1998年國際圖書館協會聯盟（簡稱IFLA）提出書目記錄功能需求（簡稱FRBR）。FRBR將書目記錄應滿足之功能定義為：協助使用者找到、識別、選擇、取得資料，從作品家族的角度分析，定義符合使用者需求的實體關連，有層次地將館藏內容呈現出來。

圖書館的線上公用目錄（簡稱OPAC）是圖書館書目記錄及館藏內容的展現平台，也是檢視書目記錄是否達到其目標的依據。自FRBR推出以來，有不少數位圖書館計畫，已採用該模式定義其metadata格式；也有不少圖書館或資料中心將傳統的書目記錄轉為FRBR模式之目錄。本研究希望了解FRBR應用在中文OPAC系統之可行性及可能的情形，具體的研究問題說明如下：

一、FRBR在圖書資訊學界的應用現況為何？分別探討傳統圖書館、數位圖書館、使用者介面功能，三方面的應用。
二、CMARC書目資料轉換成FRBR實體模式時，欄位對應的結果與遭遇到的困難為何？
三、中文OPAC系統之FRBR使用者介面，如何設計呈現FRBR功能？

本研究採用的研究方法有二，分別為：內容分析法及發展研究法；透過文獻分析了解FRBR在圖書資訊學界的應用現況；透過內容分析，找出CMARC欄位與FRBR實體模式的對應；透過訪談一般使用者和專家了解對於OPAC的需求，以及對於FRBR介面功能的提示；綜合文獻個案分析的結果，設計可應用在中文OPAC系統之FRBR使用者介面。

研究結果從三方面說明之，首先是FRBR在圖書資訊學界的應用現況，五個FRBR應用在傳統圖書館的實例，在識別（identify）這項功能上，與傳統圖書館OPAC系統相去不遠。而在數位圖書館的應用上，或因有其他資訊組織模式搭配使用，FRBR實體關連定義較明確，也較符合目標資料（target data）的性質。在使用者介面呈現上， FRBR介面提供了較具條理性、較為清晰，較易查找檢索結果的資料呈現方式。其次在書目資料的處理上，本研究發現CMARC欄位與分欄轉換至FRBR實體屬性的結果，仍有許多待討論之處，請見表4-1和表4-2的說明。綜合上述研究結果，本研究提出FRBR模式化的OPAC系統介面示意圖。示意圖中，系統介面同時具有瀏覽和檢索功能，且使用者可依作品主題、作品語文、作品文體、作品載體類型限制呈現檢索結果。

International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) published the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) in 1998. According to IFLA, bibliographic records, which should perform four user tasks, help users to find, to identify, to select, and to obtain bibliographic data. FRBR analyzes bibliographic records from the work-family angle. FRBR defines the relations of entities that can fulfill the user’s needs. Moreover, FRBR allows the collection held in libraries to be presented and displayed by levels.

Online public access catalog (OPAC) presents bibliographic records and collections held in libraries. Whether or not bibliographic records perform the four user tasks described above can be assessed from OPAC. Only few digital library projects have adopted FRBR model to define their metadata formats after FRBR has been launched. Additionally, some libraries and data centers have transformed their traditional bibliographic data into FRBR-based catalogs. However, the application of FRBR to Chinese OPAC systems have not been seriously studied. Therefore, this study tries to explore the possibility of applying FRBR to Chinese OPAC systems. The research questions this study raised include:

1. What is the current state of FRBR application in the library communities? This study will discuss this question based on three aspects, including traditional libraries, digital libraries, and the functions of the interface.

2. What are the results of fields mapping and potential problems that may be emerged when bibliographic records in CMARC format transform into FRBR-based entity model?

3. How to design FRBR-based user interface of Chinese OPAC systems to present the FRBR functions?

Research methods of this study are content analysis and Research & Development (R&D). This study analyzes the current state of FRBR application in the library communities based on literature review. It also explores the mapping of CMARC fields and FRBR model by content analysis. Furthermore, this study interviews both five general users and three experts to investigate their needs of OPAC and the functions of FRBR-based interface. Finally, this study provides suggestions on designing FRBR-based user interfaces of Chinese OPAC systems according to what is acquired from the case study in the literature discussed.

The results of this study include the current state of FRBR application in the library communities. The five examples selected to study for the application of FRBR in traditional libraries suggests that there is no difference between traditional OPACs and FRBR-based systems when it comes to identifying bibliographic records. On the other hand, the three examples analyzed for understanding the application of FRBR in digital libraries suggest that there are clearer definitions of FRBR entity relations and more matching characteristics of the target data. It may result from the facts that digital libraries usually adopt information organization model from other sources at the same time This study also found that FRBR-based interfaces present the results retrieved in a more organized way, which is clearer and may thus be easier for users to locate what they are looking for. However, this study considers that there are still a few uncertain transformation results which need more check and discussion. Please see also the statement of table 4-1 and table 4-2 in this study. Finally, this study concludes all the results found and suggests a FRBR-based OPAC interfaces. With these interfaces, users can find collections by browsing and by searching. Additionally, users can display the search result limiting by subjects of works, by languages of works, by literary forms of works and by types of manifestations.

