島嶼因地理隔離、資源有限及社會發展受限，在全球氣候與社會變遷下，成為社會-生態系統(Social-Ecological Systems, SES)研究的重要場域。澎湖南方四島(東吉嶼、西吉嶼、東嶼坪、西嶼坪)作為臺灣與澎湖群島間的漁業與貿易節點，正面臨漁業資源減少、人口外流及國家公園成立後的治理挑戰。
本研究以島民與社會-生態系統互動架構，探究三個面向：(1) 島嶼生態與社會特性；(2) 社會-生態系統內部互動與適應機制；(3) 島民於環境治理中的機會與困境。研究採用歷史評估法與現象學研究法，回顧並解析南方四島之環境與社會變遷歷程；並輔以半結構式訪談與參與觀察，深入了解島民在生態環境與社會網絡中的互動模式，綜合探討跨域治理機制與在地適應策略，以期建構出符合地方需求之適應性治理模式。
研究結果如下：
1. 澎湖南方四島藉由海洋連結與澎湖本島及臺灣本島建立起緊密之社會與經濟聯繫。生態層面上，各島擁有獨特的珊瑚礁與漁業資源，但受洋流與洄游魚種分布不均影響，跨島資源管理與共享成為必要；社會層面上，因人口遷移與經濟發展差異，各島聚落呈現多樣性，其居民高度依賴外部市場，彰顯區域性相互依賴特性。因而，未來治理應促進跨島合作，藉以平衡環境保育、經濟發展及社會參與，進而提升社會-生態系統韌性與適應能力。
2. 南方四島發展受限於自然資源枯竭、環境變遷及政策影響，面臨多重適應挑戰。漁業為主要生計來源，惟因過度捕撈及海洋溫度上升，魚類資源逐漸減少，對經濟結構與人口流動產生負面衝擊；同時，國家公園成立雖促進生態保育，但亦對傳統漁業構成限制，進而引發地方居民對治理模式的適應與抗衡。需透過社區行動、政策協調及在地創新機制，可有效增強島嶼社會的適應力，為永續發展奠定基礎。
3. 建構以社會學習與「里海」(Sato-umi)概念為導向之環境治理策略，長期環境監測計畫使島民得以參與魚類資源與珊瑚生態之變化觀測，累積環境數據以提升對生態變遷的認識；此外，結合環境教育與生態旅遊發展，在地知識與資源管理相互補強，可促進保育與經濟並行。藉由推動公民科學計畫(如淨灘、珊瑚復育等)，使居民由被動接受政策轉變為積極參與治理，進而建立起符合地方實情的永續治理模式。
研究發現島民參與能提升島嶼社會-生態系統之適應力與治理韌性，運用跨領域合作、在地參與及環境教育不僅有助於協調生態保護與社會經濟發展間的矛盾，亦為其他離島提供可參考之治理經驗。在全球環境變遷的背景下，推動社群主導之環境治理模式，將成為未來提升島嶼永續發展的重要途徑。

Islands, characterized by geographical isolation, limited resources, and constrained socio-economic development, have become focal points for Social-Ecological Systems (SES) research amid global climate and social changes. The Southern Four Islands of Penghu (Dongji, Xiji, Dongyuping, and Xiyuping), key nodes for fisheries and trade, face challenges such as declining fish stocks, population outflow, and governance complexities following the establishment of a national park.
This study adopts an SES framework to examine three key aspects: (1) ecological and social characteristics of the islands; (2) internal interactions and adaptation mechanisms within the SES; and (3) opportunities and challenges for local communities in environmental governance. Through historical assessment, phenomenological analysis, semi-structured interviews, and participatory observation, this study explores islanders’ interactions within their ecological and social networks, providing insights into cross-regional governance and localized adaptation strategies.
Key findings include:
1. Inter-island socio-ecological connectivity
The Southern Four Islands maintain strong socio-economic ties with Penghu and Taiwan through marine linkages. While each island harbors distinct coral reef and fishery resources, uneven oceanic conditions necessitate coordinated resource management. Socially, population migration and economic shifts have diversified settlement patterns, reinforcing the need for governance strategies that balance conservation, development, and local participation.
2. Challenges in adaptation and resource management
Overfishing and climate change threaten fisheries, impacting economic stability and accelerating population decline. Although the national park enhances conservation, it also restricts traditional fishing practices, prompting local resistance. Strengthening community engagement, policy coordination, and localized innovation is essential for sustaining adaptive capacity and resilience.
3. Governance strategies rooted in social learning and Satoumi concepts
Long-term ecological monitoring enables islanders to participate in environmental management, enhancing awareness of ecological shifts. Integrating environmental education and ecotourism fosters a balance between conservation and economic sustainability. Initiatives such as citizen science projects empower residents to transition from policy recipients to active governance contributors, supporting a locally grounded, adaptive governance model.
This study underscores the role of islander participation in enhancing SES resilience. Interdisciplinary collaboration, local engagement, and environmental education are crucial for balancing ecological conservation with socio-economic needs, offering governance insights applicable to other small islands facing similar challenges.

Acosta García, N., & Farrell, K. N. (2019). Crafting electricity through social protest: Afro-descendant and indigenous Embera communities protesting for hydroelectric infrastructure in Utría National Park, Colombia. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 37(2), 236-254. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263775818810230
Adger, W. N. (2006). Vulnerability. Global environmental change, 16(3), 268-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.02.006
Anderies, J. M., Janssen, M. A., & Ostrom, E. (2004). A Framework to Analyze the Robustness of Social-ecological Systems from an Institutional Perspective. Ecology and Society, 9(1), art18. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-00610-090118
Austin, B., Robinson, C., Fitzsimons, J., Sandford, M., Ens, E., Macdonald, J., Hockings, M., Hinchley, D., McDonald, F., Corrigan, C., Kennett, R., Hunter-Xenie, H., & Garnett, S. (2018). Integrated Measures of Indigenous Land and Sea Management Effectiveness: Challenges and Opportunities for Improved Conservation Partnerships in Australia. Conservation and Society, 16(3), 372. https://doi.org/10.4103/cs.cs_16_123
Baldacchino, G. (2005). Editorial: Islands—Objects of representation. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 87(4), 247-251. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0435-3684.2005.00196.x
Baldacchino, G. (2007) ‘Introducing a World of Islands’ in G. Baldacchino (ed.) A World of Islands: An Island Studies Reader, Charlottetown, Canada and Luqa, Malta, University of Prince Edward Island, Institute of Island Studies and Agenda Academic
Baldacchino, G. (2012). The lure of the island: A spatial analysis of power relations. Journal of Marine and Island Cultures, 1(2), 55-62. Doi:10.1016/j.imic.2012.11.003
Baldacchino, G., & Tsai, H.-M. (2014). Contested enclave metageographies: The offshore islands of Taiwan. Political Geography, 40, 13-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2014.02.002
Ban, N. C., Evans, L. S., Nenadovic, M., & Schoon, M. (2015). Interplay of multiple goods, ecosystem services, and property rights in large social-ecological marine protected areas. Ecology and Society, 20(4), art2. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-07857-200402
Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall
Barnes, M. L., Bodin, Ö., Guerrero, A. M., McAllister, R. R. J., Alexander, S. M., & Robins, G. (2017). The social structural foundations of adaptation and transformation in social-ecological systems. Ecology and Society, 22(4), art16. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-09769-220416
Basurto, X., Gelcich, S., & Ostrom, E. (2013). The social-ecological system framework as a knowledge classificatory system for benthic small-scale fisheries. Global Environmental Change, 23(6), 1366-1380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.08.001
Berkes, F. (2009). Evolution of co-management: Role of knowledge generation, bridging organizations and social learning. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(5), 1692-1702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.12.001
Berkes, F. (2017). Environmental Governance for the Anthropocene? Social-Ecological Systems, Resilience, and Collaborative Learning. Sustainability, 9(7), 1232. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9071232
Berkes, F., Colding, J., & Folke, C. (Eds.). (2008). Navigating social-ecological systems: building resilience for complexity and change. Cambridge university press.
