Amini, Z., . . . Mehrpour, O. J. I. R. C. M. J. (2016). Anti-dyslipidemic properties of Saffron: Reduction in the associated risks of atherosclerosis and insulin resistance. 18(12).
Hosseini, A., Mousavi, S. H., Ghanbari, A., Homaee Shandiz, F., Raziee, H. R., Pezeshki Rad, M., & Mousavi, S. H. (2015). Effect of saffron on liver metastases in patients suffering from cancers with liver metastases: A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Avicenna journal of phytomedicine, 5(5), 434-440.
Hosseini, S. A., Zilaee, M., Shoushtari, M. H., & Ghasemi Dehcheshmeh, M. (2018). An evaluation of the effect of saffron supplementation on the antibody titer to heat-shock protein (HSP) 70, hsCRP and spirometry test in patients with mild and moderate persistent allergic asthma: A triple-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial. Respiratory medicine, 145, 28-34. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2018.10.016
Jabbarpoor Bonyadi, M. H., Yazdani, S., & Saadat, S. (2014). The ocular hypotensive effect of saffron extract in primary open angle glaucoma: a pilot study. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 14, 399-399. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-14-399
Jalali, F., & Hashemi, S. F. (2018). The Effect of Saffron on Depression among Recovered Consumers of Methamphetamine Living with HIV/AIDS. Substance use & misuse, 53(12), 1951-1957. doi:10.1080/10826084.2018.1447583
Jam, I. N., Sahebkar, A. H., Eslami, S., Mokhber, N., Nosrati, M., Khademi, M., . . . Abbasi, M. (2017). The effects of crocin on the symptoms of depression in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Advances in clinical and experimental medicine : official organ Wroclaw Medical University, 26(6), 925-930. doi:10.17219/acem/62891
Javandoost, A., Afshari, A., Nikbakht-Jam, I., Khademi, M., Eslami, S., Nosrati, M., . . . Mohajeri, A. (2017). Effect of crocin, a carotenoid from saffron, on plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein and lipid profile in subjects with metabolic syndrome: A double blind randomized clinical trial. ARYA atherosclerosis, 13(5), 245-252.
Kamalipour, M., & Akhondzadeh, S. (2011). Cardiovascular effects of saffron: an evidence-based review. The journal of Tehran Heart Center, 6(2), 59-61.
Kang, C., Lee, H., Jung, E.-S., Seyedian, R., Jo, M., Kim, J., . . . Kim, E. J. F. c. (2012). Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) increases glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity in muscle cells via multipathway mechanisms. 135(4), 2350-2358.
Kashani, L., Esalatmanesh, S., Eftekhari, F., Salimi, S., Foroughifar, T., Etesam, F., . . . Akhondzadeh, S. (2018). Efficacy of Crocus sativus (saffron) in treatment of major depressive disorder associated with post-menopausal hot flashes: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics, 297(3), 717-724. doi:10.1007/s00404-018-4655-2
Kashani, L., Eslatmanesh, S., Saedi, N., Niroomand, N., Ebrahimi, M., Hosseinian, M., . . . Akhondzadeh, S. (2017). Comparison of Saffron versus Fluoxetine in Treatment of Mild to Moderate Postpartum Depression: A Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial. Pharmacopsychiatry, 50(2), 64-68. doi:10.1055/s-0042-115306
Kashani, L., Raisi, F., Saroukhani, S., Sohrabi, H., Modabbernia, A., Nasehi, A.-A., . . . Akhondzadeh, S. (2013). Saffron for treatment of fluoxetine-induced sexual dysfunction in women: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Human psychopharmacology, 28(1), 54-60. doi:10.1002/hup.2282
Kell, G., Rao, A., Beccaria, G., Clayton, P., Inarejos-García, A. M., & Prodanov, M. (2017). affron(®) a novel saffron extract (Crocus sativus L.) improves mood in healthy adults over 4 weeks in a double-blind, parallel, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Complementary therapies in medicine, 33, 58-64. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2017.06.001
Kermani, T., Kazemi, T., Molki, S., Ilkhani, K., Sharifzadeh, G., & Rajabi, O. (2017). The Efficacy of Crocin of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on the Components of Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Journal of research in pharmacy practice, 6(4), 228-232. doi:10.4103/jrpp.JRPP_17_26
Kermani, T., Mousavi, S. H., Shemshian, M., Norouzy, A., Mazidi, M., Moezzi, A., . . . A Ferns, G. (2015). Saffron supplements modulate serum pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance in patients with metabolic syndrome: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Avicenna journal of phytomedicine, 5(5), 427-433.
