研究生: |
羅妙音 Sharleen Lotus |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
Effect of Job Insecurity on Willingness to Undertake Training in Jakarta, Indonesia: The Moderating Role of Perceived Organizational Support Effect of Job Insecurity on Willingness to Undertake Training in Jakarta, Indonesia: The Moderating Role of Perceived Organizational Support |
指導教授: |
賴志樫
Lai, Chih-Chien |
口試委員: |
蔡錫濤
Tsai, Ted Shir-Tau 盧承杰 Lu, Cheng Chieh Allan |
口試日期: | 2021/06/21 |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
國際人力資源發展研究所 Graduate Institute of International Human Resource Developmemt |
論文出版年: | 2021 |
畢業學年度: | 109 |
語文別: | 英文 |
論文頁數: | 74 |
英文關鍵詞: | job insecurity, perceived organizational support, willingness to undertake training |
研究方法: | 調查研究 |
DOI URL: | http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202101263 |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:319 下載:32 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
The economic recession that happens because of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in several challenges for the organization and the employees. The case of layoff increased and lead the employees to feel insecure, especially in Indonesia. This situation encourages the government and organizations to provide training to improve the worker's skills and knowledge. However, all of those opportunities will not be useful without employee willingness to undertake training. This study would investigate the relationships between both dimensions (qualitative and quantitative) of job insecurity and employee willingness to undertake training. Perceived organizational support also investigated whether it could moderate the effect of job insecurity on willingness to undertake training. The samples of this study included 293 employees in Jakarta, Indonesia. This study adopted a quantitative research design and online-based questionnaires to collect the data and test the research hypotheses. SPSS 23 used to analyze the hypotheses results. The findings show that qualitative job insecurity negatively influenced willingness to undertake training for strengthening employee position within the organization, however not for strengthening employee position outside of the organization, and perceived organizational support could not moderate the relationship between job insecurity and willingness to undertake training. The researcher would discuss the rest of the results and their implication for human resources management and development.
REFERENCES
Akkermans, J., Richardson, J., & Kraimer, M.L. (2020). The COVID-19 crisis as a career shock:
implications for careers and vocational behavior. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 119. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103434
Anderson, C. J., & Pontusson, J. (2007). Workers, worries, and welfare states: social protection
and job insecurity in 15 OECD countries. European Journal of Political Research, 46, 211-235. DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-6765.2007.00692.x
Anomneze, E. A., Ugwu, D. I., Enwereuzor, I. K., Leonard, I., & Ugwu, L. I. (2016). Teachers’
emotional labor and burnout: Does perceived organizational support matter? Asian Social Science, 12(2), 9-22. DOI: 10.5539/ass.v12n2p9
Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2018). SRMR in mplus. Retrieved from :
http://www.statmodel.com/download/SRMR2.pdf
Baum, T., Mooney, S. K. K., Robinson, R. N. S., & Solnet, D. (2020). COVID-19’s impact on
the hospitality workforce new crisis or amplification of the norm? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(9), 2813–2829. DOI: 10.1108/IJCHM-04-2020-0314
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). (2020, April 9). Coronavirus: Worst economic crisis
since 1930s depression, IMF says. BBC. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52236936
Bentler, P. M. & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of
covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588–606. Retrieved from DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin,
107(2), 238–246. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York, United States: Wiley
Bohle, S. A. L., Chambel, M. J., Medina, F. M., & Cunha, B. S. D. (2018). The role of perceived
organizational support in job insecurity and performance. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 58(4), 393-404. DOI: 10.1590/s0034-759020180405
Bolarinwa, O. (2016). Principles and methods of validity and reliability testing of
questionnaires used in social and health science researches. The Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal, 22, 195-201. DOI: 10.4103/1117-1936.173959
Brown, T. C., & McCracken, M (2009). Building a bridge of understanding. Journal of
European Industrial Training, 33(6), 492–512. DOI:10.1108/03090590910974392
Browne, M.W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological
Methods & Research, 21(2), 230-258. DOI: 10.1177/0049124192021002005
Burke, R. J., & Cooper, C. L. (Eds.). (2000). The organization in crisis: Downsizing,
restructuring, and privatization. Oxford: Blackwell
Caligiuri, P., Cieri, H., Minbaeva, D., Verbeke, A & Zimmermann, A. (2020).