Berkes, F., Folke, C. (Eds.), (1998). Linking Social and Ecological Systems: Management Practices and Social Mechanisms for Building Resilience.. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
Berque, J., & Matsuda, O. (2013). Coastal biodiversity management in Japanese satoumi. Marine Policy, 39, 191-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.10.013
Bertrand, A., & Hamilton, J. (2024). Effective public-private-community partnerships (PPCP) in tourism for the sustainable development of Small Island Developing States (SIDS). Compete Caribbean Partnership Facility (CCPF).
Biggs, R., De Vos, A., Preiser, R., Clements, H., Maciejewski, K., & Schlüter, M. (2021). The Routledge handbook of research methods for social-ecological systems (p. 526). Taylor & Francis.
Biggs, R., Preiser, R., De Vos, A., Schlüter, M., Maciejewski, K., & Clements, H. (2021). The Routledge Handbook of Research Methods for Social-Ecological Systems. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003021339
Bodin, Ö. (2017). Collaborative environmental governance: Achieving collective action in social-ecological systems. Science, 357(6352), eaan1114. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan1114
Bookchin, M. (2022). The philosophy of social ecology: Essays on dialectical naturalism. AK Press.
Borregaard, M. K., Amorim, I. R., Borges, P. A. V., Cabral, J. S., Fernández‐Palacios, J. M., Field, R., Heaney, L. R., Kreft, H., Matthews, T. J., Olesen, J. M., Price, J., Rigal, F., Steinbauer, M. J., Triantis, K. A., Valente, L., Weigelt, P., & Whittaker, R. J. (2017). Oceanic island biogeography through the lens of the general dynamic model: Assessment and prospect. Biological Reviews, 92(2), 830-853. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12256
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Campbell, J., (2009). Islandness. Vulnerability and resilience in oceania. Shima: Int. J.Res. Isl. Cult. 3 (1), 85-97.
Chandler, D., & Pugh, J. (2020). Islands of relationality and resilience: The shifting stakes of the Anthropocene. Area, 52(1), 65-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/area.12459
Chandler, D., & Pugh, J. (2021). Anthropocene islands: There are only islands after the end of the world. Dialogues in Human Geography, 11(3), 395-415. https://doi.org/10.1177/2043820621997018
Charlie, C., King, B., & Pearlman, M. (2013). The Application of Environmental Governance Networks in Small Island Destinations: Evidence from Indonesia and the Coral Triangle. Tourism Planning & Development, 10(1), 17-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2012.730056
Cheng, H. (2020). Future Earth and Sustainable Developments. The Innovation, 1(3), 100055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2020.100055
Cinner, J. E., & Barnes, M. L. (2019).Social Dimensions of Resilience in Social-Ecological Systems. One Earth, 1(1), 51-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2019.08.003
Cinner, J. E., McClanahan, T. R., MacNeil, M. A., Graham, N. A. J., Daw, T. M., Mukminin, A., Feary, D. A., Rabearisoa, A. L., Wamukota, A., Jiddawi, N., Campbell, S. J., Baird, A. H., Januchowski-Hartley, F. A., Hamed, S., Lahari, R., Morove, T., & Kuange, J. (2012). Comanagement of coral reef social-ecological systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(14), 5219-5222. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1121215109
Clark, E., & Tsai, H. M. (2009). Ecologically unequal exchange and landesque capital on Kinmen island. Asia-Pacific Forum, 44, 148-167.
Clewley, G. D., Robinson, R. A., & Clark, J. A. (2018). Estimating mortality rates among passerines caught for ringing with mist nets using data from previously ringed birds. Ecology and Evolution, 8(10), 5164-5172. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4032
Colding, J., & Barthel, S. (2019). Exploring the social-ecological systems discourse 20 years later. Ecology and Society, 24(1), art2. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-10598-240102
Conkling, P. (2007). On Islanders and Islandness. Geographical Review, 97(2), 191-201. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1931-0846.2007.tb00398.x
Connell, J. (2018). Islands: Balancing development and sustainability? Environmental Conservation, 45(2), 111-124. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892918000036
Coomes, O. T., Takasaki, Y., & Rhemtulla, J. M. (2011). Land-use poverty traps identified in shifting cultivation systems shape long-term tropical forest cover. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(34), 13925-13930. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1012973108
Coulthard, S., Evans, L., Turner, R., Mills, D., Foale, S., Abernethy, K., Hicks, C., & Monnereau, I. (2017). Exploring ‘islandness’ and the impacts of nature conservation through the lens of wellbeing. Environmental Conservation, 44(3), 298-309. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892917000273
Crutzen, P. J. (2002). The “Anthropocene.” Journal de Physique IV, 12(10), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1051/jp4:20020447
Crutzen, P. J., & Stoermer, E. F. (2000). The “Anthropocene”. Global Change Newsletter, 41, 17-18.
Cudjoe, E. (2023). Making Sense of Husserlian Phenomenological Philosophy in Empirical Research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 22, 16094069231171099. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231171099
Cumming, G. S., Allen, C. R., Ban, N. C., Biggs, D., Biggs, H. C., Cumming, D. H. M., De Vos, A., Epstein, G., Etienne, M., Maciejewski, K., Mathevet, R., Moore, C., Nenadovic, M., & Schoon, M. (2015). Understanding protected area resilience: A multi‐scale, social‐ecological approach. Ecological Applications, 25(2), 299-319. https://doi.org/10.1890/13-2113.1
Cumming, G. S., Cumming, D. H. M., & Redman, C. L. (2006). Scale Mismatches in Social-Ecological Systems: Causes, Consequences, and Solutions. Ecology and Society, 11(1), art14. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-01569-110114
Dahlberg, A., Rohde, R., & Sandell, K. (2010). National parks and environmental justice: Comparing access rights and ideological legacies in three countries. Conservation and Society, 8(3), 209. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-4923.73810
del Mar Delgado-Serrano, M., & Ramos, P. A. (2015). Making Ostrom’s framework applicable to characterise social ecological systems at the local level. International Journal of the Commons, 9(2), 808-830. https://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.567
DeLoughrey, E. (2001). The litany of islands, the rosary of archipelagoes: Caribbean & Pacific archipelagraphy. Ariel: Review of International English Literature, 32(1), 21-51.
Emiliussen, J., Engelsen, S., Christiansen, R., & Klausen, S. H. (2021). We are all in it!: Phenomenological Qualitative Research and Embeddedness. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 20, 1609406921995304. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406921995304
Englander, M., & Morley, J. (2023). Phenomenological psychology and qualitative research. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 22(1), 25–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-021-09781-8
Evangelia, P., & Sueo, K. (2018). Mapping Small Islands Communicative Ecologies_ a Case Study from the Amami Islands. South Pacific Studies, 39(1), 25-49.