Kermani, T., Zebarjadi, M., Mehrad-Majd, H., Mirhafez, S.-R., Shemshian, M., Ghasemi, F., . . . Ghayour-Mobarhan, M. (2017). Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Crocus sativus on Serum Cytokine Levels in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo- Controlled Trial. Current clinical pharmacology, 12(2), 122-126. doi:10.2174/1574884712666170622082737
Khaksarian, M., Behzadifar, M., Behzadifar, M., Alipour, M., Jahanpanah, F., Re, T. S., . . . Bragazzi, N. L. (2019). The efficacy of Crocus sativus (Saffron) versus placebo and Fluoxetine in treating depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychology research and behavior management, 12, 297-305. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S199343
Khorasanchi, Z., Shafiee, M., Kermanshahi, F., Khazaei, M., Ryzhikov, M., Parizadeh, M. R., . . . Hassanian, S. M. (2018). Crocus sativus a natural food coloring and flavoring has potent anti-tumor properties. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology, 43, 21-27. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2018.03.041
Khorasany, A. R., & Hosseinzadeh, H. (2016). Therapeutic effects of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in digestive disorders: a review. Iranian journal of basic medical sciences, 19(5), 455-469.
Kianbakht, S., & Ghazavi, A. (2011). Immunomodulatory effects of saffron: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytotherapy research : PTR, 25(12), 1801-1805. doi:10.1002/ptr.3484
Korani, S., Korani, M., Sathyapalan, T., & Sahebkar, A. (2019). Therapeutic effects of Crocin in autoimmune diseases: A review. BioFactors (Oxford, England), 45(6), 835-843. doi:10.1002/biof.1557
Lashay, A., Sadough, G., Ashrafi, E., Lashay, M., Movassat, M., & Akhondzadeh, S. (2016). Short-term Outcomes of Saffron Supplementation in Patients with Age-related Macular Degeneration: A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Randomized Trial. Medical hypothesis, discovery & innovation ophthalmology journal, 5(1), 32-38.
Lopresti, A. L., & Drummond, P. D. (2014). Saffron (Crocus sativus) for depression: a systematic review of clinical studies and examination of underlying antidepressant mechanisms of action. Human psychopharmacology, 29(6), 517-527. doi:10.1002/hup.2434
Lopresti, A. L., Drummond, P. D., Inarejos-García, A. M., & Prodanov, M. (2018). affron(®), a standardised extract from saffron (Crocus sativus L.) for the treatment of youth anxiety and depressive symptoms: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of affective disorders, 232, 349-357. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.070
Lopresti, A. L., Smith, S. J., Hood, S. D., & Drummond, P. D. (2019). Efficacy of a standardised saffron extract (affron®) as an add-on to antidepressant medication for the treatment of persistent depressive symptoms in adults: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 33(11), 1415-1427. doi:10.1177/0269881119867703
Maleki-Saghooni, N., Mirzaeii, K., Hosseinzadeh, H., Sadeghi, R., & Irani, M. (2018). A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials on saffron (Crocus sativus) effectiveness and safety on erectile dysfunction and semen parameters. Avicenna journal of phytomedicine, 8(3), 198-209.