International HRM insights for navigating the COVID-19 pandemic: Implications for future research and practice. Journal of International Business Studies, 51, 697-713. DOI: 10.1057/s41267-020-00335-9
Carmines, E. G., & McIver, J. P. (1981). Analyzing models with unobserved variables: analysis
of covariance structures. In G. W. Bohrnstedt, & E. F. Borgatta (Eds.), Social Measurement: Current Issues (pp. 65-115). Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, Inc
Carlbäck, J., & Wong, A. (2018). A study on factors influencing acceptance of using mobile
electronic identification applications in Sweden. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Jönköping University]. Retrieved from
https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1214313/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Chen, H., & Eyoun, K. (2021). Do mindfulness and perceived organizational support work? Fear
of COVID-19 on restaurant frontline employees job insecurity and emotional exhaustion. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 94. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102850
Chiang, C. F., & Hsieh, T. S. (2012). The impacts of perceived organizational support and
psychological empowerment on job performance: The mediating effects of organizational citizenship behavior. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31, 180–190. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.04.011
Chirumbolo, A., Urbini, F & Callea, A. (2020). Dimensionality, reliability, and
validity of a multidimensional job insecurity questionnaire. Preliminary findings in the Italian context. Rassegna di Psicologia, 37, 35-46. DOI: 10.13133/19 74-4854/16722
Chirumbolo, A., Callea, A., & Urbini, F. (2021). The effect of job insecurity and life uncertainty
on everyday consumptions and broader life projects during COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10), 5363. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105363
De Simone, R. L., & Werner, J. M. (2012). Human Resource Development (6th International
Edition), South-Western: Cengage Learning
De Witte, H. (1999). Job insecurity and psychological well-being: Review of the literature and
exploration of some unresolved issues. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8, 155-177. DOI: 10.1080/135943299398302
Eisenberger, R., Cummings, J., Armeli, S., & Lynch, P. (1997). Perceived organizational support,
discretionary treatment, and job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(5), 812–820. DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.82.5.812
Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational
support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 500–507. DOI:10.1037/0021-9010.71.3.500
Elst, T. V., De Witte, H., & Cuyper, N.D. (2014). The job insecurity scale: A psychometric
evaluation across five European countries. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23, 364-380. DOI: 10.1080/1359432X.2012.745989
Farber, H. D. (2008). Employment insecurity: The decline in worker-firm attachment in the
United States. Working Papers 1068, Department of Economics: Princeton University. Retrieved from https://gceps.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/172farber.pdf
Forrier, A., Sels, L., Van Hootegem, G., De Witte, H., & Vander Steene, T. (2002).
Temporary employment relationships and employability. Comparison of training opportunities and effort of temporary and permanent workers. Tijdschrift voor Arbeidsvraagstukken, 18, 100–114. Retrieved from https://rjh.ub.rug.nl/arbeidsvraagstukken/article/view/29634
Frone, M. R. (2018). What happened to the employed during the great recession? A U.S.
population study of net change in employee insecurity, health and organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 107, 246-260. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2018.05.001
Greenhalgh, L., & Rosenblatt, Z. (1984). Job insecurity: Toward conceptual clarity.
The Academy of Management Review, 9, 438-448. DOI: 10.5465/AMR.1984.4279673
Halbesleben, J. R. B., Neveu, J.-P., Paustian-Underdahl, S. C., & Westman, M. (2014). Getting to
the “COR”: Understanding the role of resources in conservation of resources theory. Journal of Management, 40(5), 1334–1364. DOI: 10.1177/0149206314527130
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress.
American Psychologist, 44(3), 513-524. DOI:10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
Hobfoll, S. E. (2001). The influence of culture, community, and the nested-self in the stress
process: Advancing conservation of resources theory. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50, 337–421. DOI:10.1111/1464-0597.00062
Hootegem, A.V., & De Witte, H. (2019). Qualitative job insecurity and informal learning: a
longitudinal test of occupational self-efficacy and psychological contract breach as
mediators. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(10), 1847. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16101847
Hootegem, A.V., De Witte, H., Cuyper, N.D., & Elst, T. V. (2019). Job insecurity and the
willingness to undertake training: The moderating role of perceived employability. Journal of Career Development, 46(4), 1-15. DOI: 10.1177/0894845318763893
Hu, L., & Bentler, P.M. (1999).Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis:
Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55. DOI: 10.1080/10705519909540118
Hurtz, G., & Williams, K. (2009). Attitudinal and motivational antecedents of
participation in voluntary employee development activities. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 635-653. DOI: 10.1037/a0014580
Johanson, G. A., & Brooks, G. P. (2010). Initial scale development: Sample size for pilot studies.