Fischer J., Gardner, T.A., Bennett E.M., Balvanera P., Biggs R., Carpenter S., Daw T., Folke C., Hill R., Hughes T.P, Luthe T., Maass M., Meacham M., Norström A.V., Peterson G., Queiroz C., Seppelt R., Spierenburg M., Tenhunen J., (2015). Advancing sustainability through mainstreaming a social-ecological systems perspective. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. 14, 144-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2015.06.002
Foley, A., Brinklow, L., Corbett, J., Kelman, I., Klöck, C., Moncada, S., Mycoo, M., Nunn, P., Pugh, J., Robinson, S., Tandrayen-Ragoobur, V., & Walshe, R. (2023). Understanding “Islandness”. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 113(8), 1800-1817. https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2023.2193249
Folke, C. (2007). Social-ecological systems and adaptive governance of the commons. Ecological Research, 22(1), 14-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-006-0074-0
Folke, C., Carpenter, S. R., Walker, B., Scheffer, M., Chapin, T., & Rockström, J. (2010). Resilience Thinking: Integrating Resilience, Adaptability and Transformability. Ecology and Society, 15(4), art20. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-03610-150420
Formenti, L., & Hoggan‐Kloubert, T. (2023). Transformative learning as societal learning. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 2023(177), 105-118. https://doi.org/10.1002/ace.20482
Glaser, M., Krause, G., Ratter, B., & Welp, M. (2008). Human/Nature Interaction in the Anthropocene Potential of Social-Ecological Systems Analysis. GAIA - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society, 17(1), 77-80. https://doi.org/10.14512/gaia.17.1.18
Glasser, H. (2009). Minding the gap: the role of social learning in linking our stated desire for a more sustainable world to our everyday actions and policies. In: Wals, A.E.J. (Eds.) Social learning towards a sustainable world(pp 35-61). The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers
González, J. A., Montes, C., Rodríguez, J., & Tapia, W. (2008).Rethinking the Galapagos Islands as a Complex Social-Ecological System: Implications for Conservation and Management. Ecology and Society, 13(2), art13. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-02557-130213
Green, S., White, A., Christie, P., Kilarski, S., Meneses, A. B., Samonte-Tan, G., Karrer, L., Fox, H., Campbell, S., & Claussen, J. (2011). Emerging marine protected area networks in the coral triangle: Lessons and way forward. Conservation and Society, 9(3), 173. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-4923.86986
Gruby, R. L., & Campbell, L. M. (2013). Scalar Politics and the Region: Strategies for Transcending Pacific Island Smallness on a Global Environmental Governance Stage. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 45(9), 2046-2063. https://doi.org/10.1068/a45420
Grydehøj, A., Kelman, I., & Su, P. (2020). Island geographies of separation and cohesion: The coronavirus (COVID‐19) pandemic and the geopolitics of Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland). Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 111(3), 288-301.
Gugganig, M. (2021). Hawaiʻi as a Laboratory Paradise: Divergent Sociotechnical Island Imaginaries.pdf. Science as Culture, 30(3), 342-366. https://doi.org/10.1080/09505431.2021.1884217
Hau’ofa, E. (1994). Our sea of islands. The Contemporary Pacific, 148-161.
Hau’ofa, E. (1998). The ocean in us. The Contemporary Pacific, 392-410.
Hay, P. (2006). A Phenomenology of Islands. Island Studies Journal, 1(1), 19-42. https://doi.org/10.24043/isj.186
Helmus, M. R., & Behm, J. E. (2020). Island Biogeography Revisited. In: Encyclopedia of the World’s Biomes (pp. 51-56). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.11945-1
Helmus, M. R., Mahler, D. L., & Losos, J. B. (2014). land biogeography of the Anthropocene. Nature, 513(7519), 543-546. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13739
Hennessy, E. (2018). The politics of a natural laboratory_ Claiming territory and governing life in the Galápagos Islands.pdf. Social Studies of Science, 48(4), 483-506. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312718788179
Hinkel, J., Bots, P. W. G., & Schlüter, M. (2014). Enhancing the Ostrom social-ecological system framework through formalization. Ecology and Society, 19(3), art51. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-06475-190351
Hinkel, J., Cox, M. E., Schlüter, M., Binder, C. R., & Falk, T. (2015). A diagnostic procedure for applying the social-ecological systems framework in diverse cases. Ecology and Society, 20(1), art32. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-07023-200132
Holdschlag, A., & Ratter, B. M. W. (2016). Caribbean island states in a social-ecological panarchy? Complexity theory, adaptability and environmental knowledge systems. Anthropocene, 13, 80-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2016.03.002
Holling, C. S. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4, 1-23.
Holmes, G. (2007). Protection, Politics and Protest: Understanding Resistance to Conservation. Conservation and Society, 5(2), 184-201.
Hsieh, H.-F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277-1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687
Hübner, A., Phong, L. T., & Châu, T. S. H. (2014). Good governance and tourism development in protected areas: The case of Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, central Vietnam. Koedoe, 56(2). https://doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v56i2.1146
Hukkinen, J. I. (2012). Social networks and natural resource management: Uncovering the social fabric of environmental governance. Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences, 9(4), 279-281. https://doi.org/10.1080/1943815X.2012.741980
Huntington, H. P., Begossi, A., Fox Gearheard, S., Kersey, B., Loring, P. A., Mustonen, T., Paudel, P. K., Silvano, R. A. M., & Vave, R. (2017). How small communities respond to environmental change: Patterns from tropical to polar ecosystems. Ecology and Society, 22(3), art9. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-09171-220309
Iacono, J., Brown, A., & Holtham, C. (2009). Research Methods—A Case Example of Participant Observation. 7(1).
Illeris, K. (2014). Transformative Learning and Identity. Journal of Transformative Education, 12(2), 148-163. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541344614548423
International Small Islands Studies Association, ISSA. (2004). The Kinmen Declaration. Islands VIII International Conference, November 1-7, Kinmen, Taiwan.
International Small Islands Studies Association. (2014). The Penghu Declaration. Islands of the World XIII, September 22-27, Penghu, Taiwan.
Jackson, P. (2024). Principles and Problems of Participant Observation. Japanese commons in the coastal seas: How the Satoumi concept harmonizes human activity in coastal seas with high productivity and diversity. Springer Science & Business Media.
Johnson, J. C., Avenarius, C., & Weatherford, J. (2006). The Active Participant-Observer: Applying Social Role Analysis to Participant Observation. Field Methods, 18(2), 111-134. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X05285928
Jones, M. (2009). Phase space: Geography, relational thinking, and beyond. Progress in Human Geography, 33(4), 487-506. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132508101599
Joseph, M. (2021). Nomadic identities, archipelagic movements, and island diasporas. Island Studies Journal, 16(1), 3-8. https://doi.org/10.24043/isj.161
Kaltenborn, B. P., Qvenild, M., & Nellemann, C. (2011). Local governance of national parks: The perception of tourism operators in Dovre-Sunndalsfjella National Park, Norway. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography, 65(2), 83-92. https://doi.org/10.1080/00291951.2011.574320
Kawulich, B. B. (2005). Participant Observation as a Data Collection Method. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 6(2), Art. 43.