Malekzadeh, S., Heidari, M. R., Razavi, B. M., Rameshrad, M., & Hosseinzadeh, H. (2019). Effect of safranal, a constituent of saffron, on olanzapine (an atypical antipsychotic) induced metabolic disorders in rat. Iranian journal of basic medical sciences, 22(12), 1476-1482. doi:10.22038/ijbms.2019.13992
Marangoni, D., Falsini, B., Piccardi, M., Ambrosio, L., Minnella, A. M., Savastano, M. C., . . . Capoluongo, E. (2013). Functional effect of Saffron supplementation and risk genotypes in early age-related macular degeneration: a preliminary report. Journal of translational medicine, 11, 228-228. doi:10.1186/1479-5876-11-228
Marx, W., Lane, M., Rocks, T., Ruusunen, A., Loughman, A., Lopresti, A., . . . Dean, O. M. (2019). Effect of saffron supplementation on symptoms of depression and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition reviews, nuz023. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuz023
Mashmoul, M., Azlan, A., Yusof, B. N. M., Khaza'ai, H., Mohtarrudin, N., & Boroushaki, M. T. J. j. o. f. f. (2014). Effects of saffron extract and crocin on anthropometrical, nutritional and lipid profile parameters of rats fed a high fat diet. 8, 180-187.
Mazidi, M., Shemshian, M., Mousavi, S. H., Norouzy, A., Kermani, T., Moghiman, T., . . . Ferns, G. A. A. (2016). A double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in the treatment of anxiety and depression. Journal of complementary & integrative medicine, 13(2), 195-199. doi:10.1515/jcim-2015-0043
Meamarbashi, A., & Rajabi, A. (2015). Preventive effects of 10-day supplementation with saffron and indomethacin on the delayed-onset muscle soreness. Clinical journal of sport medicine : official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine, 25(2), 105-112. doi:10.1097/JSM.0000000000000113
Meamarbashi, A., & Rajabi, A. (2016). Potential Ergogenic Effects of Saffron. Journal of dietary supplements, 13(5), 522-529. doi:10.3109/19390211.2015.1120259
Milajerdi, A., Jazayeri, S., Hashemzadeh, N., Shirzadi, E., Derakhshan, Z., Djazayeri, A., & Akhondzadeh, S. (2018). The effect of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) hydroalcoholic extract on metabolic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A triple-blinded randomized clinical trial. Journal of research in medical sciences : the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 23, 16-16. doi:10.4103/jrms.JRMS_286_17
Milajerdi, A., Jazayeri, S., Shirzadi, E., Hashemzadeh, N., Azizgol, A., Djazayery, A., . . . Akhondzadeh, S. (2018). The effects of alcoholic extract of saffron (Crocus satious L.) on mild to moderate comorbid depression-anxiety, sleep quality, and life satisfaction in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled clinical trial. Complementary therapies in medicine, 41, 196-202. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2018.09.023
Moazen-Zadeh, E., Abbasi, S. H., Safi-Aghdam, H., Shahmansouri, N., Arjmandi-Beglar, A., Hajhosseinn Talasaz, A., . . . Akhondzadeh, S. (2018). Effects of Saffron on Cognition, Anxiety, and Depression in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial. Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.), 24(4), 361-368. doi:10.1089/acm.2017.0173
Modabbernia, A., Sohrabi, H., Nasehi, A.-A., Raisi, F., Saroukhani, S., Jamshidi, A., . . . Akhondzadeh, S. (2012). Effect of saffron on fluoxetine-induced sexual impairment in men: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Psychopharmacology, 223(4), 381-388. doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2729-6
Mohammadzadeh-Moghadam, H., Nazari, S. M., Shamsa, A., Kamalinejad, M., Esmaeeli, H., Asadpour, A. A., & Khajavi, A. (2015). Effects of a Topical Saffron (Crocus sativus L) Gel on Erectile Dysfunction in Diabetics: A Randomized, Parallel-Group, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Journal of evidence-based complementary & alternative medicine, 20(4), 283-286. doi:10.1177/2156587215583756
Moravej Aleali, A., Amani, R., Shahbazian, H., Namjooyan, F., Latifi, S. M., & Cheraghian, B. (2019). The effect of hydroalcoholic Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) extract on fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, lipid profile, liver, and renal function tests in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized double-blind clinical trial. Phytotherapy research : PTR, 33(6), 1648-1657. doi:10.1002/ptr.6351
Moshiri, M., Vahabzadeh, M., & Hosseinzadeh, H. (2015). Clinical Applications of Saffron (Crocus sativus) and its Constituents: A Review. Drug research, 65(6), 287-295. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1375681
Mousavi, B., Bathaie, S. Z., Fadai, F., Ashtari, Z., Ali Beigi, N., Farhang, S., . . . Heidarzadeh, H. (2015). Safety evaluation of saffron stigma (Crocus sativus L.) aqueous extract and crocin in patients with schizophrenia. Avicenna journal of phytomedicine, 5(5), 413-419.