參考書目

一、中文部份

余怜縈（民95）。使用FRBR模式評量NBINet書目紀錄品質之研究。淡江大學資訊與圖書館學系碩士班碩士論文，未出版，台北市。
林素甘（民86）。淺論資訊科技對圖書館之影響與衝擊。國家圖書館館刊，86(2)，105-125。
胡述兆（民84）。圖書館學與資訊科學大辭典。台北市：漢美。
徐筠惠（民91）。財經新聞華語閱讀教材規畫設計。國立臺灣師範大學華語文教學研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北市。
張慧銖、林時暖（民93）。書目記錄功能需求之發展。中國圖書館學會會報，73，45-61。
陳立原（民95）。以Ontology和FRBR技術分析博碩士論文探討圖書資訊學之學科發展與知識關連。國立臺灣師範大學圖書資訊學研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北市。
陳和琴（民92）。書目記錄功能需求（FRBR）初探。載於淡江大學資訊與圖書館學學系（著），2003年資訊科技與圖書館學術研討會論文集（179-200頁）。
陳和琴（民93）。書目記錄功能需求FRBR與編目標準。載於王振鵠教授八秩榮慶論文集（259-272頁）。台北市：學生書局。
陳和琴（民95）。新內容標準RDA初探。圖書與資訊學刊，57，19-34。
陳和琴、張慧銖、江綉瑛、陳昭珍編著（民92）。資訊組織。臺北縣：空大。
黃鴻珠、石秋霞（民95年12月）。線上目錄的新面貌。宋雪芳（主持人），淡江新總館十週年慶。Web 2.0與圖書館研討會，淡江大學淡水校園覺生國際會議廳。
歐陽崇榮（民89）。圖書館自動化系統評估模式之建立與應用。國立中央大學資訊管理學系博士論文，未出版，中壢市。
盧秀菊（民89）。英美編目規則原則之探討。圖書與資訊學刊，32，16-44。
賴忠勤。中國機讀編目格式第四版使用經驗報告－DYNIX圖書館自動化系統－。96年7月6日，檢索自：
http://blue.lins.fju.edu.tw/DownLoad/catweb/datas/dynix.PDF。

二、英文部份

Aalberg, T. （2005, August）. From MARC to FRBR: A case study in the use of the FRBR model on the BIBSYS database. Retrieved January 16, 2007, from http://www.kaapeli.fi/~fla/frbr05/aalberg2BIBSYSfrbrized.pdf

Amato, G., Castelli, D., Pisani, S., Venerosi, P., CNR Philippe Poncin, Vinet, L., INA.（2000）. ECHO Metadata Modelling Report. Retrieved January 16, 2007, from http://pc-erato2.iei.pi.cnr.it/echo/public/deliv/D3-1-1%20ECHO%20Metadata%20Modelling.pdf

AustLit . About AustLit. Retrieved January 16, 2007, from http://www.austlit.edu.au/about

AustLit . AustLit Data Models. Retrieved January 16, 2007, from http://www.austlit.edu.au/about/metadata

Bowen, J.（2005, July）. FRBR: Coming Soon to Your Library? Library Resources & Technical Services , 49:3, 175-189.

Dahlstein, A.（2006）. NCSU Libraries Unveils Revolutionary, Endeca-Powered Online Catalog. Media Contact, 919/513-0379. Retrieved January 16, 2007, from http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/news/libraries.php?p=1998&more=1

Dam-Ming Lee.（2002）. Digital Museum of Taiwan's Social and Humanities Video Archives－A National Science Council Digital Museum Research Project（PowerPoint）.

Dempsey, L.（2006）. Thinking about the catalog. Retrieved January 16, 2007, from http://orweblog.oclc.org/archives/000919.html

Dunn, J.W., Davidson, M.W., Holloway, J. R., Bernbom, G.（2003）. The Variations and Variations2 Digital Music Library Projects at Indiana University, 1-25.

ECHO. the project. Retrieved January 16, 2007, from http://pc-erato2.iei.pi.cnr.it/echo/description/prj_home.html

Ed O'Neill.（2004）. OCLC’s experience identifying and using works. Retrieved July 2, 2007, from http://www.d-nb.de/standardisierung/pdf/frbr_ws_oneill.pdf

Fitch, K.（2000, July）. ALEG Project Technical System Implementation Update. （PowerPoint）

FRBR Review Group IFLA Cataloguing Section.（2006）. Invitation to participate: World-wide review of revisions to FRBR section 3.2.2, definition of the entity expression. Retrieved January 16, 2007, from http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/wgfrbr/expression-invitation.htm

Hickey, T. B. & Toves, J.（2005, April）. FRBR work-set algorithm. OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc.