Kelman, I., & Stojanov, R. (2021). Islander migrations and the oceans: From hopes to fears? Island Studies Journal, 16(1), 23-42. https://doi.org/10.24043/isj.120
Kerr, S.A., (2005). What is small island sustainable development about? Ocean Coast. Manag. 48 (7-8), 503-524.
Khalid, B., & Urbański, M. (2021). Approaches to understanding migration: a mult-country analysis of the push and pull migration trend. Economics & Sociology, 14(4), 242-267.
King, R. (2009). Geography, Islands and Migration in an Era of Global Mobility. Island Studies Journal, 4(1), 53-84. https://doi.org/10.24043/isj.228
Kininmonth, S., Crona, B., Bodin, Ö., Vaccaro, I., Chapman, L. J., & Chapman, C. A. (2017). Microeconomic relationships between and among fishers and traders influence the ability to respond to social-ecological changes in a small-scale fishery. Ecology and Society, 22(2), art26. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08833-220226
Kokkranikal, J., & Baum, T. (2011). Tourism and sustainability in the Lakshadweep Islands. Island Tourism Sustainable Perspectives. CABI, 54-71.
Larjosto, V. (2020). Islands of the Anthropocene. Area, 52(1), 38-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/area.12515
Laurier, E. (2010). Participant Observation. In: Key Methods in Geography. (2nd edn, pp. 116-130). Sage Publications.
Lebel, L., Anderies, J. M., Campbell, B., Folke, C., Hatfield-Dodds, S., Hughes, T. P., & Wilson, J. (2006). Governance and the capacity to manage resilience in regional social-ecological systems. Ecology and society, 11(1).
Lee, E. S. (1966). A theory of migration. Demography, 3(1): 47-57.
Lee, S.-H., Huang, W.-H., & Grydehøj, A. (2017). Relational geography of a border island: Local development and compensatory destruction on Lieyu, Taiwan. Island Studies Journal, 12(2), 97-112. https://doi.org/10.24043/isj.33
Leys, A. J., & Vanclay, J. K. (2011). Social learning: A knowledge and capacity building approach for adaptive co-management of contested landscapes. Land Use Policy, 28(3), 574-584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2010.11.006
Lichterman, P. (1998). What Do Movements Mean? The Value of Participant-Observation.
Lin, M. H. (2016). The “Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere”: A New Boundary for Taiwanese People and the Taiwanese Capital, 1940-1945 (臺灣人的對外移民與投資, 1940-1945). Translocal Chinese: East Asian Perspectives, 10(2), 175-206.
Liu, J., Dietz, T., Carpenter, S. R., Alberti, M., Folke, C., Moran, E., Pell, A. N., Deadman, P., Kratz, T., Lubchenco, J., Ostrom, E., Ouyang, Z., Provencher, W., Redman, C. L., Schneider, S. H., & Taylor, W. W. (2007). Complexity of Coupled Human and Natural Systems. Science, 317(5844), 1513–1516. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1144004
Luo, B., & Grydehøj, A. (2017). Sacred islands and island symbolism in Ancient and Imperial China: An exercise in decolonial island studies. Island Studies Journal, 12(2), 25-44. https://doi.org/10.24043/isj.19
Matthews, T. J., & Triantis, K. (2021). Island biogeography. Current Biology, 31(19), R1201-R1207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.033
May, C. K. (2022). Complex adaptive governance systems: A framework to understand institutions, organizations, and people in socio-ecological systems. Socio-Ecological Practice Research, 4(1), 39-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42532-021-00101-7
McCall, G. (1994). Nissology: A proposal for consideration. Journal of the Pacific Society, 17(2-3), 93-106.
McGinnis, M. D. (2011). An Introduction to IAD and the Language of the Ostrom Workshop: A Simple Guide to a Complex Framework. Policy Studies Journal, 39(1), 169-183. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2010.00401.x
McGinnis, M. D., & Ostrom, E. (2014). Social-ecological system framework: Initial changes and continuing challenges. Ecology and Society, 19(2), art30. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-06387-190230
Mimura, J. (2011). Japan’s new order and greater East Asia co-prosperity sphere: Planning for empire. The Asia-Pacific Journal, 9(49), 1-12.
Mizoguchi, T. (1974). Foreign trade in Taiwan and Korea under Japanese rule. Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics, 14(2), 37-53.
Mizuta, D. D., & Vlachopoulou, E. I. (2017). Satoumi concept illustrated by sustainable bottom-up initiatives of Japanese Fisheries Cooperative Associations. Marine Policy, 78, 143-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.01.020
Mohamed-Salem, A. (2020). Engaging the Diaspora in the Reconciliation Efforts in SriLanka: Lessons Learnt. Migration Letters, 17(1), 7-16.
Mohammed, E. Y., Steinbach, D., & Steele, P. (2018). Fiscal reforms for sustainable marine fisheries governance: Delivering the SDGs and ensuring no one is left behind. Marine Policy, 93, 262-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.05.017
Moles, A. A. (1982). Nissonologie ou science des îles. L’Espace géographique, 11(4), 281-289. https://doi.org/10.3406/spgeo.1982.3782
Morgan, J. L., Gergel, S. E., & Coops, N. C. (2010). Aerial Photography: A Rapidly Evolving Tool for Ecological Management. BioScience, 60(1), 47-59. https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2010.60.1.9
Morgera, E., & Ntona, M. (2018). Linking small-scale fisheries to international obligations on marine technology transfer. Marine Policy, 93, 295-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.07.021
Nagendra, H., & Ostrom, E. (2014). Applying the social-ecological system framework to the diagnosis of urban lake commons in Bangalore, India. Ecology and Society, 19(2), art67. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-06582-190267
Nugroho, K., Carden, F., & Antlov, H. (2018). Using local knowledge in policy making. In Local knowledge matters: Power, context and policy making in Indonesia (1st ed), pp. 119-138). Bristol University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv3hvc26.11
Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge university press.
Ostrom, E. (2007). Sustainable Social-Ecological Systems: An Impossibility? SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.997834
Ostrom, E. (2009). A General Framework for Analyzing Sustainability of Social-Ecological Systems. Science, 325(5939), 419-422. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1172133
Ostrom, E., Burger, J., Field, C. B., Norgaard, R. B., & Policansky, D. (1999). Revisiting the commons: local lessons, global challenges. science, 284(5412), 278-282. DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5412.278
Otutei, E. (2014). Reversing Ecological Degradation: A Way Forward for Global Environmental Governance. Journal of Sustainable Development Studies, 6(2).
Partelow, S. (2018). A review of the social-ecological systems framework: Applications, methods, modifications, and challenges. Ecology and Society, 23(4), art36. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-10594-230436
Partelow, S., Schlüter, A., Armitage, D., Bavinck, M., Carlisle, K., Gruby, R. L., Hornidge, A.-K., Le Tissier, M., Pittman, J. B., Song, A. M., Sousa, L. P., Văidianu, N., & Van Assche, K. (2020). Environmental governance theories: A review and application to coastal systems. Ecology and Society, 25(4), art19. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-12067-250419
Peloquin, C., & Berkes, F. (2009). Local Knowledge, Subsistence Harvests, and Social-Ecological Complexity in James Bay. Human Ecology, 37(5), 533-545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-009-9255-0
Pendleton, L. H., Ahmadia, G. N., Browman, H. I., Thurstan, R. H., Kaplan, D. M., & Bartolino, V. (2018). Debating the effectiveness of marine protected areas. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 75(3), 1156-1159. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsx154
Pereira, R., & Gough, O. (2013). Permanent Sovereignty Over Natural Resources in the 21st Century: Natural Resource Governance and the Right to Self-Determination of Indigenous Peoples Under International Law. Melbourne Journal of International Law, 14(2), 451-495.