Nemat Shahi, M., Asadi, A., Behnam Talab, E., & Nemat Shahi, M. (2017). The Impact of Saffron on Symptoms of Withdrawal Syndrome in Patients Undergoing Maintenance Treatment for Opioid Addiction in Sabzevar Parish in 2017. Advances in medicine, 2017, 1079132-1079132. doi:10.1155/2017/1079132
Pasalar, M., Choopani, R., Mosaddegh, M., Kamalinejad, M., Mohagheghzadeh, A., Fattahi, M. R., . . . Bagheri Lankarani, K. (2015). Efficacy and safety of jollab to treat functional dyspepsia: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Explore (New York, N.Y.), 11(3), 199-207. doi:10.1016/j.explore.2015.02.007
Pashirzad, M., Shafiee, M., Avan, A., Ryzhikov, M., Fiuji, H., Bahreyni, A., . . . Hassanian, S. M. (2019). Therapeutic potency of crocin in the treatment of inflammatory diseases: Current status and perspective. Journal of cellular physiology, 10.1002/jcp.28177. doi:10.1002/jcp.28177
Piccardi, M., Marangoni, D., Minnella, A. M., Savastano, M. C., Valentini, P., Ambrosio, L., . . . Falsini, B. (2012). A longitudinal follow-up study of saffron supplementation in early age-related macular degeneration: sustained benefits to central retinal function. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM, 2012, 429124-429124. doi:10.1155/2012/429124
Poma, A., Fontecchio, G., Carlucci, G., & Chichiriccò, G. (2012). Anti-inflammatory properties of drugs from saffron crocus. Anti-inflammatory & anti-allergy agents in medicinal chemistry, 11(1), 37-51. doi:10.2174/187152312803476282
Pourmasoumi, M., Hadi, A., Najafgholizadeh, A., Kafeshani, M., & Sahebkar, A. (2019). Clinical evidence on the effects of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on cardiovascular risk factors: A systematic review meta-analysis. Pharmacological research, 139, 348-359. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2018.11.038
Rahmani, J., Manzari, N., Thompson, J., Clark, C. C. T., Villanueva, G., Varkaneh, H. K., & Mirmiran, P. (2019). The effect of saffron on weight and lipid profile: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and dose-response of randomized clinical trials. Phytotherapy research : PTR, 33(9), 2244-2255. doi:10.1002/ptr.6420
Rajabian, A., Hosseini, A., Hosseini, M., & Sadeghnia, H. R. (2019). A Review of Potential Efficacy of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in Cognitive Dysfunction and Seizures. Prev Nutr Food Sci, 24(4), 363-372. doi:10.3746/pnf.2019.24.4.363
Ranjbar, H., & Ashrafizaveh, A. (2019). Effects of saffron (Crocus sativus) on sexual dysfunction among men and women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Avicenna journal of phytomedicine, 9(5), 419-427.