Educational and Psychological Measurement, 70(3), 394-400. DOI:10.1177/0013164409355692
Jones, E. G., & Kay, M. (1992). Instrumentation in cross-cultural research. Nursing Research,
41(3), 186-188. DOI: 10.1097/00006199-199205000-00012
Kamphuis, P., & Glebbeek, A.C. (2020). Job (in)security and workers’ training decisions: A
framing approach. International Journal for Research in Vocational Education and Training, 7(3), 361-387. DOI: 10.13152/IJRVET.7.3.6
Keim, A. C., Landis, R. S., Pierce, C. A., & Earnest, D. R. (2014). Why do employees worry
about their jobs? A meta-analytic review of predictors of job insecurity. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 19(3), 269–290. DOI: 10.1037/a0036743
Klehe, U.C., Zikic, J., Van Vianen, A., Koen, J., & Buyken, M. (2012). Coping proactively with
economic stress: Career adaptability in the face of job insecurity, job loss, unemployment, and underemployment. The Role of the Economic Crisis on Occupational Stress and Well Being, 10, 131-176. DOI: 10.1108/S1479-3555(2012)0000010008
Kunjana, L. G. (2020, June 9). Pre-employment card training focuses on competency
improvement public. Berita Satu. Retrieved from https://www.beritasatu.com/asnie-ovier/ekonomi/643289/pelatihan-kartu-prakerja-fokus-pada-peningkatan-kompetensi-masyarakat
Kyndt, E., & Baert, H. (2013). Antecedents of employees’ involvement in work-related learning:
A systematic review. Review of Educational Research, 83, 273–313. DOI:10.3102/0034654313478021
Kyndt, E., Onghena, P., Smet, K., & Dochy, F. (2014). Employees’ willingness to participate in
work-related learning: A multilevel analysis of employees’ learning intentions. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 14(3), 309–327. DOI:10.1007/s10775-014-9272-4
Laguna, M., & Purc, E. (2016). Personality Traits and Training Initiation Process: Intention,
Planning, and Action Initiation. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 1767. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01767
Lang, J. (2012). The aims of lifelong learning: Age-related effects of training on wages and job
security, 478. Retrieved from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2142518
Lebert, F., & Antal, E. (2016). Reducing employment insecurity: Further training and the role
of the family context. SAGE Open, 6(4), 1-17. DOI: 10.1177/2158244016671769
Lee, J., & Peccei, R. (2007). Perceived organizational support and affective
commitment: The mediating role of organization-based self-esteem in the context of job
insecurity. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28, 661-685. DOI: 10.1002/job.431
Lee, S. H., Phan, P. H., & Tan, G.Y.W. (2003). Impact of the Asian economic crisis on training
intentions and outcomes. Human Resource Management Review, 13(3), 467-486. DOI: 10.1016/S1053-4822(03)00046-9
Lee, C., Huang, G.H., & Ashford, S. J. (2018). Job insecurity and the changing workplace:
recent developments and the future trends in job insecurity research. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 5, 335–359. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104651
Long, L. R., Tu, Y., Wang, H. J., & Jiang, L. (2021). The content of the threat matters: the
differential effects of quantitative and qualitative job insecurity on different types of employee motivation. Journal of Business and Psychology. DOI: 10.1007/s10869-021-09746-3
Mantler, J., Matejicek, A., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2005). Coping with employment
uncertainty: a comparison of employed and unemployed workers. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10(3), 200–209. DOI:10.1037/1076-8998.10.3.200
Mao, Y., He, J., Morrison, A. M., & Coca-Stefaniak, J. A. (2020). Effects of tourism CSR on
employee psychological capital in the COVID-19 crisis: From the perspective of conservation of resources theory. Current Issues in Tourism, 1-19. DOI: 10.1080/13683500.2020.1770706
Marx-Fleck, S., Junker, N. M., Artinger, F., & Van Dick, R. (2021). Defensive
decision making: Operationalization and the relevance of psychological safety and job insecurity from a conservation of resources perspective. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 94(3), 616-644. DOI: 10.1111/joop.12353.