Peters, S and Wals, A.E.J. (2013) Learning and knowing in pursuit of sustainability: Concepts and tools for trans-disciplinary environmental research. In: Krasny, M and Dillon, J. (Eds.) Trading zones in environmental education: Creating transdisciplinary dialogue (pp. 79-104). New York: Peter Lang,
Petridis, P., & Fischer-Kowalski, M. (2016). Island Sustainability: The Case of Samothraki. In: H. Haberl, M. Fischer-Kowalski, F. Krausmann, & V. Winiwarter (Ed.), Social Ecology (pp. 543-557). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33326-7_28
Petridis, P., Fischer-Kowalski, M., Singh, S. J., & Noll, D. (2017). The role of science in sustainability transitions: Citizen science, transformative research, and experiences from Samothraki island, Greece. Island Studies Journal, 12(1), 115-134. https://doi.org/10.24043/isj.8
Petzold, J., & Ratter, B. M. (2015). Climate change adaptation under a social capital approach - An analytical framework for small islands. Ocean & Coastal Management, 112, 36-43.
Pham, T. T. T. (2020). Tourism in marine protected areas: Can it be considered as an alternative livelihood for local communities? Marine Policy, 115, 103891.
Pollnac, R., Christie, P., Cinner, J. E., Dalton, T., Daw, T. M., Forrester, G. E., Graham, N. A. J., & McClanahan, T. R. (2010). Marine reserves as linked social-ecological systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(43), 18262-18265. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0908266107
Pugh, J. (2013). Island Movements: Thinking with the Archipelago. Island Studies Journal, 8(1), 9-24. https://doi.org/10.24043/isj.273
Pugh, J. (2016). The relational turn in island geographies: Bringing together island, sea and ship relations and the case of the Landship. Social & Cultural Geography, 17(8), 1040-1059. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2016.1147064
Pugh, J. (2018). Relationality and island studies in the Anthropocene. Island Studies Journal, 13(2), 93-110. https://doi.org/10.24043/isj.48
Pugh, J., & Chandler, D. (2021). Anthropocene Islands: Entangled Worlds. University of Westminster Press. https://doi.org/10.16997/book52
Randles, C. (2012). Phenomenology: A Review of the Literature. Update: Applications of Research in Music Education, 30(2), 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/8755123312436988
Ratter, B. M. W. (2018). Island Vulnerability and Resilience. In: B. M. W. Ratter (Ed.), Geography of Small Islands (pp. 173-199). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63869-0_6
Redman, C. L., Grove, J. M., & Kuby, L. H. (2004). Integrating Social Science into the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network: Social Dimensions of Ecological Change and Ecological Dimensions of Social Change. Ecosystems, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-003-0215-z
Reed, M. S., Vella, S., Challies, E., De Vente, J., Frewer, L., Hohenwallner‐Ries, D., Huber, T., Neumann, R. K., Oughton, E. A., Sidoli Del Ceno, J., & Van Delden, H. (2018). A theory of participation: What makes stakeholder and public engagement in environmental management work? Restoration Ecology, 26(S1). https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12541
Renard, D., Rhemtulla, J. M., & Bennett, E. M. (2015). Historical dynamics in ecosystem service bundles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(43), 13411-13416. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1502565112
Resilience Alliance. (2007). Assessing and Managing Resilience in Social-Ecological Systems: Supplementary Notes to the Practitioners Workbook, Vol. 2, version 1.0, Resilience Alliance. https://sustentabilidad.uai.edu.ar/pdf/cs/practitioner_workbook_suppl_notes.pdf
Reyers, B., Folke, C., Moore, M.-L., Biggs, R., & Galaz, V. (2018). Social-Ecological Systems Insights for Navigating the Dynamics of the Anthropocene. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 43(1), 267-289. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085349
Reyers, B., Folke, C., Moore, M.-L., Biggs, R., & Galaz, V. (2018). Social-Ecological Systems Insights for Navigating the Dynamics of the Anthropocene. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 43(1), 267-289. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085349
Rockström, J. (2016). Future Earth. Science, 351(6271), 319-319. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf2138
Ronström, O. (2021). Remoteness, islands and islandness. Island Studies Journal, 16(2), 270-297. https://doi.org/10.24043/isj.162
Rowe, G., & Frewer, L. J. (2005). A Typology of Public Engagement Mechanisms. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 30(2), 251-290. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243904271724
Rubio, I., Hileman, J., & Ojea, E. (2021). Social connectivity and adaptive capacity strategies in large-scale fisheries. Ecology and Society, 26(2), art42. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-12395-260242
Schlüter, M., Haider, L. J., Lade, S. J., Lindkvist, E., Martin, R., Orach, K., Wijermans, N., & Folke, C. (2019). Capturing emergent phenomena in social-ecological systems: An analytical framework. Ecology and Society, 24(3), art11. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-11012-240311
Schwartz, M. S., & Schwartz, C. G. (1955). Problems in participant observation. American journal of sociology, 60(4), 343-353.