Razavi, B. M., & Hosseinzadeh, H. (2017). Saffron: a promising natural medicine in the treatment of metabolic syndrome. Journal of the science of food and agriculture, 97(6), 1679-1685. doi:10.1002/jsfa.8134
Sadi, R., Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, S., Mirghafourvand, M., Javadzadeh, Y., & Ahmadi-Bonabi, A. (2016). Effect of Saffron (Fan Hong Hua) On the Readiness of The Uterine Cervix In Term Pregnancy: A Placebo-Controlled Randomized Trial. Iranian Red Crescent medical journal, 18(10), e27241-e27241. doi:10.5812/ircmj.27241
Safarinejad, M. R., Shafiei, N., & Safarinejad, S. (2010). An open label, randomized, fixed-dose, crossover study comparing efficacy and safety of sildenafil citrate and saffron (Crocus sativus Linn.) for treating erectile dysfunction in men naïve to treatment. International journal of impotence research, 22(4), 240-250. doi:10.1038/ijir.2010.10
Safarinejad, M. R., Shafiei, N., & Safarinejad, S. (2011). A prospective double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study of the effect of saffron (Crocus sativus Linn.) on semen parameters and seminal plasma antioxidant capacity in infertile men with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia. Phytotherapy research : PTR, 25(4), 508-516. doi:10.1002/ptr.3294
Sahraian, A., Jelodar, S., Javid, Z., Mowla, A., & Ahmadzadeh, L. (2016). Study the effects of saffron on depression and lipid profiles: A double blind comparative study. Asian journal of psychiatry, 22, 174-176. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2015.10.012
Samarghandian, S., Azimi-Nezhad, M., & Samini, F. J. B. r. i. (2014). Ameliorative effect of saffron aqueous extract on hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and oxidative stress on diabetic encephalopathy in streptozotocin induced experimental diabetes mellitus. 2014.
Sepahi, S., Mohajeri, S. A., Hosseini, S. M., Khodaverdi, E., Shoeibi, N., Namdari, M., & Tabassi, S. A. S. (2018). Effects of Crocin on Diabetic Maculopathy: A Placebo-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial. American journal of ophthalmology, 190, 89-98. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2018.03.007
Shafiee, M., Aghili Moghaddam, N. S., Nosrati, M., Tousi, M., Avan, A., Ryzhikov, M., . . . Hassanian, S. M. (2017). Saffron against Components of Metabolic Syndrome: Current Status and Prospective. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 65(50), 10837-10843. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03762
Shafiee, M., Arekhi, S., Omranzadeh, A., & Sahebkar, A. (2018). Saffron in the treatment of depression, anxiety and other mental disorders: Current evidence and potential mechanisms of action. Journal of affective disorders, 227, 330-337. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.020
Shahbazian, H., Moravej Aleali, A., Amani, R., Namjooyan, F., Cheraghian, B., Latifi, S. M., . . . Ghadiri, A. (2019). Effects of saffron on homocysteine, and antioxidant and inflammatory biomarkers levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Avicenna journal of phytomedicine, 9(5), 436-445.
Shahmansouri, N., Farokhnia, M., Abbasi, S.-H., Kassaian, S. E., Noorbala Tafti, A.-A., Gougol, A., . . . Akhondzadeh, S. (2014). A randomized, double-blind, clinical trial comparing the efficacy and safety of Crocus sativus L. with fluoxetine for improving mild to moderate depression in post percutaneous coronary intervention patients. Journal of affective disorders, 155, 216-222. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.11.003
Shakiba, M., Moazen-Zadeh, E., Noorbala, A. A., Jafarinia, M., Divsalar, P., Kashani, L., . . . Akhondzadeh, S. (2018). Saffron (Crocus sativus) versus duloxetine for treatment of patients with fibromyalgia: A randomized double-blind clinical trial. Avicenna journal of phytomedicine, 8(6), 513-523.