Maurer, T. J., Weiss, E. M., & Barbeite, F. G. (2003). Model of involvement in work-related
learning and development activity: The effects of individual, situational, motivational, and age variables. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 707–724. DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.88.4.707
McCracken, M. (2004). Understanding managerial propensity to participate in learning activities
in the Scottish life assurance industry. Human Resource Development International, 7(4), 501-517. DOI:10.1080/1367886042000299807
Morelli, N. (2010). Furthering Conservation of Resources Theory: How our values influence
our stress response [Master thesis]. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/51197369.pdf
Nadella., & Rahadi, D. R. (2020). Competency development during the COVID-19 pandemic.
INOBIS, 4, 72-83. DOI: 10.31842/jurnalinobis.v4i1.167
Natalia, M. (2020, September 19). Even though COVID-19 Jokowi focuses on improving the
qualities of Indonesia human resources. Okezone. Retrieved from https://economy.okezone.com/read/200/09/13/320/2276943/meski-covid-19-jokowi-fokus-tingkatkan-kualitas-sdm-indonesia
Niesen, W., Hootegem, A.V., Handaja, Y., Battistelli,A.,& De Witte, H. (2018). Quantitative and
qualitative job insecurity and idea generation: The mediating role of psychological contract breach. Scandinavian Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 3(1), 3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.16993/sjwop.36
Nordiansyah, E. (2020, April 29). Observer: The majority of applicants for a pre-employment
card only want incentive. Medcom. Retrieved from https://www.medcom.id/ekonomi/bisnis/8koBvYRb-pengamat-mayoritas-pendaftar-kartu-prakerja-hanya-ingin-insentif
Nugraheny, D. E. (2020, March 26). Distribution of COVID-19 patients in 24 provinces, DKI
most 463 cases. Kompas.com. Retrieved from https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2020/03/26/05310011/sebaran-pasien-covid-19-di-24-provinsi-dki-terbanyak-dengan-463-kasus?page=all
Oktavianti, T. I. (2020, April 6). Thousands laid off, forced to take unpaid leave in Jakarta as
companies hit hard by COVID-19. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved from https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/04/06/thousands-laid-off-forced-to-take-unpaid-leave-in-jakarta-as-companies-hit-hard-by-covid-19.html
Piccoli, B., Callea, A., Urbini, F., Chirumbolo, A., Ingusci, E., & De Witte, H. (2017). Job
insecurity and performance: The mediating role of organizational identification. Personnel Review, 46(8), 1508-1522. DOI: 10.1108/PR-05-2016-0120
Raemdonck, I. (2006). Self-directedness in learning and career processes: A study in lower-
qualified employees in Flanders. Research Gate. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312493586_Self-directedness_in_learning_and_career_processes_a_study_in_lower-qualified_employees_in_Flanders
Ramadhani, P. I. (2020, April 10). The threat of mass layoffs due to the pandemic what is the
government’s anticipation. Liputan6.com. Retrieved from https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/4223898/headline-ancaman-gelombang-phk-massal-akibat-pandemi-corona-apa-antisipasi-pemerintah
Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: A review of the
literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 698–714. DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.698.
Richter, A. (2011). Job Insecurity and Its Consequences: Investigating Moderators, Mediators
and Gender (Master thesis). Retrieved from Digitala Vetenskapliga Arkivet database.
Rizal, J. G. (2020, July 10). Indonesia’s COVID-19 case is at the top in Asia, here is the list.
Kompas.com. Retrieved from https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2020/07/10/182500965/kasus-covid-19-indonesia-masuk-top-10-asia-berikut-daftarnya--?page=all
Rosana, F. C. (2020, July 4). The ministry of manpower says five provinces are reporting the
most layoffs. Tempo.com. Retrieved from https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/1361174/kemenaker-sebut-ada-5-provinsi-laporkan-paling-banyak-phk/full&view=ok
Sedgwick, P. (2012). Pearson’s correlation coefficient. BMJ, 345(4483), 1-2.