Sheng, Y.L., Lee, M.A, Chang, Y., Tsai, W.S.& Wang, Y. C. (2017). The change in copepod abundance and diversity possibly influenced by an anomalous China Coastal Current in the southern Taiwan Strait. Journal of The Fisheries Society of Taiwan, 44(2), 111-123
Shinn, J. E. (2016). Adaptive environmental governance of changing social-ecological systems: Empirical insights from the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Global Environmental Change, 40, 50-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.06.011
Simberloff, D. S. (1974). Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography and Ecology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 5(1), 161-182. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.05.110174.001113
Steffen, W., Persson, Å., Deutsch, L., Zalasiewicz, J., Williams, M., Richardson, K., Crumley, C., Crutzen, P., Folke, C., Gordon, L., Molina, M., Ramanathan, V., Rockström, J., Scheffer, M., Schellnhuber, H. J., & Svedin, U. (2011). The Anthropocene: From Global Change to Planetary Stewardship. AMBIO, 40(7), 739–761. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-011-0185-x
Stratford, E. (2013). The Idea of the Archipelago: Contemplating Island Relations. Island Studies Journal, 8(1), 3-8. https://doi.org/10.24043/isj.272
Stratford, E., Baldacchino, G., MacMahon, E., Farbotko, C., & Harwood, A. (2011). Envisioning the archipelago. Island Studies Journal, 6(1), 113-130. https://doi.org/10.24043/isj.253
Su, P., & Huang, S. (2022). Spaces of resistance and transformation: Caribbean islands between dystopia and creolotopia in Wide Sargasso Sea. Island Studies Journal, 17(2), 74-91. https://doi.org/10.24043/isj.389
Su, P., Xiao, M., & Zhu, X. (2022). Rethinking utopian and dystopian imagination in island literature and culture. Island Studies Journal, 17(2), 3-12. Doi:10.24043/isj.392
Sutawidjaja, I. (2006). Pertumbuhan Gunung Api Anak Krakatau setelah letusan katastrofi s 1883. Indonesian Journal on Geoscience. https://doi.org/10.17014/ijog.vol1no3.20063
Tengö, M., Hill, R., Malmer, P., Raymond, C. M., Spierenburg, M., Danielsen, F., Elmqvist, T., & Folke, C. (2017). Weaving knowledge systems in IPBES, CBD and beyond—Lessons learned for sustainability. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 26-27, 17-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2016.12.005
The Spaces of Democracy and the Democracy of Space network. (2009). What are the consequences of the ‘spatial turn’ for how we understand politics today? A proposed research agenda. Progress in Human Geography, 33(5), 579-586. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132508099795
Thurstan, R. H., Brittain, Z., Jones, D. S., Cameron, E., Dearnaley, J., & Bellgrove, A. (2018). Aboriginal uses of seaweeds in temperate Australia: An archival assessment. Journal of Applied Phycology, 30(3), 1821-1832. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-017-1384-z
Tomscha, S. A., Sutherland, I. J., Renard, D., Gergel, S. E., Rhemtulla, J. M., Bennett, E. M., Daniels, L. D., Eddy, I. M. S., & Clark, E. E. (2016). A Guide to Historical Data Sets for Reconstructing Ecosystem Service Change over Time. BioScience, 66(9), 747-762. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biw086
Tsai, H .M. (2003). Island biocultural assemblages—The case of kinmen island. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 85(4), 209-218. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0435-3684.2003.00143.x
Tsai, H., & Clark, E. (2003). Nature‐society interactions on islands: Introduction. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 85(4), 187-189. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0435-3684.2003.00141.x
Tuan, Yi-Fu. (1974). Topophilia: a Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes, and Values. Pre Order. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
United Nations. (1994). Report of the Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, Bridgetown, Barbados, 25 April-6 May 1994 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.94.1.18 and corrigenda).
United Nations. (2005). Report of the International Meeting to Review the Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, Port Louis, Mauritius, 10-14 January 2005 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.05.II.A.4 and corrigendum).
United Nations. (2014). SIDS accelerated modalities of action (SAMOA) pathway.
United Nations. (2024). United Nations President of the General Assembly's High Level Panel on the Development of a Multidimensional Vulnerability Index: Final Report.
Van Bavel, J., & Reher, D. S. (2013). The baby boom and its causes: What we know and what we need to know. Population and development review, 39(2), 257-288
Van Manen, M. (2017). Phenomenology in Its Original Sense. Qualitative Health Research, 27(6), 810–825. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732317699381
Vinten, G. (1994). Participant Observation: A Model for Organizational Investigation? Journal of Managerial Psychology, 9(2), 30-38. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683949410059299
Vogt, J. M., Epstein, G. B., Mincey, S. K., Fischer, B. C., & McCord, P. (2015). Putting the 「E」 in SES: unpacking the ecology in the Ostrom social-ecological system framework. Ecology and Society, 20(1), art55. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-07239-200155
Walter, T. R., Haghshenas Haghighi, M., Schneider, F. M., Coppola, D., Motagh, M., Saul, J., Babeyko, A., Dahm, T., Troll, V. R., Tilmann, F., Heimann, S., Valade, S., Triyono, R., Khomarudin, R., Kartadinata, N., Laiolo, M., Massimetti, F., & Gaebler, P. (2019). Complex hazard cascade culminating in the Anak Krakatau sector collapse. Nature Communications, 10(1), 4339. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12284-5
Whittaker, R. J., Fernández-Palacios, J. M., & Matthews, T. J. (2023). Island biogeography: geo-environmental dynamics, ecology, evolution, human impact, and conservation. Oxford University Press.
Whittaker, R. J., Fernández-Palacios, J. M., Matthews, T. J., Borregaard, M. K., & Triantis, K. A. (2017). Island biogeography: Taking the long view of nature’s laboratories. Science, 357(6354), eaam8326. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam8326
Whittaker, R. J., Triantis, K. A., & Ladle, R. J. (2008). A general dynamic theory of oceanic island biogeography. Journal of Biogeography, 35(6), 977-994. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.01892.x
Whyte, W. F. (2024). On Making the Most of Participant Observation.
Wilbrink, B. (1997). Assessment in historical perspective. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 23(1), 31-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-491X(97)00003-5
Wildemeersch, D. (2009). Learning based change for sustainability: perspectives and pathways. . In: Wals, A.E.J. (Eds.) Social learning towards a sustainable world(pp 99-116). The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers
Wojnar, D. M., & Swanson, K. M. (2007). Phenomenology: An Exploration. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 25(3), 172–180. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898010106295172
Wu, C. C., & Tsai, H. M. (2014). A capital-based framework for assessing coastal and marine social-ecological dynamics and natural resource management: A case study of Penghu archipelago. Journal of Marine and Island Cultures, 3(2), 60-68.
Wu, C. C., & Tsai, H. M. (2016). Capacity building for tourism development in a nested social-ecological system—A case study of the South Penghu Archipelago Marine National Park, Taiwan. Ocean & coastal management, 123, 66-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.02.001
Yanagi, T. (2007). Sato-Umi a new concept for coastal sea management. Terra Scientific Publishing Company.
Yanagi, T. (2012). Japanese commons in the coastal seas: how the Satoumi concept harmonizes human activity in coastal seas with high productivity and diversity. Springer Science & Business Media.
Yu, S. L., Chu, Y. C., & Tsai, H. M. (2016). Environmental changes and building resilient community in Penghu Islands. Journal of Marine and Island Cultures, 5(2), 126-132.