Siddiqui, M. J., Saleh, M. S. M., Basharuddin, S. N. B. B., Zamri, S. H. B., Mohd Najib, M. H. B., Che Ibrahim, M. Z. B., . . . Khatib, A. (2018). Saffron (Crocus sativus L.): As an Antidepressant. Journal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences, 10(4), 173-180. doi:10.4103/JPBS.JPBS_83_18
Tóth, B., Hegyi, P., Lantos, T., Szakács, Z., Kerémi, B., Varga, G., . . . Csupor, D. (2019). The Efficacy of Saffron in the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Depression: A Meta-analysis. Planta medica, 85(1), 24-31. doi:10.1055/a-0660-9565
Tabeshpour, J., Sobhani, F., Sadjadi, S. A., Hosseinzadeh, H., Mohajeri, S. A., Rajabi, O., . . . Eslami, S. (2017). A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of saffron stigma (Crocus sativus L.) in mothers suffering from mild-to-moderate postpartum depression. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology, 36, 145-152. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2017.10.005
Tamaddonfard, E., Erfanparast, A., Farshid, A. A., Imani, M., Mirzakhani, N., Salighedar, R., & Tamaddonfard, S. (2019). Safranal, a constituent of saffron, exerts gastro-protective effects against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer. Life Sci, 224, 88-94. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2019.03.054
The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species. (2012). Crocus sativus L. Retrieved from http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-327454
Tsolaki, M., Karathanasi, E., Lazarou, I., Dovas, K., Verykouki, E., Karacostas, A., . . . Sinakos, Z. (2016). Efficacy and Safety of Crocus sativus L. in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: One Year Single-Blind Randomized, with Parallel Groups, Clinical Trial. Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD, 54(1), 129-133. doi:10.3233/JAD-160304
Umigai, N., Murakami, K., Ulit, M. V., Antonio, L. S., Shirotori, M., Morikawa, H., & Nakano, T. (2011). The pharmacokinetic profile of crocetin in healthy adult human volunteers after a single oral administration. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology, 18(7), 575-578. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2010.10.019
Umigai, N., Takeda, R., & Mori, A. (2018). Effect of crocetin on quality of sleep: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Complementary therapies in medicine, 41, 47-51. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2018.09.003
World Health Organization. (1948). What is the WHO definition of health? Retrieved from http://www.who.int/suggestions/faq/zh/index.html
World Health Organization. Division of Mental, H. (1986). The WHO Mental Health Programme bibliography, 1985. In. Geneva: [Geneva] : World Health Organization
World Health Organization.
Yang, X., Chen, X., Fu, Y., Luo, Q., Du, L., Qiu, H., . . . Meng, H. (2018). Comparative efficacy and safety of Crocus sativus L. for treating mild to moderate major depressive disorder in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 14, 1297-1305. doi:10.2147/NDT.S157550
Zeinali, M., Zirak, M. R., Rezaee, S. A., Karimi, G., & Hosseinzadeh, H. (2019). Immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of Crocus sativus (Saffron) and its main active constituents: A review. Iranian journal of basic medical sciences, 22(4), 334-344. doi:10.22038/ijbms.2019.34365.8158
Zhang, Z., Wang, C.-Z., Wen, X.-D., Shoyama, Y., & Yuan, C.-S. (2013). Role of saffron and its constituents on cancer chemoprevention. Pharmaceutical biology, 51(7), 920-924. doi:10.3109/13880209.2013.771190
Zilaee, M., Hosseini, S. A., Jafarirad, S., Abolnezhadian, F., Cheraghian, B., Namjoyan, F., & Ghadiri, A. (2019). An evaluation of the effects of saffron supplementation on the asthma clinical symptoms and asthma severity in patients with mild and moderate persistent allergic asthma: a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial. Respiratory research, 20(1), 39-39. doi:10.1186/s12931-019-0998-x
何玉鈴，林宜信，張永勳。(2006)。臺灣市售易混淆中藥圖鑑。
林耿弘。(2015)。臺灣發展藏紅花產業之研究. (碩士), 國立臺灣大學, 台北市。Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/11296/88xt39
楊榮季，洪儷玲。(2013)。番紅花的真偽及臨床應用。藥學雜誌， 29卷, P51-54。
薛盛仁。(2008)。綠茶葉中高純度EGCG及咖啡因之新分離程序。 (碩士)，國立高雄應用科技大學，高雄市。Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/11296/eeem3f