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.e4483
Shoss, M. K. (2017). Job insecurity: An integrative review and agenda for future
Research. Journal of Management, 43(6), 1911–1939. DOI: 10.1177/0149206317691574
Statistics Solutions. (n.d.). Hierarchical linear modeling vs. hierarchical regression. Retrieved
from: https://www.statisticssolutions.com/hierarchical-linear-modeling-vs-hierarchical-regression/
Stynen, D., Forrier, A., Sels, L., & Witte, H.D. (2015). The relationship between qualitative job
insecurity and OCB: Differences across age groups. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 36(3), 383-405. DOI: 10.1177/0143831X13510326
Sun, L. (2019). Perceived organizational support: A literature review. International Journal
of Human Resource Studies, 9, 155. DOI: 10.5296/ijhrs.v9i3.15102
Sutha, J., Kailasapathy, P., & Jayakody, J. (2016). The effect of perceived organizational support
on Employees intention to participate in non-mandatory training in Srilankan business organizations. International Journal of Business and Management Studies, 5, 391-412. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312023640_THE_EFFECT_OF_PERCEIVED_ORGANIZATIONAL_SUPPORT_ON_EMPLOYEES'_INTENTION_TO_PARTICIPATE_IN_NON-MANDATORY_TRAININGS_IN_SRI_LANKAN_BUSINESS_ORGANIZATIONS
Sverke, M., Hellgren, J., & Näswall, K. (2002). No security: A meta-analysis and review of job
insecurity and its consequences. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7, 242-264. DOI: 10.1037/1076-8998.7.3.242
Sweeney, J. P., & Martindale E.T. (2012). Increasing Employee Participation in Voluntary
Training: Issues and Solutions. ACET research division, University of Memphis, USA, 393-397. Retrieved from: https://members.aect.org/pdf/Proceedings/proceedings12/2012i/12_21.pdf
Taylor, P., & Urwin, P. (2001). Age and participation in vocational education and training. Work,
Employment & Society, 15, 763-779. DOI:10.1177/095001701400438198
Tharenou, P. (2001). The relationship of training motivation to participation in training and
development. Journal of Occupational & Organisational Psychology, 74, 599–621. DOI:10.1348/096317901167541
The Jakarta Post. (2018). Indonesia to create economic growth centers beyond Java. The Jakarta
Post. Retrieved from https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/07/11/indonesia-to-create-economic-growth-centers-beyond-java.html
Thomas, V. F. (2020, Aug 9). The difficulty of finding work during the COVID-19 pandemic and
unemployment rises. Tirto. id. Retrieved from https://tirto.id/susahnya-mencari-kerja-saat-pandemi-covid-19-pengangguran-naik-fV55
Thompson, C.B. (2009). Descriptive data analysis. Air Medical Journal, 28(2), 56-59. DOI:
10.1016/j.amj.2008.12.001
Tynjälä, P. (2008). Perspectives into learning at the workplace. Educational
Research Review, 3(2), 130–154. DOI: 10.1016/j.edurev.2007.12.001
Vo Thanh, T., Vu, V.T., Nguyen, P.N., Nguyen D.V., Zaman, M, & Chi, H. (2020). How does
hotel employees' satisfaction with the organization's COVID-19 responses affect job insecurity and job performance?. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1-19. DOI: 10.1080/09669582.2020.1850750
Watkins, M. B., Ren, R., Umphress, E. E., Boswell, W. R.., Triana, M. D. C., & Zardkoohi, A.
(2015). Compassion organizing: Employees’ satisfaction with corporate philanthropic disaster response and reduced job strain. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 88(2), 436–458. DOI: 10.1111/joop.12088
Waworoentoe, W. J. (2019). Jakarta. Retrieved from:
https://www.britannica.com/place/Jakarta/History
Westman, M., Hobfoll, S. E., Chen, S., Davidson, O. B., & Laski, S. (2004). Organizational
stress through the lens of conservation of resources (COR) theory. In exploring interpersonal dynamics, Research in Occupational Stress and Well-being, 4, 167–220. DOI:10.1016/s1479-3555(04)04005-3
Wheaton, B. (1987). Assessment of fit in over-identified models with latent variables.
Sociological Methods and research. 16, 118-154. DOI: 10.1177/0049124187016001005
Witt, L. A., & Carlson, D. S. (2006). The work-family interface and job performance:
Moderating effects of conscientiousness and perceived organizational support. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11(4), 343–357. DOI: 10.1037/1076-8998.11.4.343
Worley, J. A., Fuqua, D. R., & Hellman, C. M. (2009). The survey of perceived organisational
support: Which measure should we use? SA Journal of Industrial Psychology/ SA Tydskrif vir Bedryfsielkunde, 35(1), 112-116. DOI: 10.4102/ sajip.v35i1.754
Xu, B. H., & Zhang, X. G. (2005). Progress in perceived organizational support. Applied
psychology, 11(4), 325-329.