Yuqing Yin. (2022). The Impact of Policy Intensity on Environmental Governance Performance: A Literature Review. World Scientific Research Journal, 8(6). https://doi.org/10.6911/WSRJ.202206_8(6).0028
Zahavi, D. (2021). Applied phenomenology: Why it is safe to ignore the epoché. Continental Philosophy Review, 54(2), 259-273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11007-019-09463-y
Zalasiewicz, J., Williams, M., Steffen, W., & Crutzen, P. (2010). The New World of the Anthropocene. Environmental Science & Technology, 44(7), 2228-2231. https://doi.org/10.1021/es903118j
內政部(2014)。澎湖南方四島國家公園計畫。https://www.marine.gov.tw/filesys/108/penghu/06/108060304.pdf
吳秋儒(2011)。藥品宅急便-「寄藥包」之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。淡江大學，新北市。
黃俞升、劉少倫、Charles D. Amsler、吳佾芹、林元毫、韓立彥、陳旻琪、李佳祐、薛詠心(2023)。澎湖南方四島大型藻類生態調查暨圖鑑製作成果報告書。海洋國家公園管理處委託辦理計畫。
黃興倬、李坤瑄、趙世民、洪和田、張銘志、林杰煜(2021)。澎湖南方四島國家公園棘皮動物資源調查。海洋國家公園管理處委託辦理計畫成果報告。
黃長興、戴興盛(2016)。國家公園對原住民族之衝擊：太魯閣國家公園內太魯閣族狩獵之實證研究。臺灣原住民研究論叢，19，179-210。
黃敏郎、劉峰榮、衣德成、郭峰豪、叢金華(2014)。西吉嶼潛在地質危險區域調查。海洋國家公園管理處成果報告。
黃敏郎、劉峰榮、許錕安、顏一勤、衣德成(2013)。東嶼坪嶼、西嶼坪嶼及東吉嶼潛在地質危險區域調查暨應變規劃。海洋國家公園管理處成果報告。
黃文華(2019) 烈嶼「島嶼性」之探討：一個關係地理學的視角(未出版博士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學，台北市。https://hdl.handle.net/11296/27929j
黃于津、李文環(2015)。日治時期高雄市「哈瑪星」的移民與產業-以戶籍資料為主的討論。高雄文獻，5(1)，6-37。
王玉懷、劉金源、李逸環、宋克義(2012)。澎湖南方四島海域環境及棲地調查。海洋國家公園管理處委託辦理計畫成果報告。
王正平、孫天佑(2015)。刺激尋求特性與危險知覺影響釣點選擇之研究-以東北角海岸磯釣為例。戶外遊憩研究，28(4)，35-62。
王文誠(2012)。澎湖南方四島國家公園社會經濟影響及發展策略研析。內政部營建署海洋國家公園管理處。
王文誠、許家恩(2015)。發展澎湖南方四島為海洋國家公園之社會與經濟認知。國家公園學報，25(1)，48-61。
何明修(2003)。政治民主化與環境運動的制度化 (1993-1999)。臺灣社會研究期刊，50，217-250。
海洋委員會(2020)。向海致敬-臺灣友善釣魚行動方案(核定本)。
郭金泉、鄭先祐(2010)。2008年澎湖海域寒害後，珊瑚礁魚類可能回復的機制-以象魚為例。國立臺灣博物館學刊，63(4)，59-73。
郭中端、蔡慧敏、崛入憲二(2015)。澎湖七美零碳示範島規劃為島嶼博物館之可能性研究案(1030800241)。澎湖：澎湖縣政府。
許玉河(2010)。西吉嶼：失去炊煙的土地。硓𥑮石，58，53-77。
許光輝(2017)。澎湖南方四島國家公園人文歷史訪談紀錄暨解說書籍製作 成果報告書。海洋國家公園管理處委託辦理計畫。
許雪姬(總編纂)(2005)。續修澎湖縣志卷五物產志。澎湖縣馬公市：澎湖縣政府。
侯錦雄、李素馨、楊博淵、謝宗恒(2016)。澎湖南方四島國家公園遊憩乘載量與收費回饋管理規劃。海洋國家公園管理處委託辦理計畫。
侯錦雄、李素馨、楊博淵、謝宗恒、歐雙磐、黃綉涵、陳亭妹、陳知平(2014)。澎湖南方四島菜宅景觀保存與活化再利用。海洋國家公園管理處成果報告。
江樹生(1999)。熱蘭遮城日誌 第一冊。台南市：台南市政府。
高碧岑、楊博淵(2015)。澎湖南方四島國家公園文史資源保存之探討。島嶼觀光研究，8(2)，76-100。
高莉芬(2006)。蓬萊神話的海洋思維及其宇宙觀。政大中文學報，6，114-117。 https://doi.org/10.30407/BDCL.200612_(6).0005
謝恆毅(2009)。澎湖南方四島及周邊島嶼陸域生態及地形地質景觀資源調查。海洋國家公園管理處委託辦理計畫。
謝恆毅(2022)。澎湖南方四島漁業資源調查。海洋國家公園管理處委託辦理計畫。
謝恆毅、冼宜樂、葉宇庭、游庭于、陳俊廷、林綉美、孫靖婷、鄂盈鑫、陳孟君、王俊堯、歐麗 、莊美英、蕭佑仁及海安號全體同仁(2021)。澎湖南方四島漁業資源調查計畫。海洋國家公園管理處委託辦理計畫成果報告。
朱雲瑋、邱郁文(2015)。澎湖南方四島海域生態資源調查。海洋國家公園管理處成果報告。
朱正宜、陳瑪玲(2013)。牛稠仔遺址範圍、內涵調查研究及文化資產價值評估計畫成果報告。台南市文化資產管理處委託計畫。
徐韶良(2016)。權益關係人理論與海洋保護區規劃－以臺灣海洋型國家公園為例(未出版博士論文)。國立成功大學，台南市。
森英章、岸本年郎、寺田剛、永野裕、苅部治紀、川上和人(2020)。西之島の陸上節足動物。小笠原研究，46, 95-108。
川上和人、小山田佑輔(2020)。2019 年における西之島の鳥類相。小笠原研究,，46，79-94。
前野深、安田敦、中野俊、吉本充宏、大湊隆雄、渡邉篤志、金子隆之、中田節也、武尾実(2018)。噴出物から探る西之島の新火山島形成プロセス. 海洋理工学会誌，24(1)，35-44。 https://doi.org/doi.org/10.14928/amstec.24.1_35
曾國雄、吳水源(1986)。臺灣地區市鎮鄉都市化程度特性之研究。師大地理研究報告，12，287-323。
曹永和 (1990)。臺灣史研究的另一個途徑：臺灣島史概念。臺灣史田野研究通訊，15，7-9。
張至維、李展榮、邱郁文、楊清閔(2013)。澎湖南方四島海域生態熱點調查與潛點規劃。海洋國家公園管理處成果報告。
張朝勝、曾文明、許玉河、李光中(2023)。殘遺文化景觀：以澎湖西吉嶼為例。國家公園學報，33(1)，11-38。https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=P20240808002-N202408130010-00002
張朝勝、李光中(2019)。島民情感鍵結-以望安鄉為例。戶外遊憩研究，32(3)，61-100。
張靜宜(2018)。澎湖南方四島發展歷史調查。海洋國家公園管理處委託辦理計畫。
張靜宜(2020)。澎湖南方四島社會發展變遷調查。海洋國家公園管理處委託辦理計畫。
陳家煌(2020)。論黑水溝。海洋文化學刊，28，1-34。