IFLA Study Group on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records.（1998）. Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Record: Final Report. UBCIM Publications – New Series, 19, 1-144. Retrieved January 16, 2007, from http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr.pdf#search=%22IFLA%20FRBR%22

Jones, E. (2005, October). The FRBR Model As Applied to Continuing Resources. Library Resources & Technical Services, 49(4), 227-242.

Knowlton, S.A.（2006, April）. A Preview of the New Cataloging Code. MLA forum, 1(1). Retrieved January 16, 2007, from http://www.mlaforum.org/volumeV/issue1/article2.htm

Merrilee Proffitt Program Officer.（2004）. RedLightGreen－FRBR between a Rock and a Hard Place（PowerPoint）. ALCTS Back to the Future Preconference.

Mönch, C. & Aalberg, T.（2003）. Automatic Conversion from MARC to FRBR. Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries, 405-411. Retrieved January 16, 2007, from SpringerLink database.

Network Development and MARC Standards Office Library of Congress.（2004）. Functional Analysis of the MARC 21 Bibliographic and Holdings Formats. FRBR Display Tool Version 2.0. Retrieved July 1, 2007, from http://www.loc.gov/marc/marc-functional-analysis/tool.html

NLA News.（2005, January）. RedLightGreen How to Google Your Library Catalogue, National Library of Australia, 15(4).

Notess, M. & Minibayeva, N. Variations2: Toward Visual Interfaces for Digital Music Libraries. Retrieved January 16, 2007, from http://vw.indiana.edu/visual02/Notess.pdf

OCLC Newsletter.（2003, December）.Interview with Barbara B. Tillett: FRBR: Bringing new capabilities to the catalog. Retrieved January 16, 2007, from http://www.oclc.org/asiapacific/zhtw/news/publications/newsletters/default.htm

OCLC.（2007）. FRBR Work-Set Algorithm. Retrieved January 16, 2007, from http://www.oclc.org/research/projects/frbr/algorithm.htm

Oliver, C.（2004）. Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records : What is FRBR and why is it important? Retrieved January 16, 2007, from http://www.collectionscanada.ca/metaforum/014005-03228-e.html

Roe, S.K.（2006）.Reports of Obsolescence May be Premature. Cataloging & Classification Quarterly, 43(2).

Savino, P.（2002）. ECHO – European Chronicles On-line. Retrieved July 4, 2007, from http://delos-noe.iei.pi.cnr.it/activities/internationalforum/All-Projects/RomeSlides/ECHO.pdf

Storey, T. OCLC explores the implications of what could be the biggest change to library catalogs in more than a century. Retrieved January 16, 2007, from http://www.oclc.org/news/publications/newsletters/oclc/2003/262/frbr.htm

The IFLA Working Group on the Expression Entity. （2006, August）.Proposed changes to the FRBR text additions, deletions and changes marked. Retrieved January 16, 2007, from http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/wgfrbr/FRBR-expression-2006-marked-up.pdf

Thomas B. Hickey, Edward T. O'Neill and Jenny Toves.（2002）.Experiments with the IFLA Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR). D-Lib, 8(9). Retrieved July 25, 2007, from http://www.dlib.org/dlib/september02/hickey/09hickey.html

Tillett, B. B.（2002, March）. The FRBR Model (Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records). Workshop on Authority Control among Chinese, Korean and Japanese Languages（CJK Authority 3）, Tokyo, Kyoto.

Tillett, B. B.（2003）. What is FRBR? A Conceptual Model for the Bibliographic Universe. Library of Congress Cataloging Distribution Service, 5(5), 1-8. Retrieved January 16, 2007, from http://www.loc.gov/cds/downloads/FRBR.PDF

Vizine-Goetz, D.（2007, February）. FictionFinder: Imagining a Next Generation Catalog. Retrieved July 2, 2007, from http://www.oclc.org/research/memberscouncil/2007-02/vizine-goetz.ppt

VTLS. VIRTUA. Retrieved January 16, 2007, from http://www.vtls.com/Products/virtua.shtml

William, D.（2003, May）. FRBR and Fundamental Cataloguing Rules. Retrieved January 16, 2007, from http://www.miskatonic.org/library/frbr.html

Yee, M.（2005）. FRBRization: A Method for Turning Online Public Finding Lists into Online Public Catalogs. Information Technology and Libraries, 24 (2), 77-95.