陳義雄、方威廷、洪得翼、李賢恩、林冠甫(2021)。澎湖南方四島國家公園魚類生態圖鑑製作。海洋國家公園管理處委託辦理計畫報告。
陳義雄、李明安(2017)。澎湖南方四島漁類資源調查。海洋國家公園管理處委託研究報告。
陳信雄(1985)。澎湖宋元陶瓷。澎湖縣馬公市：澎湖縣立文化中心。
陳天任、鄭明修、施志昀、李明安、林綉美、曾煥昇、翁進興(2018)。澎湖縣海洋生態暨漁業資源盤點調查計畫結案報告書。澎湖縣政府農漁局。
陳能治(2013)。從「臺灣島史」研究到探索「臺灣特性」：布勞岱《法蘭西特性》的啟發。思與言：人文與社會科學期刊，51(3)，155-203。https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=02588412-201309-201311060040-201311060040-155-203
陳文山、楊小青(2013)。地質旅行-澎湖南方四島。高雄市：海洋國家公園管理處。
陳國棟(2005)。臺灣的山海經驗。台北市：遠流。
陳德智(2019)。日治時期臺灣總督府海洋漁業調查試驗事業之研究(1895-1945)(未出版博士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學，台北市。
程建中(2011)。澎湖南方四島鳥類生態調查成果報告。海洋國家公園管理處委託辦理報告。
鄭亦翔(2010)。孤島凝視‧流變地方：澎湖東吉聚落的記憶、想像與認同(未出版之碩士論文)。中原大學，桃園縣。
鄭明修(2009)。澎湖南方東嶼坪、西嶼坪、東吉嶼及西吉嶼四島周邊海域生態資源調查。內政部營建署海洋國家公園管理處。
鄭明修、戴昌鳳(2020)。澎湖南方四島國家公園海域長期監測與保育策略。國家公園學報，30(1)。28-45。
鄭明修、戴昌鳳、陳正平、王瑋龍、孟培傑(2009)。澎湖南方東嶼坪、西嶼坪、東吉嶼及西吉嶼四島周邊海域生態資源調查。海洋國家公園管理處委託辦理計畫。
鄭明修、戴昌鳳、柯佳吟(2019)。澎湖南方四島國家公園海域自然資源經營管理策略研析。海洋國家公園管理處委託辦理計畫。
鄭有容、黃建華、謝采臻、王婷婷(2019)。澎湖南方四島國家公園魚類生活史資訊整合。海洋國家公園管理處委託辦理計畫。
鄭有容、鄭群學、林旻萱、楊震、胡暄昀、林明廷(2023)。澎湖南方四島國家公園珊瑚群聚調查暨生態圖鑑製作成果報告。海洋國家公園管理處委託研究報告。
渡邉篤志、大湊隆雄、武尾実(2017)。西之島火山への観測点設置。東京大学地震研究所技術研究報告，23，1-9。
董恩慈、蕭世暉、蔡慧敏(2015)。達悟人對現代環境治理的回應及永續性環境治理之開展。臺灣原住民族研究學報，5(3)，1-44。
楊政賢(2017)。街頭之外-蘭嶼「反核」運動的日常生活化現象。臺灣原住民研究論叢，22，169-203。
楊博淵(2014)。島嶼邊緣．邊緣島嶼－澎湖南方四島人文聚落。臺灣博物季刊，33(3)，16-27。https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=P20150629002-201409-201506300020-201506300020-16-27
葉如萍、陳聖夫(2021)。海洋空間規畫強調之權益關係人參與：東西吉廊道禁漁協作會議之社會網路分析。規劃學報，39(1)，1-31。
李素馨、蔡淑美(1995)。民眾參與在觀光規劃中之運用。觀光研究學報，1(1)，66-79。 https://doi.org/10.6267/JTLS.1995.1(1)5
李丁讚、林文源(2000)。社會力的文化根源：論環境權感受在臺灣的歷史形成；1970-86。臺灣社會研究季刊，38，113-206。 https://doi.org/10.29816/TARQSS.200006.0004
劉克智、董安琪(2003)。臺灣都市發展的演進―歷史的回顧與展望。人口學刊，26，1-25。
林嘉瑋、陳香君(2021)。澎湖南方四島甲殼動物資源調查成果報告。海洋國家公園管理處委託辦理計畫成果報告。
林嘉瑋、陳香君(2022)。澎湖南方四島甲殼動物圖鑑製作。海洋國家公園管理處委託辦理計畫成果報告。
林政道、王力平、湯谷明、江德賢、謝佳倫(2015)。澎湖南方四島植物相演替分析研究。海洋國家公園管理處委託研究報告。
林政道、方引平、蔡若詩(2019)。澎湖南方四島國家公園陸域資源調查評析。海洋國家公園管理處。
林會承(總編撰)(2014A)。望安鄉鄉誌中。澎湖縣望安鄉：澎湖縣望安鄉公所。
林會承(總編撰)(2014B)。望安鄉鄉誌上。澎湖縣望安鄉：澎湖縣望安鄉公所。
林國明(2009)。國家、公民社會與審議民主：公民會議在臺灣的發展經驗。臺灣社會學, 17, 161-217。 https://doi.org/10.6676/TS.2009.17.161
林寶安 (2017)。從核廢料場到自然保留區澎湖南方四島的漁村變遷。硓𥑮石，87，2-39。
廖德裕(2019)。澎湖南方四島燕鷗食性調查。海洋國家公園管理處。
樂大春(2023)。澎湖南方四島昆蟲資源調查。海洋國家公園管理處委託辦理計畫成果報告。
澎湖廳水產課(1932)。澎湖廳水產基本調查報告書。澎湖廳：澎湖廳。
臧振華(1987)。從考古證據看漢人的拓殖澎湖：兼評澎湖為宋元貿易轉運站說。臺灣風物，37(3)，pp77-97。
臧振華(2000)。臺閩地區考古遺址-澎湖縣。台北市：內政部。
臧振華(2009)。澎湖縣遺址普查及補遺計畫(第二期)。澎湖縣政府文化局委託計畫
臧振華(2009)。澎湖縣遺址普查及補遺計畫。澎湖縣政府文化委託計畫。
臧振華(2015)。澎湖七美島史前玄武岩石器工業與其貿易體系。載於劉益昌(主編)，臺灣史前史專論(59-82頁)。台北市：中央研究院、聯經。
臧振華、李匡悌(2013)。南科的古文明。台東市：臺灣史前博物館。
蔡欣達、藍國華(2018)。澎湖南方四島國家公園海域棲地類型調查。海洋國家公園管理處成果報告。
蔡慧敏(1998)。島嶼生物地理學研究的發展與應用。國立臺灣大學理學院地理學系地理學報，24，85-98。
蔡慧敏(1999)。人類活動隊島與生物多樣性之影響。環境教育季刊，24，51-65。
蔡慧敏、江柏煒、于錫亮、張素玢、趙仁方(2014)島嶼韌性社區與小島住民環境治理研究。2014科技部自然司永續發展整合研究成果論文輯。E77-E90。
蔡若詩(2021)。澎湖南方四島國家公園鳥類資源調查成果報告。海洋國家公園管理處委託辦理計畫成果報告。
蔡若詩(2022)。澎湖南方四島過境鳥類調查暨家八哥移除試驗。海洋國家公園管理處委託辦理計畫成果報告。
蔡昇璋(2024)。清領至日治初期臺灣漁業的發展與變遷。臺灣學研究，30，1-59。
蔡萬生(2011)。澎湖南方四島海域漁業資源與生態敏感區調查。海洋國家公園管理處委託計畫。
蔡萬生、鐘金水、冼宜樂、朱雲瑋、易毅成(2011)。澎湖南方四島海域漁業資源與生態敏感區調查。海洋國家公園管理處委託辦理計畫。
蕭志榮、李建堂、許立志、林俊全、方引平、李玲玲(2010)。澎湖群島東南海域五個島嶼陸域維管束植物的物種調查。國家公園學報，20(2), 69-85。
裴家騏、梁又仁、張朝勝、吳禎祺、吳杰龍(2016)。澎湖南方四島國家公園羊群管理策略評估。海洋國家公園管理處委託研究報告。
邱郁文、彭紹宏、蘇俊育(2022)。澎湖南方四島螺貝類資源調查。海洋國家公園管理處委託計畫成果報告。
邱孟冬(1996)。澎湖海域古沈船發掘初勘報告書。臺北市：國立歷史博物館。
詹滿色、林妍伶、莊慶達(2007)。臺灣外岸磯釣遊憩效益之評估。農業與經濟，39，45-72。
賴阿蕊(2013)。澎湖漁船搭載客貨法律問題之分析。航運季刊，22(1)，1-20)